CGE Training Materials National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

CGE Training Materials

National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Industrial Processes Sector

Version 2, April 2012

• These training materials are suitable for people with beginner to intermediate level

knowledge of national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory development.

• After having read this Presentation, in combination with the related documentation, the

reader should:

a) Have an overview of how emissions inventories are developed for the industrial

processes sector;

b) Have a general understanding of the UNFCCC and IPCC guidelines;

c) Be able to determine which methods suits their country’s situation best;

d) Know where to find more detailed information on the topic discussed.

• These training materials have been developed primarily on the basis of

methodologies developed by the IPCC; hence the reader is always encouraged to

refer to the original documents to obtain further detailed information on a particular

issue.

Target Audience and Objective from Training Materials


Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) 2

Acronyms

• NEU Non-Energy Uses

• EF Emission Factor

• EFDB IPCC Emission Factor Database

• CBI Confidential Business Information


Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) 3

Outline of course – Industrial Processes

• Definitions (slide 3)

• Approaches and steps

• Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines (slide 5)

• IPCC Good Practice Guidance (2000) (slide 29)

• Problems in using guidelines, and recommendations (slide 41)

4Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories


• Non-energy-related physical and chemical processes in production activities

leading to transformation of raw materials and emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG)

(e.g. decomposition reactions).

• Non-energy uses (NEU) of feedstock in process reactions or stage processes that

do not only release heat but also act predominantly as reducing agent (e.g.

metallurgical coke in the smelting of ores in metal production).

• The energy/heat required for initiating and/or sustaining the chemical reaction

kinetically and thermodynamically is accounted for under energy sector.

Definitions (Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines)



• Feedstock delivered to petrochemical plants and used for manufacture of other

products and not for energy purposes (e.g. use of natural gas or other fossils in the

manufacture of ammonia).

• Production-related emissions are NOT classified under the industrial processes

sector but under energy sector are GHGs released from fuel combustion of

feedstock in production activities as sources of energy forms of energy (i.e. heat,

process steam or electricity generation).

Definitions (Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines) (cont.)



Cement production - section 2.3.1

Lime production - section 2.4.1

Soda ash production and use - section 2.6.1

Ammonia production - section 2.8.1 and 2.8.2

Silicon carbide - section 2.11.1

Calcium carbide - section 2.11.2

Iron and steel - section 2.13.3.2

Ferro alloys - section 2.13.5.1

Aluminium - section 2.13.5.1.

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines – Approach and StepsDifferentiating Non-energy and Energy-related Emissions (source: IPCC 1996 GL vol.3)





Differentiation of Non-Energy and Energy-related Emissions in the Industrial Processes Sector:

Illustration based on Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines (vol. 3)

• Tools for classification:

a) The UNFCCC GHG inventory software for non-Annex I Parties (electronic

version of IPCC worksheets)

b) IPCC Emission Factor Database (EFDB).

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines – Approach and StepsSource and Sub-source Categories and Disaggregation





Sub-source Categories/Disaggregation:

Illustration with EFBD and UNFCCC software (Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines)

• GHGs from the IP sector:

(a) CO2, CH4, N2O

(b) HFCs, PFCs, SF6

(c) SO2, CO, NOx, NMVOCs.

• The UNFCCC inventory software “long summary” table specifies all the relevant

GHGs for the various source categories required to be reported. They represent a

ready source of identification of relevant GHGs for sources and sub-sources of the

various sectors.



Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines – Approach and StepsRelevant Source Categories

• General equation:

TOTALij = ADj x EFij

a) where:

• TOTALij = process emission (tonnes) of gas i, from industrial sector j

• ADj = amount of activity or production of process material (activity data) in

industrial sector j (tonnes/yr)

• EFij = emission factor (EF) associated with gas I, per unit of activity in industrial

sector j (tonne/tonne).

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines – Approach and StepsGeneral Estimation Methodology



• For certain industrial processes, more than one estimation methodology is presented.

These are:

• Simplified approach, referred to as Tier 1

• More detailed methodology, referred to as Tier 2.

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines – Approach and StepsChoice of Methods



• Several options are also provided for certain industrial processes under Tier 1,

such as Tier 1a, 1b, 1c, based on data availability and suitability of methods.

• Order of preference for Tier 1 methods is 1a > 1b > 1c.

• Encourages country-specific methods, documented and adequately

referenced.

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines – Approach and StepsChoice of Methods



• 2B1 – Ammonia production (CO2)

• Tier 1a – AD as natural gas consumption (m3) and EF (kgC/m3)

• Tier 1b – AD as ammonia production (tonnes) and EF (tonne CO2/tonne NH3)

• 2B4 – Calcium Carbide Production (CO2)

• T1a – Consumption of petroleum coke (tonnes) and EF (tonne C/tone Coke type)

• T1b – Production of carbide.

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines – Approach and StepsSample Tiers by Sub-source Categories



• 2C – Metal production (Iron and Steel, Al, Ferro-alloys)

• Tier 1a – Consumption of reducing agent (tonnes) and EF (tonne C/tonne

reducing agent)

• Tier 1b – Production of the metal (tonnes) and EF (tonne CO2/tonne metal).

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines – Approach and StepsTiers by Sub-source Categories



• PFCs from aluminum production

• Tier 1a – Direct plant emissions data

• Tier 1b – Estimation based on plant measurements and empirical estimation

• Tire 1c – Based on aluminium production (tones) and default emission factor

(kg/tone Al).




• 2E – HCFC manufacture (HFC-23 release)

a) Tier 1 – AD (total production in tonnes) and Default EF (% of total production)

b) Tier 2 – Direct emissions from plant specific measurements using standard methods

• 2F – Consumption of ozone depleting substances (ODS) substitutes (HFCs, PFCs

and SF6)

a) Tier 1a and Tier b – Potential emissions

b) Tier 2 – Actual emissions.




• Plant-level measurements or direct emissions reports with documented

methodologies

• Where direct measurements are not available, estimations may be based on

calculation with plant-specific data.

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines – Approach and StepsChoice of Activity Data



• If there is a lack of activity data at the national level, use:

• International data sets (United Nations data sets and industry associations)

• National databases where available from appropriate government ministries

(e.g. statistics services, environment ministry, etc.)

• Standard production statistics from national statistical publications

• Note that there can be a conflict between activity data collected from

various Sources

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines – Approach and StepsChoice of Activity Data



• Process-reaction-based EFs (stoichiometric ratios)

• Production-based emission factors

• Technology-specific emission factors

• Reported country-/region-specific plant-level measurements

• IPCC Emission Factor Database (EFDB), a summary for process-reaction-based and

technology-based EFs

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines – Approach and StepsChoice of Default Emission Factors



Illustrate Use of Emission Factor Database (EFDB) for IP Sector

IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps



Comparability of IPCC Technology-based Default EF and GPG2000 Plant-level EF

The Case of Aluminium Production Inventory in Ghana



CO2 emissions from aluminum production activity data

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

200000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Period (year) production (tonnes)

gross carbon (tonnes) net carbon (tonnes)

Good Practice Activity DataPlant-level EF based on Tier 1a method



20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

gross carbon (tonnes) net carbon (tonnes)

Consumption of Reducing AgentAnode carbon



0.050

0.100

0.150

0.200

0.250

0.300

0.350

0.400

0.450

0.500

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

production (megatonnes)

net carbon tonne/tonne al

3 per. Mov. Avg. (net carbon tonne/tonne al)

Net Carbon Consumption



Process parameter

Country-specific (plant level Tier

2) - 7-year average

IPCC default including

baking emissions (5%)

Net carbon consumption assuming 98% purity of

anode carbon (tonne C/tonne)

0.445

Emission factor

(tonne CO2/tonne Al)

1.63 1.58

% difference +3.5%

Comparability of Good PracticePlant level and IPCC default



Emissions Estimating and Reporting

Use of UNFCCC GHG Inventory Software

IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps



Good Practice Guidance and

Uncertainty Management in National

Greenhouse Gas Inventories

(GPG 2000) –

Industrial Processes Sector

Approach and Steps



• To produce GHG inventories that neither overestimate nor underestimate emissions

so far as can be judged based on the principle of TCCCA, namely:

• T: Transparency

• C: Consistency over time

• C: Completeness

• C: Comparability

• A: Accuracy.

GPG 2000 Approach and StepsGood Practice Principles



• To use limited resources more efficiently for key sources

• To reduce levels of uncertainty

• To improve reporting and documentation

• To apply quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) and improve

transparency.

GPG 2000 Approach and StepsGood Practice Principles



• The GPG 2000:

• Identifies potential IP sector key categories

• Provides decision-tree analysis for the selected sources

• Describes category-specific good practice methods in adapting Revised 1996

IPCC Guidelines to country-specific circumstances

GPG 2000 Approach and StepsChoice of Methods



• Defines tier numbers for alternative names of (unnumbered) methods described in the

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines

• Provides good practice guidance for various tier levels of assessment (Tier 1, 2, 3) for

selected source categories.

GPG 2000 Approach and StepsChoice of Methods (cont.)



• 2A1 – CO2 Emissions from Cement Production

• 2A2 – CO2 Emissions from Lime Production

• 2C1 – CO2 Emissions from the Iron and Steel Industry

• 2B2 and 2B3 – N2O Emissions from Adipic Acid and Nitric Acid Production

• 2C3 – PFCs Emissions from Aluminum Production

• 2C4 – Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) emissions from Magnesium Production

• 2E1 – HFC-23 Emissions from HCFC-22 Manufacture

GPG 2000 Approach and StepsPotential Key Categories



• 2F(1-5) – Emissions from Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS

substitutes for HFCs and PFCs used in refrigeration, airconditioning, foam

blowing, fire extinguishers, aerosols, solvents)

• 2F7 – SF6 Emissions from Electrical Equipment

• 2F8 – SF6 Emissions from Other Sources of SF6

• 2E3 – SF6 Emissions from Production of SF6

• 2F6 – PFC, HFC, and SF6 Emissions from Semiconductor Manufacturing.

GPG 2000 Approach and StepsPotential Key Categories (cont.)



Decision Trees, and Selection Criteria for Methods and Structured Tier Levels



GPG 2000 Approach and Steps

2A1 – Cement production CO2 Figure 3.1 p 3.11

2C1 – Iron and Steel Production (CO2) Figure 3.2 p 3.21

2B1 and 2B2 – Nitric Acid and Adipic Acid (NO2)

2C1 – Aluminum production (PFC)

Figure 3.4 p 3.32

Figure 3.5 p 3.40

2C – Use of SF6 in magnesium production (SF6) Figure 3.6 p 3.49

2E and 2F – ODS Substitutes Figure 3.11 p 3.80

GPG 2000 Approach and StepsDecision Trees and Selection Criteria for Methods and Tier Levels









Sample Illustrations of Tier Level Methods in Adapting IPCC 1996GL Based on National

Circumstances



GPG 2000 Approach and Steps

• The problems encountered in using IPCC 1996GL and available GPG options are

summarized in this section.

• The impact of the problem on inventory preparation and practical approaches

recommended, and/or the GPG Options, are provided in the notes.



Problems Encountered in Using IPCC 1996GL and GPG 2000, and Recommendations

• Difficulty in disaggregation of country-relevant sources into IPCC categories,

particularly sub-source categories not listed in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines.

• The “mapping technique” is a practical approach recommended for ease of

identification and disaggregation of country sources into IPCC source categories. The

Handbook provides IPCC disaggregation and corresponding probable national

emission sources.

Potential Problems in Preparing IP Sector Inventory



• The Handbook presents a sample of mapping national source categories and IPCC

source classification. The table helps to easily identify corresponding IPCC source

categories for each probable national emission source, thus facilitating correct

disaggregation.



Mapping National Industry Classification with IPCC Source Categories

• Direct reporting of emissions without AD and/or EF to national institutions responsible

for data collection because of confidential business information (CBI).

• Impact on inventory preparation

• Reduces transparency and comparability

• Recommended approach/GPG 2000 Option

• GPG recommends plant-level verification and assessment of the measurement

standards and QA/QC plan of the industry.

Potential Problems in Preparing IP Sector InventoryActivity Data Collection and CBI



• The reporting of industrial process emissions from non-energy use (NEU) of

feedstock produced in combination with fuel combustion under energy sector due to

the difficulty in differentiation and possible double counting of CO2.

• Direct plant-level measurement and reporting of industrial process emissions of

CO2 from chemical processes or stage processes in combination with fuel combustion

emissions from energy uses of feedstock (e.g. CO2 emissions from CaCO3

decomposition and metallurgical coke oxidation in Solvay process).


• Underestimation of the contribution of IP sector to national emissions (e.g. the use of

natural gas in ammonia production, and coke as reducing agent in iron and steel

production).


• GPG2000 recommends stoichiometric estimation of the NEU and subtraction from the

energy statistics to avoid double counting.

Potential Problems in Preparing IP Sector InventoryEmissions Estimation Methods and Reporting



• Where technology-specific or plant-level data are not available, EF(default) are

based on stoichiometric ratios of process reactions.

Potential Problems in Preparing IP Sector Inventory Inappropriateness of Stoichiometric Ratios as EFs



• Lack of development of plant-level EFs, which leads to the estimation of EFs based on top-

down ratios calculated as EF = Emissions/Aggregate AD.


• EFs estimated based on the aggregate AD is basically a IPCC 1996GL IPCC Tier 1 approach.

It lacks transparency and comparability and the method is not considered good practice.


• GPG2000 provides good practice based on “decision tree” in applying IPCC 1996GL to

various national circumstances.

Potential Problems in Preparing IP Sector InventoryLack of Emission Factors



• Sample Source Category Estimations

• 2A1 Cement Production

• 2A2 Lime Production

• 2A1 Limestone and Dolomite Use

• 2C1 Iron and Steel

Reference Table 2 IP Handbook

"GPG 2000 Improvements in IP Sector Inventory



Other Specific Problems Encountered in the Use of IPCC 1996GL

Suggested Approaches/Options



• Inappropriate use and/or limited use of notation keys (NO, NE, NA, IE, NE) in

UNFCCC reporting Table 1 and Table 2.

• This results in lack of transparency and does not address completeness of the

inventory coverage.

Potential problems in preparing IP Sector InventoryNotation Keys in UNFCCC Reporting Tables 1 and 2



• NO (not occurring) for activities or processes that do not occur for a particular gas or

source/sink category within a country.

• NE (not estimated) for existing emissions and removals which have not been estimated.

• NA (not applicable) for activities in a given source/sink category which do not result in

emissions or removals of a specific gas.

• IE (included elsewhere) for emissions and removals estimated but included elsewhere in

the inventory (Parties should indicate where the emissions or removals have been

included).

• C (confidential) for emissions and removals which could lead to the disclosure of

confidential information.

Completeness and Transparency in Reporting – Use of Notation Keys



• Production data on large point sources may be available in various national

institutions in data sets that are not easily converted to greenhouse gas inventory

data.

• Where available, mandatory or voluntary plant-level data are reported as total

emissions without relevant AD and EFs.

Potential problems in preparing IP Sector InventoryActivity Data Collection and Reporting



• Mandatory industry reports (e.g. annual environmental reports) provide only

emissions estimates without AD and/or EF.

• Lack of IPCC default EFs due to differences in IPCC source and sub-source

categories and disaggregation of country-relevant sources.

Potential Problems in Preparing IP Sector InventoryLack of Emission Factors



• National institutions and industry associations collect and present data in formats

not appropriate for GHG estimation (because they are normally aggregated in

data sets relevant for the purposes for which they were collected).

• Limited awareness among industry/industry associations about opportunities under

the Convention and therefore lack of motivation to develop capacity for reporting

GHG inventories.

Potential Problems in Preparing IP Sector InventoryInstitutional Arrangements



• Lack of institutional arrangements and clarity over roles and responsibilities of

experts carrying out the technical studies.

• Lack of legal and institutional authority to demand data from industry to carry

out the inventories (reporting is basically voluntary).

Potential Problems in Preparing IP Sector InventoryInstitutional Arrangements (cont.)



• Non-involvement of universities and/or research centres in climate change efforts

that could develop into a more sustainable inventory system.

• Lack of mainstreaming of climate change data collection by national statistical

services and industry associations.

• Lack of QA/QC and uncertainty analysis by data collection institutions.

Potential Problems in Preparing IP Sector InventoryInstitutional Arrangements (cont.)



• Establish a national working group of relevant stakeholders for plant-level

verification and peer review of the inventory report.

• Organize a capacity-building seminar for all institutions and relevant GHG-

contributing industries to disseminate the IP inventory data sets, to inform about the

need for QA/QC and plant-specific good practice in developing and reporting AD and

EFs in greenhouse gas inventory data sets.

Institutional Arrangement ProblemsHow a country could benefit from capacity-building



• Adapt the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines and GPG 2000 and develop country-

specific workbooks documenting methods, AD, EFs to increase transparency and

preserve institutional memory.

• In a capacity-building workshop, disseminate information about the opportunities for

emission reduction under the Convention and the financing mechanisms under the

Protocol to encourage industry participation.

Institutional Arrangement ProblemsRecommended capacity-building (cont.)



Review and Assessment of Activity Dataand Emission Factors

Data Status and Options



GPG 2000 Approach and Steps Inventory Quality Improvement and Uncertainty Reduction

• QA/QC Approach

• GPG 2000 presents a systematic approach to default uncertainty estimations for

various national circumstances based on decision trees. For instance, in the case of

cement production, a detailed approach is provided in Table 3.2, which is based on

Decision Tree Figure 3.1.



Thank you!



CGE Training Materials National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Documents

ammonia production section

lime production section

natural gas

energy sector

production activities

use section

productionrelated emissions

metal production