Ch 1 - Intro to AP

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How are living things organized? Atoms:

are the smallest chemical units

Molecules: are a group of atoms working together

Organelles: are a group of molecules working together

Cells : are a group of organelles working together

Tissues : are a group of similar cells working together

Organs : are a group of different tissues working together

Organ systems (11) : are a group of organs working together

Organism : is an individual

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Organizing a Muscle

Protein molecules ( chemical level ) Protein filaments ( organelle level ) Muscle cells ( cellular level ) Cardiac muscle tissue ( tissue level )

Heart ( organ level )

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KEY CONCEPTS

The body is divided into 11 organ systems

All organ systems work together Many organs work in more than 1 organ

system

Homeostasis : All body systems workingtogether to maintain a stable internalenvironment

Systems respond to external and internalchanges to function within a normal range(body temperature, fluid balance)

Failure to function within a normal range

results in disease

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Mechanisms of Regulation Autoregulation (intrinsic ):

automatic response in a cell, tissue, ororgan

Extrinsic regulation : responses controlled by nervous and

endocrine systems

How are living things regulated?

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Maintaining Normal Limits Receptor: receives the stimulus

Control Center: processes thesignal and sends instructions Effector: carries out instructions Negative Feedback: response of

the effector negates the stimulus Positive Feedback: response of the effector reinforces thestimulus

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Working Together

Table 11

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What are the anatomical terms used todescribe body sections, regions, and

relative positions?

Anatomical LandmarksSuperficial characteristics : surface parts can benames or adjectives

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KEY CONCEPT

Anatomical position : hands at sides, palms

forward

Supine : lying down, face up

Prone :

lying down, face down

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Figure 17a

Quadrants and Regions 4 abdominopelvic quadrants

around umbilicus 9 abdominopelvic regions

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Which Direction?

Figure 18

Lateral: side view

Frontal: front view

Anatomicaldirection: refers to

the patients left or right

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3 Dimensions

Figure 19

Plane: a 3-

dimensionalaxis Section:

a slice parallelto a plane

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The Ventral Body Cavity

Coelom : divided by the

diaphragm intothe thoraciccavity and theabdominopelvic cavity

Figure 110a

What are the major body cavities and their subdivisions?

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Isolating the Organs Serous membranes :

consist of parietal layer and visceral layer

Dividing the Cavities Thoracic cavity :

divided by themediastinum into 2pleural cavities