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brain
spine
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Coverings of the Brain- Meninges
skin
skull
dura mater
arachnoid layer
pia mater
cerebral cortex
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Menenges:
Covers and protects CNSProtects blood vessels and encloses venus sinusesContains CSFForms partition within the skull -
Cerebruspinal Fluid
Brain
Ventricles
CSF
Spinal Cord
Anterior View
Saggital View
Rt. Ventricle
Lf. Ventricle
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Ventricles
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CSF
150 ml in adultcontains: glucose, proteins,lactic acid, urea, cations, anions, WBCFunctions:
Reduces wt. of brain by 97%Prevents head injurySupplies brain with nutritionTransports hormones along ventricular channels -
The Brain
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
The Cerebrum
Occipital Lobe
Cerebellum
Brainstem
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cerebellum
Pineal gland
cerebrum
corpus callosum
thalamus
medulla oblongata
hypothalamus
pituitary
pons
spinal cord
Major Regions of the Brain
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Cerebrum
Involved with higher brain functions.Processes sensory information.Initiates motor functions.Integrates information. -
Cerebrum Cross-Section
basal ganglia
ventricles
corpus callosum
white matter
cerebral cortex
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Motor, Sensory & Association Cortex
Functional Regions of the Cerebrum
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Primary Sensory Cortex
Motor Areas and Sensory Areas of the Cebral Cortex
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Primary Motor Cortex
Motor Areas and Sensory Areas of the Cebral Cortex
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Right-Left Specialization of the Cerebrum
left side
language developmentmathematical & learning capabilitiessequential thought processesright side
visual spatial skillsmusical and artistic activitiesintuitive abilities -
Diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary
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Diencephalon
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Thalamus
Relay center for sensory tracts from the spinal cord to the cerebrum.Contains centers for sensation of pain, temperature, and touch.Involved with emotions and alerting or arousal mechanisms. -
The Reticular Formation
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Hypothalamus
autonomic control center- blood pressure, rate and force of heart contraction, center for emotional response and behaviorbody temperaturewater balance and thirstsleep/wake cyclesappetitesexual arousalcontrol of endocrine functioning:Acts on the pituitary gland through the release of neurosecretions.
Regulates:
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Hypothalamus
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The Limbic System
The Limbic System
The Limbic System
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Midbrain
Contains ascending and descending tracts to the cerebrum and thalamus.Reflex center for eye muscles.Also involved with processing visual and auditory information (connects head movements with visual and auditory stimuli). -
Pons
Connects the two halves of the cerebellum.Regulates breathing. -
Medulla Oblongata
Composed of nerve tracts to and from the brain (these tracts cross over left to right and right to left)May be regarded as an extension of the spinal cordAlmost all of the cranial nerves arise from this region -
Medulla Oblongata
Contains control centers for many subconscious activities
Respiratory rate Heart rate Arteriole constriction Swallowing Hiccupping Coughing Sneezing -
Cerebellum
Controls and coordinates muscular activity.Important in equilibrium, posture and movement. -
On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Fat Voracious German Viewed A Hop
Olfactory- smellOptic- visionOculomotor- 4 of the 6 extrinsic eye muscles Trochlear- extrinsic eye musclesTrigeminal- sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to the chewing musclesAbducens- controls eye muscles that turn the eye laterallyFacial- facial expressionVestibulocochlear- hearing and balanceGlosopharyngeal- tongue and pharynxVagus- from medulla- acetylcholine slows heart & breathingAccessory- accessory part of vagus nerveHypoglossal- moves muscles under tongue -
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
Facial
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Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Olfactory receptor cell
Filaments of olfactory nerve
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Traumatic Brain Injuries
ConcussionContusionSubdural or subarachnoid hemorrhageContrecoup injury -
Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVAs)
IschemiaThrombusEmbolismArteriosclerosisStroke -
Degenerative brain diseases
AlzheimersDowns ParkinsonsHuntingtons ChoreaMSEpilepsySchizophrenia -
PET Scans
F-Dopa deficiency
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