HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P P SYCHOLOGY SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 1 Chapter 3 BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR Section 1: The Nervous System Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center Section 3: The Endocrine System Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 3BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIORSection 1: The Nervous SystemSection 2: The Brain: Our Control CenterSection 3: The Endocrine SystemSection 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BgfKqc3qhs
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The Nervous System
A complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body
Includes both the Central nervous system and Peripheral nervous system
The Central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord
The Peripheral nervous system is made up of the Somatic and the Autonomic nervous systems.
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FUNCTIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Responsible for transmitting messages between the
central nervous system & all parts of the body made up of the somatic and autonomic nervous
systems• The somatic nervous system transmits sensory
messages to the central nervous system
• The autonomic nervous system regulates the body’s vital functions such as heartbeat and breathing
Section 1: The Nervous System
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spinal cord neuron
axon endings
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MESSAGE TRANSMISSION VIA NEURONS
1) Messages are sent from the axon terminals of one neuron to the dendrites of other neurons
2) Messages travel in one direction and are received by the dendrites and travel through the cell body and the axon to the axon terminals.
3) From there messages cross synapses to the dendrites of other neurons
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
FZ3401XVYww&feature=fvwrel
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OS2C4NemJI
How do drugs or alcohol affect neurons in the body?
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Section 2: The Brain Our Control Center
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Brain Facts The adult human brain weighs about 3 pounds The human brain has about 100,000,000,000 (100 billion) neuronsSome neurosurgeons describe the texture of a living brain as that of toothpaste or tofuThe brain is made up of about 75% water.There are no pain receptors in the brain, so the brain can feel no pain.
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Psychology of the BrainYou can’t tickle yourself because your brain distinguished between unexpected external touch and your own touch.Every time you recall a memory or have a new thought, you are creating a new connection in your brain.Each time we blink, our brain kicks in and keeps things illuminated so the whole world doesn’t go dark each time we blink (about 20,000 times a day).
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Parts of the Brain
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Brain Size
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/brainsize.html
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MAJOR STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN
Hindbrain – lower part of the brain involved in many vital functions such as heart rate, respiration and balance
Midbrain – includes areas that are involved in vision and hearing
Forebrain – front area of the brain involved in complex functions such as thought and emotion
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Parts of the Brain•The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the cerebrum.•The cerebrum consists of 2 sides (hemispheres)•Each hemisphere of the brain contains different functions, the two sides are interdependent.
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8SEoUJk_7M&feature=share&list=UUhIgRn4J11TZwgAnGpdI19w
Shows the control the frontal lobe has over the limbic system.
The limbic system is the set of brain structures that forms the inner border of the cortex. involved in many of our emotions and motivations,
particularly those that are related to survival. Such emotions include fear, anger, and emotions related to sexual behavior.
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Methods of Studying the BrainoResearchers continue to learn about the human brain
By studying people with head injuries
By applying electrical stimulation to the brain
By measuring brain wavesBy using computers to create images of the brain
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The Incredible Case of Phineas GagePHINEAS GAGE (1823-1860) •One of the earliest documented cases of severe brain injury •Gage is the index case of an individual who suffered major personality changes after brain trauma. •As such, he is a legend in the annals of neurology, which is largely based on the study of brain-damaged patients.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qk08oVU278
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mnAehjF7p3E
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xd1gywPOibg
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QzcSbP3VsAI
The Human Spark : Brain Matters
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Section 3: The Endocrine System
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Vocab Terms Section #3
Endocrine SystemHormone
Endocrine System• System of glands
that secrete hormones.
• Controlled by the hypothalamus.
• Ovaries and Testes.• Adrenal Gland
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
The Endocrine System
A system of glands Gland: group of cells that produces and secretes,
or gives off, chemicals These chemicals regulate the body The endocrine system is an information signal
system like the nervous system.
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HORMONES AND EFFECT ON THE BODY
Testes and Ovaries – produce the hormones testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone
These These hormoneshormones play an important role in play an important role in development, development of primary and secondary development, development of primary and secondary sex characteristics and have psychological as well as sex characteristics and have psychological as well as biological effectsbiological effects
Section 3: The Endocrine System
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HORMONES AND EFFECT ON THE BODY Pituitary Gland – responsible for the secretion of
many different hormones that affect various aspects of behavior such as the growth hormone
Thyroid Gland – produces thyroxin which affects the body’s metabolism
Adrenal Gland – the outer layer of the adrenal gland, or cortex, secretes cortical steroids which increase resistance to stress and promote muscle development
Section 3: The Endocrine System
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Robert Wadlow, the tallest man known to have lived (8 feet 11 inches) with his father, Harold Wadlow (6 feet 0 inches)
Died July 15, 1940 (aged 22)
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Sandy Allen
U.S. woman recognized as one of the tallest women to ever live according to Guinness World Records.
She was 7'7" in height DiedAugust 13, 2008 (aged 53)
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Giants - Pituitary Gigantism
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ebhf1qKVA9A
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Cushing's syndrome
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxSAhLyKVqw&feature=fvsr
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Disorder that occurs when your body is exposed to high
levels of the hormone cortisol.
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Section 4: Heredity Our Genetic Background
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ROLE OF CHROMOSOMES AND GENES IN HEREDITY
Genes are the basic building blocks of heredity and traits are determined by pairs of genes
Most normal human cells contain 46 chromosomes which develop particular traits in an individual
The 23rd pair of chromosomes determines the male or female sex
Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background
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THE STUDY OF THE ROLE OF HEREDITY
Role of heredity in studies through various types of kinship research such as: A. Twin Studies – a useful way to learn about nature and
nurture B. Adoptee Studies – provide ways of sorting out the
effects of nature and nurture C. Twins Reared Apart – a way of finding out that twins
reared apart share many of the same mannerisms despite their separation
Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background
NatureIdentical Twins Raised Apart
-Even though the nurture (environment) was different …what remained the same
because of their genes?
NurtureFeral-Wild Children
-Even though these girls were born healthy (nature) how
did their environment (nurture) change them?
#1: Oxana Malaya
#2: Danielle Lierow
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Twins: Is it All in the Genes?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wd5Y3-F79LY&feature=related
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Feral Children http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STn3bpTTU6c
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A human child who has lived isolated from human contact from a very young age, and has no (or little) experience of human care, loving or social behavior,
and, crucially, of human language.
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Nervous System
Environment Heredity
Endocrine System
Question: What major areas do biological psychologists study?
Major Areas of Study for Biological
Psychologists
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