YG - 150910 New Trends in Poultry and Disease Spreading Risk Nick Dorko, DVM, MAM, ACPV Global Head of Veterinary Technical Services- Aviagen Ceva Poultry Vaccinology Summit: Barcelona , Spain March 15, 2016
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New Trends in Poultry and Disease Spreading Risk
Nick Dorko, DVM, MAM, ACPVGlobal Head of Veterinary Technical Services- Aviagen
Ceva Poultry Vaccinology Summit: Barcelona , SpainMarch 15, 2016
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Lots of new trends (and some not so new) which can affect how we try to control disease To discuss several of these Try to give you some things to think
about From a production and disease control
perspective
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To Cover Variability The Market (Bird Sizes, etc.) Housing and Practices The Double D’s
Density and Downtime Antibiotic Free (ABF)
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Disclaimer I am not necessarily for or against
anything I am going to talk about There are positives and negatives to most
things We do many things for economic reasons
and not for what is necessarily best for the chicken
All things can be made to work Syndromes!!!
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Variability If you can control variability (or
reduce it), you will have better control of problems For example:
• Vaccination Crews versus growers or farm crews which do the vaccinating
• Consistency and expertise versus biosecurity and cost
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Vaccinations Hatchery
Reason why we now try to do as many vaccinations in the hatchery as we can
We have better control of the process Eyedrop versus DW or Spray
Less variability and higher accuracy More labor and potentially bird stress
(handling)
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Broiler Breeders Uniformity!!!
Light stimulation timing Birds over or underweight EODES (Erratic Oviposition and
Defective Egg Syndrome) Egg Yolk Peritonitis (EYP)
• Bird Management!!- Metabolic
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Housing and Equipment New Complexes = New Houses
Generally all houses same size and same equipment• Easier to set up programs
Usually much easier to manage because less variability house to house
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The Market Referring to:
Bird Size marketed at that complex or area
Special or New Marketing Trends in the area
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White Meat Markets Some growing areas prefer Breast
meat USA/Canada/Australia/New
Zealand/Parts of EU High breast meat yield breeders can
often be more difficult to manage Broilers often grown to heavier
weights
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Broiler Size In many areas broiler size (BWs at
kill) are increasing (i.e. USA)
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USA Broiler Weight Trends
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Broiler Size This can mean:
Longer time in the field (house) More time to be exposed to diseases or
poor management conditions Protection from vaccine (if vaccinated)
must be longer• Or extra vaccine given
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Thinning Practice where you go in multiple
times in a broiler flock to select out birds at certain target weights Common in many areas of Europe (EU),
Australia, New Zealand and elsewhere
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Thinning- Why? Often where growing areas are not
big enough to allow multiple complexes or processing plants
Also where housing and growing costs can be high
Allows you to put higher densities into your houses
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Thinning- Issues Multiple chances to introduce disease or
disease agents Increased growth spurt and potential
stress after each bird removal Excessive wing flapping and/or stress of
thinning process Green Muscle Disease
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Thinning United Kingdom banning because
linked to a higher level of colonization of the birds by Campylobacter
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Other Growing Trends Backyard Chickens Free Range Chickens Both are potential disease threats to
commercial poultry MG/MS, Avian Influenza, NDV, etc.
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Google MapsHowell FarmGP BreedersPulaski, TN
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Housing and Practices
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Multi-Age Farms We know this is not ideal but still
being done Land availability Costs (land, taxes, etc.) Often easier to manage
• All facilities in one place Still very common for commercial layers
• But new broiler breeder farms in some areas
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Multi-Age Farms
Harder to control disease Especially MG/MS, Salmonella, AI, NDV Vaccination Timing and Reactions
• Especially difficult for respiratory disease control and timing of live respiratory vaccinations
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Re- Using Litter Practice becoming more common in
some areas Common practice in USA, Brazil and
other Latin American countries USA also common in grow/pullet houses
for broiler breeders Broiler houses common to only do a
total cleanout once a year
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Re-Using Litter- Why? Cost and time for cleaning and
disinfection high Litter availability (and cost) How to get rid of the used litter and
where? Some countries easy to sell Some countries or areas hard to get rid
of because of environmental issues
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Re-Using Litter- Positives Cost
Including more cycles/year Seeding down the house with good
bacterial organisms (Probiotic effect) If vaccinating for coccidia, seeding
down house with vaccine strains
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Re-Using Litter-Challenges Must ventilate better to control ammonia and possible
respiratory issues, including vaccine reactions In areas of high AI and VVND challenge is difficult (or
impossible to do) Used litter spread near farms with birds can be a
source of infection Disease Issues?
Reovirus/ILT/Marek’s Disease(MDV)• Variant viruses/Mutations?
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“Clean House Syndrome” Cleaning and disinfection of farms is getting
better then ever Especially for control of Salmonella
More concrete floor houses USA and Brazil two places with not many concrete
floor houses As we do better C&D (especially formalin),
chickens are not getting naturally exposed to certain disease agents as they did in the past Birds with negative serology exposed during lay!!
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“Clean House Syndrome” Adenoviruses
Inclusion Body Hepatitis (IBH) and Hydropericardium Disease (HPS)/Angara Disease much more common
Where high challenge might have to vaccinate
Very few commercial vaccines available
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Clean House Syndrome Chicken Anemia Virus (CAV)
Breeders need to be positive before egg production
Many still rely on natural seroconversion Not such a reliable method
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Clean House Syndrome CAV
In my opinion all breeders should be vaccinated• If not monitor serology carefully and allow
time to vaccinate before production if needed
Too much we don’t know about CAV immunosuppression
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Table of CAV positive antibody (%)
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Clean House Syndrome Chicken Astrovirus (CAstV)?
“White Chick Syndrome” Are birds not getting naturally
exposed as they did in the past?
Other important agents might emerge in the future
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Density and Downtime
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High Density Poultry Areas In high density poultry areas disease challenge is
usually much higher Strict biosecurity procedures Different vaccination programs (more intense) are
often required In very high poultry population areas it can be difficult
to control diseases, especially in breeders Often have to move breeders to a different area
• DMV in the USA• Subang area in Indonesia• Luzon area in Philippines
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Density in the House Trend is to increase bird density, especially in
broiler breeders to try to maximize space and profit
You can increase density up to a certain point This must be determined with trials Can vary depending on
• House style• Ventilation systems
• Equipment, especially feeding equipment• Time of the year
• Winter versus Summer• Welfare Regulations
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Density- More Meat!!!
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Density-Can have effects on FCR and Feathering
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Density- Effects on Mortality and Growth Rate
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Consequences of Too High Density Decreased feed
consumption Decreased growth rate Decreased feed efficiency Increased mortality Increase cannabilism Increase breast blisters
and paw damage
Increase in birds with poor feathering
Increased condemnations Increased house
ventilation requirement Increase in kgs of broilers
raised in a house during a 12 month period
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Density- Potential outcomes Breeders- Feed Space!!!
Performance effects• Less eggs• More floor eggs• Staph/Leg Issues
Increased mortality• Cannabilism• EYP
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Higher the Density Disease control can often become
more difficult Change in vaccination ?
Mortality and condemnations can become increased
Performance can be decreased Must fine tune what is the best bird
density for your situation
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Downtime/Turnaround Time Definition-The time that the last
chickens leave the farm (go to market) until the next (first) chicks arrive
Many Factors Can Complicate This!!! Multi-Age? Re-Used Litter? Previous Disease Outbreak?
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“ The Downtime Syndrome” Breed doesn’t change Vaccination doesn’t change Feed doesn’t change But the customer complains:
FCR increase 2-5 points Growth rate slow Uniformity not good Often RSS(Runting/Stunting Syndrome)
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“ The Downtime Syndrome” What changed?
Shortened Downtime!!! Usually less then 10 days for MORE
then 1 cycle• Especially more then two cycles
Worse on multi-age facilities • Younger aged birds usually worse affected
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Effects of Downtime in a Large Poultry Integration
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Average Daily Gain by Down Time Total
0.096
0.098
0.100
0.102
0.104
0.106
0.108
0.110
1 to 7 8 to 14 15 to 21 Over 21
Total
YearSold(All) YEARMO(All) MaleBre(All) FemBre (All) BREEDC(All) FLOCKT(All) WtRang(All) FARMN (All) TUNNEL(All) HatSour(All) GrowerR(All) TA (All)
Average of GainDay
DowntimeCat
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Average Adj. FCR by Down Time Total
1.600
1.650
1.700
1.750
1.800
1.850
1.900
1.950
2.000
1 to 7 8 to 14 15 to 21 Over 21
Total
YearSold(All) YEARMO(All) MaleBre(All) FemBre (All) BREEDC(All) FLOCKT(All) WtRang(All) FARMN (All) TUNNEL(All) HatSour(All) GrowerR(All) TA (All)
Average of AdjFCRto5at10
DowntimeCat
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Average Livability by Down Time Total
80.00
82.00
84.00
86.00
88.00
90.00
92.00
94.00
96.00
98.00
1 to 7 8 to 14 15 to 21 Over 21
Total
YearSold(All) YEARMO(All) MaleBre(All) FemBre (All) BREEDC(All) FLOCKT(All) WtRang(All) FARMN (All) TUNNEL(All) HatSour(All) GrowerR(All) TA (All)
Average of Livability
DowntimeCat
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“The Downtime Syndrome” What is probably happening?
Build-up of pathogens• Viruses??
Improper C&D• Not enough time to properly do or not done
at all
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Antibiotic Free (ABF) An increasing trend, especially in
USA, Canada and parts of the EU Currently in the USA about 42%
broilers are grown on some type of ABF program Around 13% on NAE (includes no
ionophores)
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Antibiotic Free (ABF)
What are the main problems on ABF: Higher first week mortality
• Omphalitis/”Yolksacculitis” Necrotic Enteritis Bacterial Chondronecrosis and Osteomyelitis
(BCO, formerly known as FHN) Vertebral Osteoarthritis (VOA)
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Summary Practices in the poultry industry are
constantly changing around the globe
Broilers are being marketed at higher body weights and with more yield This means a longer time in the field
where they can be exposed to disease challenges
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Summary More birds in a house, whether
broilers or breeders, can create very different challenges in growing practices
Shortened downtimes can lead to decreased performance and increased disease problems
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Summary ABF programs which are increasing
in popularity in some areas offer new challenges especially with bacterial infections
Good biosecurity and health programs (including vaccinations) can help to reduce issues in the areas discussed in this talk
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Thank You! Questions?