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In-Text Citing, Quoting, and Paraphrasing:

How to incorporate your references into your text

Refence list and In-text Citing

You know how to build a reference for how to build a reference for your reference listyour reference list

Today you’ll learn how your references how your references should look in your textshould look in your text

When you write your thesis:

• Two ways to reference other people’s work:

– By quoting verbatim (i.e., word-by-word)

– By paraphrasing

Verbatim Quotes

• A quote is a block of block of texttext (i.e., sentences or full paragraphs) that writers incorporate into their text to make a point.

• It’s ideal to quote to to quote to the minimumthe minimum.

When Quoting Verbatim

• If long quotelong quote (longer than 1 full sentence) quote as a blockquote as a block

• If short quoteshort quote Incorporate Incorporate it into your writing

Using a long Quote in Your Text

By and large, biliteracy –or being able to read and write in two languages– is considered to be a remarkable accomplishment in some populations. Moll, Sáez, & Dworin (2001) wrote the following about children and biliteracy:

Becoming biliterate in childhood is a special accomplishment, but not an easy one. […]

If becoming literate can be considered a transforming event, a developmental landmark in any child’s life […], then becoming literate in two languages, especially in childhood, must truly be something special. Consider […] all of the intellectual advantages […], from gaining access to valued cultural resources, to developing metalinguistic awareness, to deliberately exploiting literacy as a tool for thinking, may be enhanced, amplified, if you will, and facilitated by children becoming literate in two languages (p. 436).

Topic sentence that introduces the quote

Long quote

Continuation of idea introduced by quote

Example of a Poorly Integrated Quote Into Prose

Sommer (1990) says personal space for people “like the porcupines in Schopenhauer’s fable, people like to be close enough to obtain warmth and comradeship but far enough away to avoid pricking one another” (p. 26).

Taken from: Troyka, L.Q.(1999). Simon & Schuster handbook for writers (5th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Successful Integration of Quote

Concerning personal space, Sommer (1990) says that “like the porcupines in Schopenhauer’s fable, people like to be close enough to obtain warmth and comradeship but far enough away to avoid pricking one another” (p. 26).

Taken from: Troyka, L.Q.(1999). Simon & Schuster handbook for writers (5th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Using a Short Quote in Your Text

The literacy opportunities that bilingual children encounter determine

the extent to which they develop biliteracy abilities. Moll (1992) reported that

in comparison with the schooling of children from higher-income families, the

instruction of children in bilingual programs, who are for the most part

working-class students, “can be characterized as rote, drill and practice, and

intellectually limited, with an emphasis on low-level literacy and computational

skills” (p. 20). Similar situations have been documented, where the type of

instruction of ELLs at the elementary grades tends to limit the children’s

opportunities to produce complex language, thus greatly restraining their

opportunities to “create and manipulate language freely…[and] to engage in

more complex learning” (Ramírez et al., 1991 p. 8).

Topic sentence to intro quote

Half paraphrased

Tips on In-Text Citing• In-text, authors’ last names and year onlyauthors’ last names and year only. If two authors, always two last names.

If more than two authors, all their last names first and et al. afterwards. • When quoting verbatim (block quote or sentence), always include the page number.always include the page number.• If you introduce authors in your text, don’t include them in the parenthesis where you

write the page number.

Challenge 1: Find the problems with the following text. Smooth out the incorporation of the quote into the text and

fix the in-text citing format.

The manner in which students engage their reading strategies and critical thinking skills when reading authentic English text is a relevant topic to explore in the English Language Teaching context (ELT). “can efficiently promote learning, critical thinking, creativity and resourcefulness in learnes of all ages” (Lekin (1998), p. 3).

The manner in which students engage their reading strategies and critical thinking skills when reading authentic English text is a relevant topic to explore in the English Language Teaching context (ELT). Lekin (1998) suggests that the proper use of authentic reading materials such as newspapers “can efficiently promote learning, critical thinking, creativity and resourcefulness in learnes of all ages” (p. 3).

One way to do it…

Challenge 2 : Use the following quote (block quote or incorporation of a piece) to write an argumentative

statement about the importance of context in teaching literacy to children.

.

“Language needs to be used in meaningful ways for second-language learners. When text is meaningful, students are able to predict what will happen next. If a child learns vocabulary words in an isolated manner, it is a difficult task and contradicts the way that language evolves naturally in children. Unfamiliar words are easier to figure out in context than breaking them up into parts. A meaningful text provides the reader with endless opportunities to build on both comprehension and word recognition” (Suits, 2003, p.4)

Paraphrasing Quotations Smoothly Into Your Prose

Based on: Troyka, L.Q.(1999). Simon & Schuster handbook for writers (5th Ed.). Upper Saddle River,

NJ: Prentice Hall.

Why Bother?

• To avoid choppy, incoherent sentences

• To avoid inconsistencies between your prose and the grammar, style, or logic of the quotation.

Guidelines for Writing a Paraphrase

1. Say what the source says, but no more.2. Emphasize what the source emphasizes.3. Use your own words, phrasing, and sentence structure

to restate the message. If certain synonyms are awkward, quote the material—but resort to quotation only occasionally.

4. Read over your sentences to make sure that they do not distort the source’s meaning.

5. Expect your material to be as long as, and possibly longer than, the original.

6. Use verbs effectively to help you integrate paraphrases smoothly into your prose.

7. Avoid plagiarism.8. As you take notes, record all documentation facts

about your source so that you can acknowledge your source accurately and avoid plagiarism.

Taken from: Troyka, L.Q.(1999). Simon & Schuster handbook for writers (5th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Useful Verbs to Paraphrase

agree complain emphasize note

analyzeconcede explain observe

argue consider find offer

ask conclude grant point out

assert contend illustrate refute

believe declare imply report

claim deny insist reveal

comment describe maintain say

see show speculate state

suggestsuppose think write

Paraphrasing a Quote into Text

Original text:

The manner in which students engage their reading strategies and critical thinking skills when reading authentic English text is a relevant topic to explore in the English Language Teaching context (ELT). Lekin (1998) suggests that the proper use of authentic reading materials such as newspapers “can efficiently promote learning, critical thinking, creativity and resourcefulness in learnes of all ages” (p. 3).

The manner in which students engage their reading strategies and critical thinking skills when reading authentic English text is a relevant topic to explore in the English Language Teaching context (ELT). Using authentic reading materials appropriately can foster learners’ L2 development, as well as their capacity to think critically, creatively, and to use resources effectively (Lekin, 1998).

Example of the Integration of a Paraphrased Quote into the Text

Lekin (1998) suggests that the proper use of authentic reading materials such as newspapers “can efficiently promote learning, critical thinking, creativity and resourcefulness in learnes of all ages” (p. 3).

Using authentic reading materials appropriately can foster learners’ L2 development, as well as their capacity to think critically, creatively, and to use resources effectively (Lekin, 1998).

Quoting Paraphrasing

Challenge 3: Paraphrase the quote in the following text

As educators, we have a strong responsibility to build a democratic society where everyone can think for him/herself. By enhancing critical thinking in classroom settings, we as educators can help students to learn and apply thinking skills. Marshall, Ray, Tucker, and Marc (1992) hold the view that “the future now belongs to societies that organize themselves for learning […] nations that want high incomes and full employment must develop policies that emphasize the acquisition of knowledge and skills by everyone, not just a select few” (p.20).

• Created by Professor Ángela López