Ch. 10 -_motivation and engagement

Chapter 10By: Melisa Ledesma and

Meghan Carlson

Engagement and Motivation

Theories of motivation and engagement from psychology and education inform us about classroom structures and teacher behaviors that enhance motivation and engagement.

These theories compliment the basic tenets of the circle of courage.

Engagement

Behavioral engagement refers to participation in academic and social activities including extracurricular activities. It is related to conduct and on-task behavior.

Emotional engagement refers to positive and negative reactions to teachers, peers, school, and academic subjects. It is related to student interest, attitudes and values.

Cognitive engagement encompasses the idea of investment or willingness to exert effort and is related to motivational goals.

Motivation

Extrinsic motivation refers to a learners desire to complete a task or master a skill for the sake of an external reward, whether tangible or intangible.

Intrinsic motivation refers to the drive to accomplish a task or master a skill for reasons internal to the learner.

Activities should:

Have students work on projects that allow them to see how the information is relevant to their lives.

Prominent Motivational Theories

Goal theory tells us that the behavior, motivation, and engagement of a learner are influenced by the types of goals that he or she adopts in the learning process.

The are two types of goals that students can have:

1. Learning Goal (Mastery) Orientation

2. Performance Goal Orientation

Strategies should: Present learners with problems to solve and work backwards

toward an explanation of what can provide the desired result. This enables adults to take charge of their learning

Prominent Motivational Theories cont.

Expectancy – Value Theory tells us that learner motivation is a product of their personal expectation of success.

Activities should:

Have a high value or interest for learners

Encourage learners to have a high expectation that they can be successful but be challenged at the same time

Incorporate relevance and real-world connections

Prominent Motivational Theories cont.

Self-Efficacy Theory suggests motivation is mediated by ones sense of efficacy.

Learners have beliefs about their competence, and those beliefs determine the amount of effort that a learner will extend.

Strategies should:• Focus on individual improvement, progress, and mastery

• Make evaluation private, not public

• Recognize students' effort

• Provide opportunities for improvement

• Encourage view of mistakes as part of learning

Prominent Motivational Theories cont.

Attribution Theory suggests that individual motivation is affected by the amount of effort and the ability level of a student

Learners who attribute success to effort and ability will more likely persist on subsequent task.

Prominent Motivational Theories cont.

Self-Determination Theory states learners are most motivated when the basic psychological needs of belonging, competence, and autonomy are met.

This theory links very closely with the Circle of Courage addressing three of its basic tenets: belonging, independence and mastery.

Strategies should:

Allowing students to participate in determining what the class rules, consequences, and expectations might be

Providing opportunities for students practice self-assessment

Prominent Motivational Theories cont.

Behavioral Theory says that the amount of correct academic responses and appropriate learning behaviors can be increased through the use of positive consequences.

Helpful strategy:

Use incentive systems for academic work and appropriate learning work.

Applying theories of Engagement and Motivation

Cues about learning goals

Develop learning with students in conjunction with school curricular requirements

Completing KWL (Know, Want, Learn) chart and KWHL (Know, Want, How, and Learn)

example: Charts (Exhibit 1)

Hold individual conferences with students on a regular basis.

Ask students what they learned when reviewing for the day.

example: Exit Slips (Exhibit 2)

Applying theories of Engagement and Motivation

Help students develop learning goals

They should: Be specific to performance standards

Be short term to increase motivation

Be challenging but within the students grasp

Include teacher feedback often

example: Index Card Assessment (Exhibit 3)

Applying theories of Engagement and Motivation

Structures that deter competition and peer competition

Avoid competition as much as possible

Have students compare their performance on goals to their own personal starting point

example: Grade Check (Exhibit 4)

Applying theories of Engagement and Motivation

Applying theories of Engagement and Motivation

Competence

Differentiation

Clear and accurate feedback example Rubric

example: Rubric (Exhibit 7)

Adjusting teaching strategies example Multiple Intelligences

example: MI Test (Exhibit 8)

Applying theories of Engagement and Motivation

Autonomy

Teachers can provide choices such as:

Topic for a report

Books to read

Types of project

Where to sit during independent work

example: Tic-Tac-Toe (Exhibit 9)

Applying theories of Engagement and Motivation

Relatedness can be a powerful motivator in the classroom

Students who like and are liked by their teachers and peers are happier at school and have more fun learning

Practices that foster relatedness are:

Cooperative learning

example Co-op Roles (Exhibit 11)

Peer tutoring

example Sage and Scribe (Exhibit 10)

Promoting Effort and Strategy Use

While all students do not believe in the importance of effort, teachers can help them change their beliefs by teaching and exemplifying the connection between effort and achievement

Strategies include:

Sharing examples of times when effort and persistence paid off despite initial failure

Having students read about famous individuals who, because of their persistence, succeeded despite obstacles

Promoting Effort and Strategy Use

Reluctant learners are at a disadvantage due to a history of school failure, family or cultural factors, or disabilities such as learning or behavioral disorders.

Teachers can attend to motivation of reluctant learners by including:

Reciprocal Effect of Engagement

Changing Beliefs

Rewards

Circle of Courage

Three of the four tenets of the Circle of Courage are related to motivation and engagement.

The three tenets are:

Mastery

Independence

Belonging