Ch 16 Population Genetics and Speciation
2. What is microevolution?
• Evolution at the genetic level
• A change in the collective genetic material
(genes) of a population.
2. What is microevolution?
• Genetic Material – the many
alleles or variations of the
many genes that code for
various traits
3. What is a population?
• A population consists of a group of
individuals of the same species that
routinely interbreed • same SPECIES
• same PLACE
• same TIME
– Example: all the trout in Dos Picos pond
4. Why are populations important
to the study of evolution?
• A population is the smallest unit in which
evolution occurs.
4. Why are populations important
to the study of evolution?
• Natural selection favors an increase in the
genes of successful reproducers rather
than merely those of successful survivors.
5. In populations in nature, what patterns
are seen in certain quantitative traits?
• Quantitative traits, such as height and
weight tend to follow a bell curve pattern
Skill Builder
• Make a line graph of the following human
height data: 11 people are 160 cm tall, 61
are 165 cm tall, 149 are 170 cm tall, 199
are 175 cm tall, 153 are 180 cm tall, 58
are 185 cm tall, and 9 are 190 cm tall.
• Describe the shape of the distribution
6. What are things that can affect
species within a population?
• Environmental factors such as the amount
or quality of resources available to an
organism.
7. What causes genes to vary
within a population? A. Genomic Mutation – a random change in
genes that is passed on to offspring. This
may change or add alleles within a
population.
B. Recombination – the reshuffling of genes
in a diploid individual during meiosis
7. What causes genes to vary
within a population?
C. The random
pairing of
gametes during
sexual
reproduction
7. What causes genes to vary
within a population?
1. What three things cause genes
to vary?
2. Why is it important to have
variation within a population?
Figure 16-3
• Open the textbook to page 319 and look at
figure 16-3
• Use this figure to explain how allele
frequency is determined
• How could a white flower appear in the
second generation when there were no
white flowers in the first generation?
Flower Color • The red and white squares represent white, r,
and red, R, alleles in four o’clock flowers.
What are the allele frequencies?
• Put the alleles in a pile. Have each person in
your group with eyes closed put them in
pairs.
• Write down the genotypes and determine the
phenotypes and phenotype frequencies.
• Compare your results with other
groups.
9. What is genetic equilibrium?
• The state within a population at which the
frequency of alleles and genotypes does
not change from generation to generation.
• When a population is in genetic
equilibrium it means no evolution is
occurring
10. What forces disrupt genetic
equilibrium causing evolution to occur?
1. Mutation: a change
in the DNA of an
organism resulting
in new alleles, which
change the
population.
10. What forces disrupt genetic
equilibrium causing evolution to occur?
2. Gene Flow – the
process of genes
moving from one
population to
another
10. What forces disrupt genetic
equilibrium causing evolution to occur?
2. Immigration: new individuals enter the
population
Emigration: individuals leave the
population
10. What forces disrupt genetic
equilibrium causing evolution to occur?
3. Non-random mating: individuals pair by
choice not by chance
10. What forces disrupt genetic
equilibrium causing evolution to occur?
4. Genetic Drift: the phenomenon by which
allele frequencies in a population change
as a result of random events or chance.
10. What forces disrupt genetic
equilibrium causing evolution to occur?
• Study figure 16-5 on page 322 and answer
the following:
– What is the graph comparing?
– Which line on the graph represents a
population in which the frequency of the allele
changes very little over many generations?
– What is the significance of the green
line intersecting the x-axis?
10. What forces disrupt genetic
equilibrium causing evolution to occur?
Genetic drift occurs more rapidly and has a
greater affect on small populations
Small population = small gene pool = less
genetic information
10. What forces disrupt genetic
equilibrium causing evolution to occur?
Example: Genetic bottleneck
A genetic bottleneck occurs when
environmental disturbances cause
populations to become so small that
inbreeding occurs which often leads
to decreased genetic variability.
10. What forces disrupt genetic
equilibrium causing evolution to occur?
Over evolutionary time, populations with low
variability are less likely to survive in
changing environmental conditions.
Examples: cheetahs and black footed ferrets
10. What forces disrupt genetic
equilibrium causing evolution to occur?
5. Selection: one of the strongest
evolutionary forces
a) Natural selection: Darwin’s theory.
The environment selects against
individuals that cannot survive AND
reproduce. This acts on the
PHENOTYPE of the
organism
b. Sexual Selection
• When one of the genders (male or
female) chooses a mate based on the
phenotype or certain traits.
• e.g. Female peahens choose attractive
peacocks
10. What forces disrupt genetic
equilibrium causing evolution to occur?
c. Sexual Dimorphism
• When the appearance of the female is
different from the appearance of the
male.
• e.g. Male lions have a
mane, female lions
don’t
10. What forces disrupt genetic
equilibrium causing evolution to occur?
c. Artificial Selection
• When humans select a specific trait and
breed for that specific trait.
– Dogs, livestock, farming
10. What forces disrupt genetic
equilibrium causing evolution to occur?
Thought Question….
• What five things cause there to be a
disruption in genetic equilibrium?
• In other words what five things cause
there to be evolution?
11. What is speciation?
• The process of
species formation
which results in
closely related
species.
12. What causes speciation?
• Geographic Isolation – the physical
separation of members of a population. e.g. Death Valley pupfish
Grand Canyon squirrels
12. What causes speciation?
• Reproductive Isolation – results from
barriers to successful breeding
between population groups in the same
area. e.g. Frogs -
Nocturnal vs
diurnal
13. What is Hardy-Weinberg
Genetic Equilibrium?
• A theoretical state where genotype
frequencies in a population tend to remain
the same from generation to generation
unless acted on by outside influences
Hardy-Weinberg Genetic Equilibrium
• Allows us to consider what forces disrupt
genetic equilibrium.
1. Alleles remain the same
2. Individuals don’t enter or leave the
population
3. Population is large
4. Individuals mate randomly
5. Selection does not occur
• p and q represent the different allele
options;
• p = dominant allele and q = recessive
allele
• #1: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
• #2: p + q = 1
13. What is Hardy-Weinberg
Genetic Equilibrium?
• #1: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
• #2: p + q = 1
• Are your earlobes attached or
unattached?
• Use equation #1 to find q.
• Use equation #2 to find p.
• If 1 out of every 2000 fruit flies has the
recessive condition of stubby wings, how
many will be homozygous (SS) for normal
wings?
• Use equation #1 to find q.
• Use equation #2 to find p.
• #1: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
• #2: p + q = 1