Ch 1 Grammar Review El 4/5 de octubre del 2011. Notes You will copy the following notes on page 53 of your INB. The title for this section will be: Chapter.

Ch 1 Grammar Review

El 4/5 de octubre del 2011

Notes

• You will copy the following notes on page 53 of your INB.

• The title for this section will be:Chapter 1 Grammar Review

• If you run out of room, get a loose leaf-paper and continue your notes there.

Adjectives

• Adjectives agree with nouns in gender and number. • masculine adjectives end in -o or -r • feminine adjectives end in -a or -ra • Other adjectives end in -e or other consonants for

both masculine and feminine. • To make an adjective plural, add -s to a vowel or -es

to a consonant.Masculine Feminine

-o changes to -a Bueno(s) Buena(s)Same form for masculine

and feminineGrande(s) Grande(s)

Intelectual(es) Intelectual(es)

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Ser (to be)yo soy- I am nosotros somos- we are

tú eres- you are vosotros sois- you are

él es – he is ellos son- they areella es-she is ellas son- they areusted es- you are ustedes son- you are

ser (to be)

soy somos

eres sois

es son

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• D- day and date Hoy es el 30 de agosto.• O- occupation Soy profesor.• C- characteristic Soy baja y rubia.• T- time Son las dos.• O- origin Ella es de Chile.• R- relationship Jorge es mi primo.• &• M- material La mesa es de madera.• R- religion Mi abuelo es judío. • E - event location La fiesta es en el gimnasio.

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Gustar

• Gustar is used to say what you like.• Gustar is a verb, but it does not behave like

regular verbs. How does it work?– Only two forms:• gusta (used with verb infinitives & singular things)• gustan (used with plural things)

– Has special pronouns:

me nos

te os

le les

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Gustar

• If you need to clarify or emphasize who likes something:

me

te

le

A mí

A ti

A élA ella

A usted

nos

os

les

A nosotr@s

A vosotr@s

A ellosA ellas

A ustedes

A Juan le gusta la pizza y a Rosa le gusta la comida china.

A mis hermanos les gusta cantar, pero a mis hermanas les gusta bailar.

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Regular Verbs

• Verb infinitives in Spanish end in -ar, -er, or -ir.hablar beber abrir

• Infinitive means that the verb is not conjugated.

• Conjugation is the way you change a verb to use it with specific subjects (people/things).

• Regular verbs are conjugated in predictable ways.

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Regular Verb Endings

Spanish subject pronouns

yo nosotr@s

tú vosotr@s

él, ella, usted ellos, ellas, ustedes

Steps to conjugate: (1) drop the ending, (2) identify the subject, (3) choose the correct ending!

-ar verbs

-o -amos

-as -aís

-a -an

-er verbs

-o -emos

-es -eís

-e -en

-ir verbs

-o -imos

-es -ís

-e -en

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Stem-ChangingStem-Changing VerbsVerbsWhen you conjugate, the stem is…

what’s left after you drop the –ar, -er, or -irHow can you tell if a verb is a stem changer?

You just have to memorize it!The stem change occurs in all forms except…

the nosotr@s and vosotr@s form.In Spanish there are four groups of stem-

changing verbs:eie eioue uue

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Verbs with Irregular Yo Formssalir (to go out)

salgo salimos

sales salís

sale salen

hacer (to do, to make)

hago hacemos

haces haceís

hace hacen

poner (to put)

pongo ponemos

pones poneís

pone ponen

saber (to know information)

sé sabemos

sabes sabeís

sabe saben

traer (to bring)

traigo traemos

traes traeís

trae traen

ver (to watch/to see)

veo vemos

ves veís

ve ven

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Verbs with Irregular Yo Forms

• Some verbs have irregular yo forms and are also irregular in other ways.

• Tener, venir, and decir are also stem-changers:

venir (to come) eie

vengo venimos

vienes venís

viene vienen

tener (to have) eie

tengo tenemos

tienes teneís

tiene tienen

decir (to say/to tell) ei

digo decimos

dices decís

dice dicen

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Reflexive Verbs!• When the doer and the receiver of an action are the same

person, you use a reflexive verb.Example: I wash my hands.

• Reflexive verbs use their own special kind of pronouns, reflexive pronouns.

• These can replace or be used with subject pronouns. Either way, you have to use the reflexive pronoun with a reflexive verb.

lavarse (to wash)

Yo me lavo Nosotr@s nos lavamos

Tú te lavas Vosotr@s os lavaís

Usted se lavaÉl se lava

Ella se lava

Ustedes se lavanEllos se lavanEllas se lavan

me nos

te os

se se

Me lavo las manos.

Me lavo las manos.

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Reflexive Verbs: How to conjugate

1. Choose the pronoun (based on the subject)

2. Conjugate the verb (based on the subject)

a) Drop the –ar, -er, or –irb) Add your ending depending on who the subject is

Yo Me Nos Nosotr@s

Tú Te Os Vosotr@s

Él/Ella/Usted Se Se Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes

-o -amos

-as -aís

-a -an

-o -emos

-es -eís

-e -en

-o -imos

-es -ís

-e -en

I want to say “I bathe” in Spanish. bañarse me bañar me bañ___me baño1. 2.a. 2.b.

-ar verbs -er verbs -ir verbs

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Tener (to have)tengo tenemostienes tenéistiene tienen

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Tener Idioms• In Spanish there are many idioms or expressions

that start with the verb tener.– tener…años– tener calor– tener ganas de + infinitive– tener suerte– tener éxito– tener razón– tener cuidado– tener hambre– tener sed– tener frío– tener sueño– tener prisa– tener que + infinitive

¡Ojo!In English, many of these expressions use verbs other than “to have” in English.

¡Ojo!In English, many of these expressions use verbs other than “to have” in English.

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ir (to go)voy vamosvas vaísva van

• To say you are going to a place, you have to use a

Voy a la biblioteca.Ella va al parque.

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The Simple Future: Ir a + infinitive

• The simple future is how you say what you are going to do in the future.

• To form the simple future, use…

A form of ir (depending on the subject):

A form of ir (depending on the subject):

ir (to go)

voy vamos

vas vaís

va van

aaInfinitive

of a verb

Infinitive of a verb

hablarvivirestudiarcomerescribirpatinarcorrer

Such as

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Present Progressive

• In Spanish, the present Progressive is formed by using a conjugated form of estar followed by the present participle.

• The present participles in Spanish are:

estar + -ando/-iendo

Present Participles

-ar -er -ir

-ando -iendo

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Direct Objects & Direct Object Pronouns

• Verbs can be followed by direct objects, the person or thing receiving the action of the verb.

Rafaela pone la mesa.Rafaela sets the table.

Siempre pido la sopa.I always order soup.

• A direct object can be a noun or a pronoun.

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Direct Objects & Direct Object PronounsUse direct object pronouns to avoid repeating nouns that have already been mentioned. These pronouns must agree with the nouns they stand for.

¿Quién va a pedir el flan? -Yo lo voy a pedir.Who is going to order flan? -I am going to order it.

Masculine FeminineSingular lo him/it la her/itPlural los them las them

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Direct Objects & Direct Object PronounsDirect object pronouns go before the conjugated verb.

¿Quién prepara los sándwiches? Yo los preparo.

If there is an infinitive in the sentence, the pronouns go

before the conjugated verb OR

are attached to the end of the infinitive.

¿Quién va a preparar la cena? Mi padre la va a preparar.Mi padre va a prepararla.

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Commands

• A command tells a person or group of people what to do or what not to do.

• An affirmative command tells someone what to do.

• An informal (or tú) command is used when you – are talking to one person AND– you would normally address him/her with tú

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Forming commands

• To form an affirmative tú command:1.Conjugate the verb in the tú form and2.Drop the “s”

• bailar - to dance• Bailas. - You dance.• ¡Baila! - Dance!

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An easy way to remember is…

• Vin Diesel has ten weapons.

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Yo, I got ten weapons.

Yo, I got ten weapons.

Venir ven (come)Decir di (say/tell)Salir sal (leave)Hacer haz (make)Tener ten (have)Ir ve (go)Poner pon (put)Ser sé (be)

To form a negative tú command…

• Negative Command Rap – Put it in the “yo” form,Drop the “-o,”Add the opposite ending, And your ready to go.

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Irregular Negative Tú Command

• These irregulars are different• Ser no seas (Don’t be!)• Ir no vayas (Don’t go!)• Dar no des (Don’t give!)• Estar no estés (Don’t be!)• Saber no sepas (Don’t know!*)• Think SIDES

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Spelling changes

• Verbs that end in -car , -gar or -zar have a spelling change in the negative tú command.

• Can you figure out why?

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Pronounce the following words to yourselfcalorcenaqueque

calor (k) vs. cena (s) vs. queque (k) so c qu

This change happens in the NEGATIVE tú command for verbs that end in –car

Sacar no saques la basura (Don’t take out the trash!)Why only in the negative tú command?

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Pronounce the following words to yourself

gatogenteAguilargato (g) vs. gente (h) vs. Aguilar (g)

so g gu

No pagar no pagues (Don’t pay!)Again this happens in the negative (not affirmative)

tú command.

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• For verbs that end in –zar• z c

• No empezar no empieces (Don’t start!)

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Writing Activity – INB pg 52

Write a letter to a friend who moved to another city a few years ago. Describe a new friend you made by giving two physical characteristics and two personality traits. Also, tell two things that your friend does every morning and two things that you and your new friend like to do on the weekends.