Ch 16 - 1 Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law.

Psychology: The Science of BehaviorCh 16 - 1

Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any image; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.



Lifestyle, Stress, & Health

1. Cultural Evolution: Lifestyle Choices and Consequences

2. Healthy and Unhealthy Lifestyles

3. Preventing Unhealthy Lifestyles Through Self-Control

4. Stress and Health5. Coping with Everyday Stress



Cultural Evolution: Lifestyle Choices and

Consequences Cultural evolution is the adaptive change of a culture to recurrent environmental pressures

Lifestyle: the total behavior of a person or the way in which a person leads their life



Healthy and Unhealthy Lifestyles

Nutrition Physical Fitness Cigarette Smoking Drinking Alcoholic Beverages Sexually Transmitted Diseases

and AIDS



Correlation Between Diet and Breast Cancer

F 16.1

Adapted from Cohen, L. A. (1987). Diet and cancer. Scientific American, 102, 42–48. Reprinted with permission from Slim Films, New York City.



Fat, Fiber, and Health

F 16.2

U.S. Department of Agriculture Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion April 2005 CNPP-16



Physical Fitness

Lack of exercise is correlated with increased risk of CHD

People who exercise regularly appear to accumulate less body fat and to be less vulnerable to the negative effects of stress !! They also live longer !!



Cigarette Smoking Cigarette smoking is addictive Cigarette smoking is associated with: Heart disease Cancer Emphysema Stroke

It is estimated that 438, 000 die prematurely in 2005 as a result of smoking



Source: It’s never too late to quit. (1989). Living Well, IX(4). Kalamazoo, MI: BobHope International Heart Research Institute.

Psychology: The Science of BehaviorCh 16 -

10Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon

Drinking Alcoholic Beverages

Drinking alcoholic beverages is addictive

Drinking alcoholic beverages is associated with: Heart disease Cancer Stroke Liver damage

Drinking while pregnant can seriously harm the fetus (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)





Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and AIDS

Many sexual practices can result in STDs and/or AIDS AIDS and many STDs are lethal

Safe sex practices can reduce your chances of getting an STD or AIDS

Many people do not practice safe sex Especially while under the influence of alcohol (MacDonald, Zanna, & Fong, 1998)



Preventing Unhealthy Lifestyles Through Self-

Control Self-control: behavior that produces a larger, longer-term reward when people are faced with the choice between it and the smaller, short-term reward F 16.3



Stress and Health

The Biological Basis of Stress

Cognitive Appraisal and Stress

Stressful Lifestyles and Impaired Health




Selye’s general adaptation syndrome

F 16.4

from Stress without Distress by Hans Selye, M.D. Copyright © 1974 by Hans Selye, M.D. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers.




People employed in stressful situations often have long lasting consequences (e.g., high blood pressure)

F 16.5

Based on data from Cobb, S., & Rose, R. M. (1973). Hypertension, pepticulcer, and diabetes in air traffic controllers. Journal of the American MedicalAssociation, 82, 476–482.




F 16.6



Cognitive Appraisal and Stress

Cognitive appraisal is the individual’s perception of a stressful situation that affects the response to the situation



Stressful Lifestyles and Impaired Health

Type A is … A behavior pattern that is characterized by high levels of competitiveness and hostility

Associated with increased risk of heart disease May have more to do with hostility



Stress and the Immune System

The immune system attacks invaders using either ß-lymphocytes or T-lymphocytes

F 16.7



Stress Inhibits Rat’s Immune Responses

Rats unable to produce stress hormones did not have a decrease in the immune response (Fig. A)

Not all stress responses are affected by hormones (Fig. B)

F 16.8

Based on data from Keller, S. E., Weiss, J. M., Schleifer, S. J., Miller, N. E., & Stein, M. (1983). Stress-induced suppression of immunity in adrenalectomized rats. Science, 221, 1301–1304.



Stress Inhibits Your Immune Responses

F 16.9

Based on data from Stone, A. A., Reed, B. R., & Neale, J. M. (1987). Changes in daily event frequency precede episodes of physical symptoms. Journal of Human Stress, 13, 70–74.)



Major Life Events are Stressful

F 16.10

Adapted from Schleifer, S. J., Keller, S. E., Camerino, M., Thornton, J. C., & Stein, M. (1983). Suppression of lymphocyte stimulation following bereavement. Journal of the American Medical Association, 250, 374–377.)



Coping with Everyday Stress

Sources of Stress

Coping Styles and Strategies

Stress Inoculation Training



Sources of Stress

Almost everything we do is stressful Making choices is stressful Holidays are stressful!

Stress can be measured by several questionnaires Social Readjustment Rating Scale (Holmes & Rahe, 1967)

Daily Hassles and Uplifts Scale (DeLongis, Folkman, & Lazarus, 1988)



Coping Styles and Strategies

How we predict and react to stressful situations is called our coping strategy

Problem focused coping: a strategy directed at reducing or eliminating a stressor

Emotion focused coping: a strategy directed at changing your emotional reaction to a stressor



Stress Inoculation Training

One of the best ways of dealing with stress is to anticipate the stressor and decide how you are going to cope with it

Meichenbaum (1985, 1993) has developed a problem-focused coping plan that increases a person’s ability to cope with stress Part 1: conceptualization phase Part 2: skills acquisition phase Part 3: application and follow-through

Ch 16 - 1 Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law.

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