Ch. 15 The New Deal U.S. History. Electing FDR - 1932 Electing FDR - 1932 –Democrats nominated New York governor Franklin Delano Roosevelt as their presidential.

Ch. 15Ch. 15The New DealThe New Deal

U.S. HistoryU.S. History

Electing FDR - Electing FDR - 19321932– Democrats Democrats

nominated New nominated New York governor York governor Franklin Delano Franklin Delano Roosevelt as their Roosevelt as their presidential presidential candidate. candidate. Had a Had a “can-do” attitude & “can-do” attitude & a willingness to try a willingness to try anything to ease anything to ease the G.D.the G.D.

– FDR won 1932 FDR won 1932 election election overwhelmingly.overwhelmingly.

Eleanor RooseveltEleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962) (1884-1962)

was FDR’s wifewas FDR’s wife– Niece of Theodore Roosevelt Niece of Theodore Roosevelt – She pushed FDR to maintain his She pushed FDR to maintain his political career after he contracted Polio political career after he contracted Polio – She was a major figure of female wing of She was a major figure of female wing of the Democratic party in 1920s and early the Democratic party in 1920s and early

30s. 30s. – In essence, she became the In essence, she became the

"conscience of the New Deal“"conscience of the New Deal“ Published a syndicated Published a syndicated

newspaper column, “My Day” newspaper column, “My Day” Lobbied extensively for her Lobbied extensively for her

husband husband – Championed causes for women, Championed causes for women, children, the poor, and children, the poor, and African AmericansAfrican Americans – Publicly, she was the most active Publicly, she was the most active

first lady in American Historyfirst lady in American History

FDR’s 1932 FDR’s 1932 campaigncampaign

The The “New Deal”“New Deal”– FDR’s program, designed to FDR’s program, designed to

ease the G.D., became known as ease the G.D., became known as the “New Deal”. Goals included the “New Deal”. Goals included Relief for the needy, economic Relief for the needy, economic Recovery, and financial Reform.Recovery, and financial Reform.

– While waiting to take over While waiting to take over presidency in 1933, FDR assembled presidency in 1933, FDR assembled his his “brain trust”“brain trust” – – advisors advisors consisting of college professors, consisting of college professors, lawyers, journalists to help him lawyers, journalists to help him formulate policies for his formulate policies for his administration.administration.

The Hundred Days / First New The Hundred Days / First New DealDeal– More than 15 pieces of New Deal More than 15 pieces of New Deal

legislation passed between March – June legislation passed between March – June 1933. 1933.

– New Deal programs would be New Deal programs would be nicknamed nicknamed “alphabet soup“alphabet soup government”. government”.

Help for BanksHelp for Banks

Emergency Banking Relief ActEmergency Banking Relief Act – – 19331933– FDR wanted to save nation’s banks. FDR wanted to save nation’s banks.

Declared “Declared “bank holidaysbank holidays” to close all ” to close all banks and prevent further withdrawals.banks and prevent further withdrawals.

– Authorized govnt to inspect nation’s Authorized govnt to inspect nation’s banks. banks. Only sound banks could re-open. Only sound banks could re-open. Revived public confidence in banks. Revived public confidence in banks.

Help for BanksHelp for Banks

Glass-Steagall ActGlass-Steagall Act - 1933 - 1933 – Established the Established the Federal Deposit Federal Deposit

Insurance CorporationInsurance Corporation ( (FDICFDIC).). Insured Insured individual bank accountsindividual bank accounts up to $100,000 up to $100,000 & required banks to be cautious w/ & required banks to be cautious w/ customers’ money. customers’ money.

Fireside ChatsFireside Chats– FDR gave many FDR gave many

“fireside chats” over “fireside chats” over radio to American radio to American public. public. Talked about Talked about issues of public issues of public concern & explained concern & explained New Deal measuresNew Deal measures in clear, simple in clear, simple language. language. Reassured Reassured AmericansAmericans, asked , asked them to return $$ to them to return $$ to banks. banks.

Reforming the Stock MarketReforming the Stock Market

Securities and Exchange Securities and Exchange CommissionCommission ( (SECSEC) - 1934) - 1934– Govnt agency that regulates the stock Govnt agency that regulates the stock

marketmarket. Goals were to prevent people with . Goals were to prevent people with inside information about companies from inside information about companies from “rigging” the stock market for their own “rigging” the stock market for their own profit.profit.

– Companies must provide truthful Companies must provide truthful information on all stock offerings.information on all stock offerings.

Farmers dumping milkFarmers dumping milk

Help for FarmersHelp for Farmers Agricultural Adjustment Agricultural Adjustment

ActAct (AAA) – 1933 (AAA) – 1933– FDR sought to provide relief FDR sought to provide relief

to farmers. to farmers. To raise crop To raise crop prices, govnt sought to prices, govnt sought to lower production.lower production.

– Paid farmers to leave land Paid farmers to leave land unseeded, destroy crops,unseeded, destroy crops, slaughter 6 million pigs.slaughter 6 million pigs.

– Critics upset at destruction Critics upset at destruction of food when many were of food when many were going hungry. going hungry.

– Policy eventually Policy eventually helped helped raise crop prices & put more raise crop prices & put more $$ in farmer’s pockets. $$ in farmer’s pockets.

AAA agency officeAAA agency office

Creating JobsCreating Jobs

Tennessee Valley Tennessee Valley AuthorityAuthority (TVA) – (TVA) – (1933)(1933)– Tennessee River Tennessee River

Valley one of the Valley one of the poorest, most poorest, most depressed areas in depressed areas in the nation. the nation.

– TVA constructed TVA constructed 20 20 new damsnew dams along the along the river valley, river valley, provided flood provided flood control, created control, created thousands of jobs, thousands of jobs, electrified the regionelectrified the region..

Tennessee Valley AuthorityTennessee Valley Authority(Dams & Electric Power (Dams & Electric Power

Regions)Regions)

Creating JobsCreating Jobs Civilian Civilian

Conservation CorpsConservation Corps (CCC)(CCC) –(1933) –(1933)– CCC put young men 18-25 CCC put young men 18-25

to work on conservation to work on conservation projects. projects.

– Built roads, planted trees, Built roads, planted trees, developed parks, helped developed parks, helped w/ flood control, etc.w/ flood control, etc.

– Paid $30 per month – most Paid $30 per month – most sent home to family.sent home to family.

– Work camps supplied food, Work camps supplied food, uniforms, and housing.uniforms, and housing.

CCC in TexasCCC in Texas

Cabins in Bastrop Cabins in Bastrop State ParkState Park

Dance pavilion at Dance pavilion at Garner State ParkGarner State Park

National Recovery National Recovery AdministrationAdministration (NRA) – 1933(NRA) – 1933– Goal was to Goal was to promote promote

recovery by stopping recovery by stopping wage cuts, falling wage cuts, falling prices, and layoffs.prices, and layoffs.

– Set prices on many Set prices on many products to ensure fair products to ensure fair competitioncompetition, set , set standard for working standard for working hours.hours.

– Participating businesses Participating businesses displayed poster with displayed poster with ““blue eagleblue eagle” to show ” to show their commitment. their commitment.

Federal Federal Emergency Relief Emergency Relief AdministrationAdministration (FERA) – 1933(FERA) – 1933– Allocated Allocated $500 $500

million dollars in million dollars in direct relief to direct relief to needyneedy. Money given . Money given to states to provide to states to provide food, medicine, food, medicine, clothing for poor.clothing for poor.

New Deal CriticismNew Deal Criticism

FDR vs. the Supreme CourtFDR vs. the Supreme Court– 1935 – 1935 – Supreme Court struck down NRA as Supreme Court struck down NRA as

unconstitutionalunconstitutional. Federal govnt did not have . Federal govnt did not have power to regulate industry codes.power to regulate industry codes.

– 1936 – 1936 – Sup. Crt. struck down AAASup. Crt. struck down AAA. Agriculture . Agriculture should be regulated by states, not federal should be regulated by states, not federal govnt.govnt.

– 1937 – 1937 – FDR feared Sup. Crt might destroy his FDR feared Sup. Crt might destroy his New Deal. Introduced “court reform” bill to New Deal. Introduced “court reform” bill to allow him to appoint six additional justices. allow him to appoint six additional justices. Denounced by Congress & press as Denounced by Congress & press as

violation of separation of powersviolation of separation of powers. Bill did . Bill did not pass.not pass.

FDR’s plan to target the FDR’s plan to target the “nine old men” of the “nine old men” of the

Supreme CourtSupreme Court

Court-packing plan led Court-packing plan led to dissention among to dissention among

DemocratsDemocrats

New Deal CriticismNew Deal Criticism Father CoughlinFather Coughlin

– Catholic priestCatholic priest, broadcast radio sermons, felt , broadcast radio sermons, felt New Deal did not do enough to New Deal did not do enough to help poorhelp poor..

Dr. Francis Townsend Dr. Francis Townsend – PhysicianPhysician, believed FDR was not doing enough , believed FDR was not doing enough

for poor & for poor & elderlyelderly. Wanted . Wanted pension planpension plan that that would provide monthly benefits to old.would provide monthly benefits to old.

Huey LongHuey Long– Louisiana SenatorLouisiana Senator, hoped to win presidency. , hoped to win presidency.

Proposed “Proposed “Share our WealthShare our Wealth” program. ” program. Promised every citizen $5,000 homestead, Promised every citizen $5,000 homestead, $2,500 income, free college. (murdered in $2,500 income, free college. (murdered in 1935)1935)

Huey Long at an Huey Long at an LSU rallyLSU rally

New Deal New Deal CriticsCritics

Fiery radio priest Fiery radio priest Father CoughlinFather Coughlin

The Second New DealThe Second New Deal

FDR Reelected (1936)FDR Reelected (1936)– FDR won second term as president & FDR won second term as president &

began a “began a “Second New DealSecond New Deal”. ”. – Still Still needed to lower unemployment & needed to lower unemployment &

provide more aid to farmers and provide more aid to farmers and workers.workers.

– Many Many African-Americans began to vote African-Americans began to vote Democrat Democrat (instead of Republican)(instead of Republican) for the for the first time.first time.

Help for FarmersHelp for Farmers Farm Security Farm Security

Administration Administration (FSA)(FSA) – – 19371937– Loaned more than Loaned more than $1 billion $1 billion

to help migrant farm to help migrant farm workers. workers. Established Established camps, helped tenant camps, helped tenant farmers buy land.farmers buy land.

– FSA hired photographers FSA hired photographers like like Dorthea LangeDorthea Lange to to create a pictorial record of create a pictorial record of rural America. rural America. Photographs Photographs of poor Americans helped of poor Americans helped to gain support for New to gain support for New Deal programs.Deal programs.

Creating More JobsCreating More Jobs Works Progress Works Progress

Administration Administration (WPA)(WPA) – – 19351935– Designed to create as many Designed to create as many

jobs as quickly as possible.jobs as quickly as possible.– Gave jobs to over 8 million Gave jobs to over 8 million

people. people. Employed a wide Employed a wide variety of Americansvariety of Americans – – construction workers, women, construction workers, women, artists, college-educated artists, college-educated professionals, etc.professionals, etc.

– Professionals wrote city Professionals wrote city guides, collected historical guides, collected historical slave narratives, painted slave narratives, painted murals on buildings, murals on buildings, performed in theater troupes performed in theater troupes around country.around country.

Some WPA work Some WPA work programs….programs….

Robertson Stadium at UH (1942-Robertson Stadium at UH (1942-2012)2012)

Joint venture between Joint venture between HISD and WPAHISD and WPA

WPAWPA

Artists of the WPAArtists of the WPA

WPA: Federal Writers WPA: Federal Writers ProjectProject

WPA: Federal Theater WPA: Federal Theater ProjectProject

Help for All AmericansHelp for All Americans Social Security ActSocial Security Act – 1935– 1935

– One of the most important One of the most important achievements of the New Dealachievements of the New Deal. . Provided substantial benefits to millions Provided substantial benefits to millions of Americans.of Americans.

– Gave $ to retirees 65 or older, Gave $ to retirees 65 or older, disabled people, children w/ a disabled people, children w/ a deceased parent(s), etc. deceased parent(s), etc.

Conclusion…Conclusion…– N.D. programs funded N.D. programs funded

by by deficit spendingdeficit spending – – spending more money spending more money than the government than the government received in taxes received in taxes (revenue).(revenue).

– N.D. did not end N.D. did not end depressiondepression, but helped , but helped ease suffering.ease suffering.

– New Deal laws greatly New Deal laws greatly expanded federal expanded federal government’s role in government’s role in the economy.the economy.