CETA Guide on Business and Professional Services

Supporting EU business in Canada

CETA GUIDE ON BUSINESS AND

PROFESSIONAL SERVICES

2 CETA GUIDE ON BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL SERVICES

Table of contentsLIST OF ACRONYMS ��3EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ��4

Who is this Guide for? �� 4How to use this Guide �� 4

1� INTRODUCTION ��51�1� A brief overview of CETA �� 51�2 Four modes in CETA �� 5

A) Modes 1 and 2 �� 6B) Mode 3 �� 7C) Mode 4 �� 8

2� WHAT DO YOU NEED TO KNOW ��10

3� MARKET SIZE, ENTRY STRATEGIES AND ELIGIBLE CATEGORIES ��133�1� Advisory and consulting services �� 13

A) Legal advisory services in respect of public international law and foreign law �� 13B) Accounting and bookkeeping services �� 15C) Management consulting services and related services �� 16D) Environmental consulting services (incl� engineering services) �� 17E) Insurance and insurance-related services �� 18F) Advisory and consulting services relating to Financial Services �� 19G) Advisory services relating to transport �� 21H) Advisory and consulting services relating to agriculture, hunting and forestry �� 22

3�2� Architectural, urban planning and landscape services�� 233�3� Construction, maintenance, and repair �� 253�4� Engineering services and integrated engineering services �� 263�5� Computer and related services �� 283�6� Research and development services�� 293�7� Market research, opinion polling and advertising �� 303�8� Technical testing and analysis services �� 313�9� Translation and interpretation services �� 323�10� Medical and dental services �� 333�11� Veterinary services �� 343�12� Midwifery services �� 353�13� Nurses, physiotherapists, paramedical personnel �� 363�14� Higher education services �� 38

4� TIPS FOR EU BUSINESS ��39

5� SUCCESS STORIES ��405�1� Attached Language Intelligence: Translation from The Netherlands �� 405�2� MANDAWORKS: Swedish urban design crosses the Atlantic �� 40

6� CONCLUSIONS ��41

ANNEX I� EU MEMBER STATES EMBASSIES, CONSULATES AND CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE IN CANADA �� 43

3CETA GUIDE ON BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL SERVICES

LIST OF ACRONYMS

AAFMP Association of Alberta Forest Management Professionals

AASB Auditing and Assurance Standards Board

ABCFP Association of BC Forest Professionals

ABVMA Alberta Veterinary Medical Association

AMF Autorité Des Marchés Financiers

APEGA Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Alberta

APEGS Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Saskatchewan

ARPFNB Association of Registered Professional Foresters of New Brunswick

ARPFNL Association of Registered Professional Foresters of Newfoundland and Labrador

ASFP Association of Saskatchewan Forestry Professionals

AVLIC Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada

BCIA British Columbia Institute of Agrologists

CACB Canadian Architectural Certification Board

CAD Canadian Dollar

CAPR Canadian Alliance of Physiotherapy Regulators

CAS Canadian Auditing Standards

CBCA Canadian Business Corporations Act

CETA Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement

CFI Canada Foundation for Innovation

CIF Canadian Institute of Forestry

CIHR Canadian Institutes of Health Research

CMC Canadian Association of Management Consultants

CPA Chartered Professional Accountant

CRS Computer Reservation System

CTTIC Canadian Translators, Terminologists, and Interpreters Council

CVBC College of Veterinarians of British Columbia

CVO College of Veterinarians of Ontario

ESDC Employment and Social Development Canada

EU European Union

EUR Euro

FPRC Forest Professional Regulators of Canada

GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services

GDP Gross Domestic Product

ICT Information and Communication Technologies

IIROC Investment Industry Regulatory Association of Canada

LMIA Labour Market Impact Assessment

MCC Medical Council of Canada

MFN Most Favoured Nation

MVMA Manitoba Veterinary Medical Association

NAPEGNorthwest Territories and Nunavut Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists

NBVMA New Brunswick Veterinary Medical Association

NCA National Committee on Accreditation

NDEB National Dental Examining Board of Canada

NLVET - COLLEGE

Newfoundland and Labrador College of Veterinarians

NSERC Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada

NSVMA Nova Scotia Veterinary Medical Association

OIFQ Ordre Des Ingénieurs Forestiers Du Québec

OIQ Ordre Des Ingénieurs Du Québec

OMVQ Ordre Des Médecins Vétérinaires Du Québec

OPFA Ontario Professional Foresters Association

PEGNL Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Newfoundland and Labrador

PEIVMA Prince Edward Island Veterinary Medical Association

PEO Professional Engineers Ontario

RPFANS Registered Professional Foresters Association of Nova Scotia

SR&ED Scientific Research and Experimental Development

SSHRC Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada

SVMA Saskatchewan Veterinary Medical Association

US United States

WTO World Trade Organization

https://cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/193.html

https://www.fprc-orfpc.ca/

http://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/index_eng.asp


http://www.sshrc-crsh.gc.ca/home-accueil-eng.aspx


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Note: All dollar figures are cited in Canadian dollars unless otherwise noted. All euros figures have been converted from Canadian dollars using the InforEuro exchange rate system (January 2021)�

Who is this Guide for?The CETA Guide on Business and Professional services aims to help EU businesses and professional services suppliers understand, navigate through, and benefit from the EU-Canada Comprehensive and Economic Trade Agreement (CETA), that provisionally entered into force on 21 September 2017�

The Guide aims to increase awareness of the opportunities for European Union (EU) services suppliers in the Canadian market and is designed for EU companies engaged in, or considering, trading in services, invest and/or physically move to Canada�

How to use this GuideThe CETA Guide on Business and Professional services is designed to provide European firms with an overview of 20 key business and professional services sectors and how CETA impacts their functioning� The paper begins by introducing CETA and the different modes of trade in services. This includes an explanation of where Canada has taken reservations (i�e�, is not fully opening access to European service providers). It then provides a specific overview of each of the 20 business and professional services sectors, including information about the market structure in Canada and how they are regulated� Readers may refer to the Table of contents for the location of sector of interest�

The information mentioned in this guide is publicly available and was current at the time of publication� This publication is designed as a general guide and should not be used in place of professional consultation� The information should not be quoted as, or considered to be, a legal authority� It may become obsolete, in whole or in part at any time without notice, depending on the evolution of the political and legal situation between the EU and Canada�


1. INTRODUCTION

1�1� A brief overview of CETAThe European Union (EU) and Canada are natural partners with strong affinities and shared values. The first Canada-European Union agreement was signed in 1959, just two years after the Treaty of Rome, which created the European Economic Community� In 2017, the Comprehensive and Economic Trade Agreement (CETA) between the European Union and Canada entered provisionally into force. Since then, it has swiftly become the cornerstone of the bilateral commercial partnership.

CETA is a comprehensive agreement covering goods, services, investment, intellectual property, procurement, regulatory cooperation and sustainable development� It entered provisionally into force on 21 September 20171�

CETA was one of the first trade agreements in the EU that agreed to have a “negative list” approach on services. This means that the appropriate question to ask is what is not covered in the agreement as opposed to what is covered. Under the “negative list” formulation, trade in services is deemed to be liberalised unless it is explicitly reserved or circumscribed in some way� CETA also includes safeguards against rolling back existing or future liberalisation�2

Table 1� Issues relating to services/professional services addressed in CETA

Chapter 8 Provides the basic right to establish a commercial presence in each other’s jurisdictions and to not be subject to specific performance requirements as a condition of the investment.

Chapter 9 Serves as the overarching services chapter, establishing the foundational principles of “most-favoured-nation” (MFN), “national treatment” as well as the scope of coverage and requirements. As noted above, CETA is a “negative-list” agreement, meaning that Parties list “exceptions” to coverage. All sectors and sub-sectors that are not listed are, by definition, open to foreign service providers.

Chapter 10 Focuses on the movement of people, particularly the temporary entry of “natural persons for business purposes.” By definition, any movement authorised under this chapter is non-immigrant in nature, meaning there is no right to claim permanent residency� It also does not apply to all types of workers� The annexes to the Chapter set forth which professions are eligible for entry without being dependent on a labour market assessment�

Chapter 11 Focuses on one of the key obstacles to trade in services: the lack of Mutual Recognition of Professional Qualifications. This is the nuts and bolts of ensuring that equivalent professions are treated as such in each other’s markets by governments and professional societies�

Chapter 12 Seeks to ensure transparent licensing and qualification requirements for service providers entering the market. These are substantial obstacles to a service provider in one jurisdiction establishing themselves in another jurisdiction.

Chapters 13-15 Focus on the treatment of financial services, maritime transport services, telecommunications in the agreement.

1�2 Four modes in CETAArticle 1.2 of the 1994 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) defines four “modes” of services trade, which have become the conceptual standard used in free trade agreements (FTAs)�

Table 2� Understanding trade in services: the four “modes”3

Mode 1 Cross border trade

From the territory of one Member into the territory of any other Member�

Example: A Canadian developer hires a European architecture firm to design a building.

Mode 2 Consumption abroad

In the territory of one Member to the service consumer of any other Member�

Example: A European student studies at a Canadian university�

Mode 3 Commercial presence

By a service supplier of one Member, through commercial presence, in the territory of any other Member�

Example: A European retailer opens a store in Canada�

Mode 4 Presence of natural persons

By a service supplier of one Member, through the presence of natural persons of a Member in the territory of any other Member�

Example: A European engineer is sent to Canada for two months on a project.

1 For an overview of the agreement, please see Guide to the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement, July 2017�2 Briefing: Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) with Canada, European Parliament, January 2017� 3 GATS: Basic Purpose and Concepts, WTO�

https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2017/september/tradoc_156062.pdf

https://www.europarl.europa.eu/EPRS/EPRS-Briefing-595895-Comprehensive-Economic-Trade-Agreement-Canada-rev-FINAL.pdf

https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/cbt_course_e/c1s3p1_e.htm


A) Modes 1 and 2

The core obligations related to Mode 1 and 2 are found in Chapter 9� CETA’s scope for cross-border trade in services includes measures affecting the production, distribution, marketing, sale, and delivery of a service, the purchase of, use of, or payment for, a service; as well as access to and use of, in connection with the supply of a service, services which are required to be offered to the public generally� In short, this is about cross-border trade without an establishment/investment in Canada�

Since CETA is a negative list agreement, only those sectors that are explicitly exempted or otherwise circumscribed are not covered� For all other services sectors that are not listed, EU services suppliers can benefit from the same treatment as their Canadian local competitors.

Chapter 9: What is not covered

In addition to the reservations contained in the Services and Investment Annexes, Article 9�2 states that the Chapter does not apply to a measure affecting:

• services supplied in the exercise of governmental authority;

• for the European Union, audio-visual services;

• for Canada, cultural industries;

• financial services as defined in Article 13.1 (Definitions);

• air services, related services in support of air services and other services supplied using air transport, other than: aircraft repair and maintenance services; the selling and marketing of air transport services; computer reservation system (CRS) services; ground handling services; airport operation services (i�e�, these sectors are covered by CETA);

• procurement by a party of a good or service purchased for governmental purposes, and not with of a view to commercial resale or to use in the supply of a good or service for commercial sale; or

• a subsidy, or other government support relating to cross-border trade in services, provided by a party�

This Chapter does not affect the rights and obligations of the Parties under the Agreement on Air Transport between Canada and the European Community and its Member States�

This Chapter does not impose an obligation on a party with respect to a national of the other party seeking access to its employment market, or employment on a permanent basis in its territory, or confer any right on that national with respect to that access or employment�

Table 3� Key provisions – Mode 1 and 2

National treatment

Article 9�3: Requires a party to treat service suppliers from the other party no less favourably than they treat their own service suppliers “in like circumstances”.

According to Annex 9-A, this treatment does not extend to treating each other’s service providers as if they are domestic for the purposes of internal agreements, such as the Canada Agreement on Internal Trade or the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union�

Most-Favoured Nation treatment

Article 9�5: Guarantees that the Parties will provide each other “most-favoured-nation” (MFN) treatment: a commitment to treat each other’s service providers no less favourably than those from other trading partners�

Market access Article 9�6: The Parties agree that they will not place quantitative requirements on each other’s service providers. This includes not artificially limiting the number or value of transactions.

While service providers are guarded against “arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination against foreign service providers”, they are not exempted from processes and requirements to which domestic providers are subject, such as:

• obtaining a license, registration or certification from a professional society;

• maintaining a local agent or business address;

• speaking a national language or holding a drivers’ license; or

• depending on the profession, that they are required to post bond, maintain a trust account or certain types of insurance�


B) Mode 3

The core obligations related to Mode 3 are found in Chapter 8, which focuses on Investment� The ability to establish a commercial presence in a market is one of the most visible manifestations of trade in services� 68% of EU international trade in services goes through this mode of supply, i�e�, opening a local presence in the targeted market to get direct access to the local clientele�

Investments can take many forms, ranging from buying a company outright or taking an equity position, to licensing intellectual property or having a revenue-sharing arrangement or creating a joint venture with a local partner.

Table 4� Key Mode 3 provisions

Eligible investments

Article 8�1: “with respect to a Party, an investment: (a) in its territory; (b) made in accordance with the applicable law at the time the investment is made; (c) directly or indirectly owned or controlled by an investor of the other Party; and (d) existing on the date of entry into force of this Agreement or made or acquired thereafter”.

Basic market access principles and requirements

Article 8�4:

• Commitments not to limit the number of companies carrying out certain activities nor the value and quantity of their output or employment level�

• Agreement not to mandate what types of structure or joint venture that a foreign-invested company must have�

Article 8�5: restricts the use of performance requirements as a condition of investment�

No less favourable treatment

Articles 8�6 and 8�7: require that investors be given best-in-class treatment that is no less favourable than that received by domestic investors�

The Chapter also affirms the governments “right to regulate” and sets out definitions around standards of treatment. Reservation I-C-1 under the Services and Investment Annexes fully safeguards Canada’s “Investment Canada Act” review process. This Act allows the government to review and, as necessary, to block any investment valued at above €0�95 billion ($1�5 billion) or is deemed a threat to national security�

Chapter 8: What is not covered

In addition to the reservations contained in the Services and Investment Annexes:

Article 8.2 states that the investment provisions do not apply to a measure affecting:

• air services, or related services in support of air services and other services supplied by means of air transport, other than: aircraft repair and maintenance services; the selling and marketing of air transport services; computer reservation system (CRS) services; ground handling services; airport operation services;

• activities carried out in the exercise of governmental authority;

• Audio-visual services (for the European Union) or cultural industries (for Canada);

• Any measure covered under the Agreement on Air Transport between Canada and the European Community and its Member States�

Article 8�4 provides examples of activities not covered in the market access provisions, including:

• a measure concerning zoning and planning regulations affecting the development or use of land, or another analogous measure;

• a measure requiring the separation of the ownership of infrastructure from the ownership of the goods or services provided through that infrastructure to ensure fair competition, for example in the fields of energy, transportation and telecommunications;

• a measure restricting the concentration of ownership to ensure fair competition;

• a measure seeking to ensure the conservation and protection of natural resources and the environment, including a limitation on the availability, number and scope of concessions granted, and the imposition of a moratorium or ban;

• a measure limiting the number of authorisations granted because of technical or physical constraints, for example, telecommunications spectrum and frequencies; or

• a measure requiring that a certain percentage of the shareholders, owners, partners, or directors of an enterprise be qualified or practice a certain profession such as lawyers or accountants.


C) Mode 4

People are an essential component of cross-border commerce� While this may be changing due to the current Covid-19 pandemic, the delivery of services often requires in-person visits. Similar, the sale of a product often requires specialists or technicians to service and maintain it.

The parties to the Agreement retain ultimate authority over whether, and for how long, a specific traveller is admitted in their respective territories� These are nonetheless the standards that will be applied�

Table 5 below sets forth the different categories of professionals eligible under CETA. Specific treatment may vary depending within the same sector depending on which category is used�

Table 5 – Categories of Professionals Eligible for Temporary Entry

CATEGORY DEFINITION

Key personnel Consists of Business visitors for investment purposes, Investors, or Intra-corporate transferees�

1. Business visitors for investment purposes

Natural persons working in a managerial or specialist position who are responsible for setting up an enterprise but who do not engage in direct transactions with the public and do not receive remuneration from a source located within the territory of the host Party�

2. Investors Natural persons who establish, develop, or administer the operation of an investment in a capacity that is supervisory or executive, and to which those persons or the enterprise employing those persons has committed, or is in the process of committing, a substantial amount of capital�

3. Intra-Corporate Transferees

Natural persons who have been employed by an enterprise of a Party or have been partners in an enterprise of a Party for at least one year and who are temporarily transferred to an enterprise (that may be a subsidiary, branch, or head company of the enterprise of a Party) in the territory of the other Party� This natural person must belong to one of the 3 categories below�

- Senior personnel Natural persons working in a senior position within an enterprise who:

A� primarily direct the management of the enterprise or direct the enterprise, or a department or sub-division of the enterprise; and

B� exercise wide latitude in decision making, which may include having the authority to personally recruit and dismiss or to take other personnel actions (such as promotion or leave authorisations); and

I� receive only general supervision or direction principally from higher level executives, the board of directors, or stockholders of the business or their equivalent; or

II� supervise and control the work of other supervisory, professional or managerial employees and exercise discretionary authority over day-to-day operations�

- Specialists Natural persons working in an enterprise who possess:

A� uncommon knowledge of the enterprise’s products or services and its application in international markets; or

B� an advanced level of expertise or knowledge of the enterprise’s processes and procedures such as its production, research equipment, techniques, or management�

- Graduate trainees Natural persons who:

A� possess a university degree; and

B� are temporarily transferred to an enterprise in the territory of the other Party for career development purposes, or to obtain training in business techniques or methods�

Contractual services suppliers

Natural persons employed by an enterprise of one Party that has no establishment in the territory of the other Party and that has concluded a bona fide contract (other than through an agency as defined by CPC 872) to supply a service to a consumer of the other Party that requires the presence on a temporary basis of its employees in the territory of the other Party in order to fulfil the contract to supply a service�

Independent professionals Natural persons engaged in the supply of a service and established as self-employed in the territory of a Party who have no establishment in the territory of the other Party and who have concluded a bona fide contract (other than through an agency as defined by CPC 872) to supply a service to a consumer of the other Party that requires the presence of the natural person on a temporary basis in the territory of the other Party in order to fulfil the contract to supply a service�


Short-term business visitors Under Article 10�9, Canada has agreed to allow short-term business visitors to stay for a maximum of 90 days in any six months without the requirement of a work permit or other prior approval procedures. Canada did not take any specific reservations in this area�

For further information on Mode 4, please refer to the CETA Report on Mobility of Professionals�

In addition to the content of Chapters 8, 9, and 10, it is crucially important for European professional and business services firms to check the “CETA Investment and Services Annexes” for anything that may limit their ability to invest or offer services. “Reservations”, which can be thought of as specific exceptions to the core requirements of the agreement, were taken by the Canadian federal government and various provincial governments�

Table 6 below summarises which reservations were taken by which jurisdiction. Given that Canada is a highly decentralised country, the federal government was free to take reservations in policy areas over which it has responsibility, and any province or territory was free to do the same in its areas of authority� The federal and provincial reservations are not linked or in any way mutually dependent�

Table 6� Summary of CETA’s investment and services reservations4

AREAS OF FEDERAL RESERVATIONS AREAS OF PROVINCIAL RESERVATIONS

Foreign investment reviewsNationality of directors: AB, BC, MB, NL, ON, QC, SK

Maritime transport: QC

Government ownershipAccounting/auditing/bookkeeping: AB, BC, MB, NS, ON

Energy/Electricity: BC, MB, NL, NS, ON, PE, QC, YT

Canadian ownership/corporate governance Legal services: MB, PE, SK, YT Mining: BC, NB, NS, ON

Nationality requirements for directors Notaries: BC, NL, NT, NU, ON, SK, YTForestry/logging: BC, MB, NB, NL, NS, ON, PE, QC, YT

Land ownership restrictions Venture capital: MB, SK Veterinary services: AB, ON, YT

Ownership of specific “strategic” firms Credit/collection services: NS, ON, PEAgriculture: AB, BC, MB, NL, NS, ON, PE, QC, SK, YT

Import and export permits regime Real estate: AB, ON, QC, SK, YTFisheries: BC, MB, NL, NS, ON, PE, QC, SK

Maintenance of social services Land surveying: AB, MB, NL, ON Upholstery: ON

Foreign investment in telecommunications Land ownership: AB, NL, NS, PE, QC, YT Education: MB, ON

Custom brokerage requirements Architecture: PE Pharma/medical: MB, ON

Duty-free shops Hunting: AB, MB, NL, NS, NU, ON, SK, YT Research and development: YT

Cultural properties Travel/tourism: ON, QC, YT Marriage services: MB, NS, ON

Patent agentsAlcoholic beverages: AB, MB, NB, NL, NS, ON, PE, QC, YT

Private investigation/security: NL

Trade-mark agentsGambling: AB, MB, NL, NS, ON, PE, QC, SK, YT

Funeral services: MB, NS, QC

Production of oil/gas, mining Sports judging: QC Government operations: NL

Uranium Horse racing: QC Industrial benefits/tax credits: AB, YT

AuditingRoad transport: AB, BC, MB, NL, NS, ON, QC, SK

Community bonds: MB, SK

Air services Motor vehicles: ON, PE, SK Cultural goods: QC

Aircraft repair/ground handlingAB-Alberta; BC-British Columbia; MB-Manitoba; NB-New Brunswick; NL-Newfoundland and Labrador; NT-Northwest Territories; NS-Nova Scotia; NU-Nunavut; ON-Ontario; PE-Prince Edward Island; QC-Québec; SK-Saskatchewan; YT-Yukon

Freight transport

Maritime transport / pilotage

Other transport “in the public interest”

Postal services

4 Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), pages 271, 572 and 624�

https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2020/december/tradoc_159158.pdf

https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2014/september/tradoc_152806.pdf


2. WHAT DO YOU NEED TO KNOW

√ CETA commits that Canada will not impose any federal, provincial, or territorial restrictions on the number of EU providers of professional services in Canada and that EU providers in the market will receive treatment equivalent to domestic providers� This means that EU providers wishing to supply services in Canada are still required to ensure that these services comply with applicable Canadian regulations�

√ Provincial acts set out the scope of regulated projects and services. Depending on the scale of a project and the prospective services of the European supplier, local registration may not be required, presenting opportunities for boutique projects, and specialised subcontracting or joint ventures on larger works.

√ Foreign investment is regulated at the federal level� The current review thresholds for state-owned enterprises are €264 million ($415 million) and ($1,565 billion) for investments from private sector free trade agreement partners, such as the EU5. Investments that are deemed to have an impact on “national security,” as defined in the Investment Canada Act, may be reviewed regardless of the dollar value of the transaction�

This section of the paper provides a snapshot of what European business and professional service providers need to know about the Canadian market. Please refer to the next section for a detailed sector-by-sector overview, including the specific CETA provisions shaping the extent to which European service providers may participate in the sector�

SECTOR SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS

Advisory and consulting services

√ Most advisors/consultants are not regulated� If one is in a trust position advising on some part of a sector that is heavily regulated, particularly of a technical nature and where the consequences of failure go beyond the individual, certification may be required.

√ In financial services, the closer one is to buying and selling financial instruments the more regulated things become. Financial planning and wealth management professionals are subject to detailed certification requirements in Québec and Ontario. This is less the case in other provinces.

√ On transport and construction, the same principle applies� If the consultancy involves, say, assessing the structural integrity of a bridge, a formal engineering license will be required� If the consultancy involves writing a report on, say, trends in smart transportation, no certification or licensing will be required�

Architectural √ Certain kinds of technical drafting, design input, and architectural advisory services may fall outside the scope of regulated architectural services in some provinces�

√ European suppliers should review provincial legislation to determine whether a prospective project falls within the scope of licensing and registration requirements. Regulated projects may require recognised licensing, meaning the project will not be approved unless the supplier secures the appropriate foreign equivalent qualifications or partners with a locally registered architect. Provincial regulatory associations also contain information on the scope of regulated projects and services along with contact information for clarifications.

√ An MRA of EU and Canadian architectural licenses is currently under negotiation and could simplify the provision of regulated architectural services by EU providers in Canada� Some provinces have legislative provisions for visiting or temporary architects who wish to provide services in the jurisdiction but hold professional registration elsewhere.

√ The regulation of urban planning varies from province to province� Some provinces have dedicated legislation in place regulating the practice of planning� Each province has an association of planning professionals� Municipal and local requirements also apply to both architecture and urban planning services depending on the location of the project.

5 Government of Canada, Thresholds�

https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/ica-lic.nsf/eng/h_lk00050.html



Construction, maintenance, and repair

√ Construction is regulated at the provincial level in Canada� There is a huge variability on which trade requires a license, permit or certificate in each province. The provinces even maintain separate building codes. Major municipalities may have additional rules. Understanding the requirements in particular jurisdictions is a must.

√ Employment and Social Development Canada maintains the Ellis Chart – a detailed overview of the 13 apprentice training systems across Canada for 400 trades� Out of this work emerged the Red Seal system, which sets common standards for assessing the skills of trades people across Canada� This can be useful for an EU company that wishes to move an eligible worker from a project in one jurisdiction to another.

√ There are no foreign investment restrictions in the sector� Several years ago, the Government of Canada did turn down the acquisition of a major construction firm by a Chinese company. Turning down an investment from an FTA partner is unlikely�

Engineering and integrated engineering services

√ Engineering is provincially regulated. It is a highly professionalised field with structured, formalised education and licensing processes� Engineers Canada is the key national body that accredits engineering education programs and coordinates with regulators�

√ The Engineering profession is reasonably friendly to international mobility� The EngineerHere site provides lots of useful information on practising engineering in Canada� The engineering regulatory bodies of some provinces offer temporary licenses for foreign-trained engineers to work in Canada on a short-term basis. Check with the provincial/territorial regulatory bodies for specifics.

√ Engineers Canada is a signatory to the Washington Accord, which formally recognises the equivalence of accreditation systems� Ireland is the lone EU member at present�

√ There are no restrictions on foreign investment in the sector�

Computer-related services

√ Computer-related services are not licensed as a profession in Canada� There are no direct restrictions per se to selling computer-related services across borders or investing in the sector� The key restrictions impacting the sector tend to focus on how the services are used and the cross-border activity is structured�

√ Areas such as cybersecurity and e-delivery of public services are evolving� While the sectors are open for foreign participation, there may be requirements on matters such as not putting data or design centres in countries (outside of the EU) that would be considered “unfriendly”.

√ Privacy is an important feature of any computer-related activity in Canada� The robust federal privacy laws, which are overseen by the Office of the Privacy Commissioner, is complemented by Privacy Commissioners at the provincial level� Québec, Alberta and British Columbia have their own comprehensive privacy laws� In the other provinces, the legislation is targeted� Some provinces, including Nova Scotia, have restrictions on transferring certain types of data across borders� In short, EU companies should check the specific rules about what they want to do and where.

√ The Investment Canada Act, which governs the foreign investment review process, includes a national security review mechanism and discretion for the Minister to approve or reject certain transactions� This only becomes an issue for very large transactions or those that have national security implications�

Research and development services

√ Canada has a robust infrastructure to support research and development services� Canada has frequently provided grants to world-class foreign researchers to come to Canada, even temporarily� Partnerships with foreign institutions are very common and strongly encouraged�

√ Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) tax credit allows qualifying companies to recuperate up to 75% of the money invested in any given year�

√ Higher education institutions, which are provincially regulated, are at the heart of the research and development ecosystem�

Market research, opinion polling and advertising

√ The advertising and market research professions are self-regulating in Canada� Each has its own professional body with Codes of Conduct�

√ Various laws restrain permissible conduct� False or misleading conduct is forbidden� Claims about competitors must be substantiated�

√ If EU firms stay within these guideposts, there sould be no issues with selling research, polling or advertising services across borders nor investing in a Canadian firm. As with any market, understanding local sensibilities is essential�

http://www.ellischart.ca/about/.2ll.3s-eng.html

http://www.red-seal.ca/about/pr.4gr.1m-eng.html

http://www.red-seal.ca/about/pr.4gr.1m-eng.html

https://engineerscanada.ca/

https://engineerhere.ca/



Technical testing and analysis services

√ The regulation of technical testing laboratories and other facilities is found in a patchwork of provincial and federal regulations. There are specific regulations per sector, depending on what activities are being undertaken�

√ Canada is open to foreign investment in the technical testing sector�

√ Tests conduct abroad tend to be recognised as long as they follow international and sectoral requirements�

√ Toronto-headquartered CSA Group does a vast array of testing and certification in Canada and Europe, making them a potentially good partner�

Translation and interpretation services

√ Canada is a bilingual country, with English and French being the official languages. Significant translation and interpretation work are focused on these languages� Only 6�2% of Canadians speak a language other than the “big two.” Mandarin Chinese is the 3rd most spoken language. Japanese, German, Arabic and Spanish interpreters and translators also have important niches among commercial clients�

√ Translators and interpreters fall under provincial jurisdiction. There is little scale in this sector, investing in the sector should be carefully targeted�

√ Canada has not taken reservations in this space�

Medical and dental services

√ Canada has a heavily regulated, modified single-payer public healthcare system. The Canada Health Act, administered by the federal government, sets national standards for care and service delivery� The provinces have legal control over the delivery of healthcare�

√ Roughly 30% of the Canadian healthcare system is private. Doctors offices tend to be privately owned, but the price for many tests and procedures are publicly set� The price of certain drugs is set by a government board� Prices for others are not regulated�

√ Dental services are not included in the Canada Health Act framework�

√ Certain services such as the distribution of medical devices are outsourced� Foreign companies hold some of these contracts�

√ The Canadian medical and dental system are very open to bringing in foreign doctors and dentists on a temporary and permanent basis�

Veterinary services √ Licensing for veterinary medicine is the responsibility of the provincial veterinary associations or a separate licensing body empowered by provincial legislation�

√ The Canadian Veterinary Medical Association administers the 3 part examination required for foreign-trained vets wanting to practice in Canada� CETA is not extending temporary entry privileges to the EU in this sector�

√ Practices tend to be small and local and, thus, not particularly conducive to foreign investment or cross border service delivery�

Midwifery services √ Midwifery services were used for 10% of births in Canada in 2019�

√ Midwifery is a self-regulated profession in which implementation and enforcement of provincial midwifery legislation are delegated to a professional body referred to as a College of Midwives� A national coordinating body seeks to drive coherence�

√ Provincial regulators work with foreign-trained midwives on a case-by-case basis� Canada is not extending market access to foreign-trained midwives�

Nurses, physiotherapists, paramedical personnel

√ The provinces are responsible for licensing and regulating nurses� In Nova Scotia, Ontario and British Columbia, there is a single college of nurses� In the other provinces, there are multiple colleges disaggregated by speciality�

√ Physiotherapists are also provincially regulated�

√ Each jurisdiction decides on its own requirements for licensing foreign-trained practitioners. On the whole, the Canadian system is very welcoming of non-Canadian trained practitioners, although they will have to prove equivalence with local standards before being licensed�

√ Canada did not commit to market access in these sectors in CETA, meaning that an LMIA would be required before seeking licensure�

Higher education services

√ Education is a provincial responsibility� Each province has its own system of higher education�

√ Most students in Canada are educated in public institutions� Quality assurance systems for these institutions may be managed by an organisation representing universities, an agency, a provincial government, or a combination of actors�

√ There are fewer than 10 for-profit colleges in Canada. These tend to be tightly regulated.

√ There is no overarching system for accrediting professors�

√ Canada did not commit to market access in this sector in CETA, meaning that an LMIA would be required before seeking licensure�

https://www.csagroup.org/


3. MARKET SIZE, ENTRY STRATEGIES AND ELIGIBLE CATEGORIESCanada’s services market is large and diverse. This section will focus on the specific market access conditions for key sectors under each of the four modes. It will specifically follow the structure of Annex 10-E, which includes reservations for different categories of professions�

Over the past 20 years, a variety of professions have focused on foreign credential recognition� Government and industry associations have also developed easy-to-use mechanisms for immigrants to understand and pursue the recognition of their professions in Canada� One of the best tools is the Government of Canada’s Foreign Credential Recognition Tool. It asks immigrant jobseekers for their profession and where in Canada they are living/going�

It provides information such as:

• Is your profession regulated?

• Who is the regulatory body?

• What is the approximate time and cost to get your credentials recognised?

• Are there jobs in your field or related fields?

• What is the average prevailing wage?

It describes the specific situation in cities and provinces across the country and what various professionals need to know. While the primary audience for the tool are prospective and newly arrived immigrants, it does contain a significant amount of useful information for those coming to Canada on non-immigrant visas�

Many professional associations and regulatory bodies maintain specific tools for credential recognition.

3�1� Advisory and consulting servicesA) Legal advisory services in respect of public international law and foreign law

UN Classification Part of CPC 861; Canada: Part of NOC6 4112�

CETA Reservations Canada has not taken any reservations concerning market access in advisory services in the areas of public international law and foreign law� The market is therefore broadly open to European service suppliers�

Please note provincial accreditation limitations in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Prince Edward Island and Yukon�

Regulatory environment in Canada

Canada’s legal system combines the Common Law and Civil Law traditions� The legal regime in the French-speaking province of Québec is based on Civil Law� The legal regime in the 9 predominantly English-speaking provinces and 3 territories is based on Common Law�

Each province and territory in Canada has a “Law Society” that is responsible for regulating the legal profession in the public interest� They come together under the umbrella Federation of Law Societies of Canada� The Canadian Bar Association serves as an advocacy and educational body for the legal profession�

Specific licensing requirements may vary by province, but all candidates must obtain a law degree from a law school accredited by a provincial law society or recognised by the National Committee on Accreditation (NCA), a Standing Committee of the Federation� Following the successful completion of law school, candidates must be admitted to the bar� In Ontario, for example, those seeking admission to the bar must pass the Barrister Licensing Examination and the Solicitor Licensing Examination. They must also “article” for 10 months under the supervision of a practising lawyer�

The NCA has the important job in the Common Law jurisdictions of determining equivalency of international education credentials with credentials granted by Canadian institutions� Determination of the equivalence of Civil Law credentials is handled by the Barreau du Québec and Chambre des notaires du Québec, the province’s legal societies�

6 NOC is Canada’s National Occupational Classification System.

https://www.jobbank.gc.ca/report_note.do?cid=12228

https://flsc.ca/

https://flsc.ca/

https://www.cba.org/

https://nca.legal/

https://nca.legal/

https://www.barreau.qc.ca/en/

https://www.cnq.org/en/

https://www.cnq.org/en/



In general, the legal profession in Canada is quite open to non-Canadians� According to Thomson Reuters, almost 30% of lawyers admitted to the bar in 2015 in Ontario, Canada’s largest province, received their legal education outside of Canada7�

In general, a European law firm may enter the Canadian market, including through acquisition. They must be duly registered with a Law Society and their lawyers licensed to practice� Law Societies individually may maintain requirements such as conducting client conflict reviews and notifying clients of the change in control.

Under the Services and Investment Annexes, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Prince Edward Island and Yukon have separate restrictions� In Manitoba, for example:

the provision of legal services to the public, concerning Manitoba laws, by inter-jurisdictional law firms is permissible only if, among other things, the firm maintains an office in Manitoba and in at least one other Canadian or foreign jurisdiction, and if at least one member of the firm is entitled to, and does, practice law principally in Manitoba.

In Saskatchewan and Prince Edward Island, only Canadian citizens and permanent residents are eligible to be members of their Law Societies and thus, to practise law in their provinces�

In the case of foreign law and public international law, Canadian clients may freely engage foreign-based law firms for receiving advice. They will nonetheless have to use a member of the Law Society when they appear in court or otherwise prepare legal materials that have standing in the Canadian system� This is a similar practice to the increasing use of “strategic advisors,” who tend to be recognised experts attached to law firms, but who are non-lawyers.

Licensing and regulatory requirements

National The Federation of Law Societies of Canada is the national coordinating body for the 14 Law Societies across Canada�

Alberta Law Society of Alberta

British Columbia Law Society of British Columbia

Manitoba Law Society of Manitoba

New Brunswick Law Society of New Brunswick

Newfoundland & Labrador

Law Society of Newfoundland and Labrador

Northwest Territories

Law Society of the Northwest Territories

Nova Scotia Nova Scotia Barristers’ Society

Nunavut Law Society of Nunavut

Ontario Law Society of Ontario

Prince Edward Island

Law Society of Prince Edward Island

Québec Barreau du Québec – for legal professionals (advocates)Chambre des notaires du Québec – distinctly for notaries

Québec is the only provincial/territorial jurisdiction to have two separate legal regulatory bodies�

Saskatchewan Law Society of Saskatchewan

Yukon Law Society of Yukon

Market structure and economic value

According to IBIS World, the estimated annual revenue of law firms in Canada is €9.1 billion ($14.3 billion)8� According to Eurostat, the EU exported €85.9 million in “legal services” to Canada in 20199�

The Canadian legal market is complex, segmented and somewhat regionalised. No firm has a dominant market position�

International firms including Baker McKenzie, DLA Piper (Canada), Dentons, Gowling WLG and Norton Rose Fulbright have full-service offerings in Canada.

The most prestigious firms are arguably the “Seven Sisters”: Blakes, Davies, Goodmans, McCarthy Tétrault, Osler, Stikeman Elliott and Torys. They dominate in corporate law and finance.

Other full-service firms include Cassels and Fasken, which are top in mining deals, Bennett Jones leads in the oil and gas space, and Borden Ladner Gervais (BLG), which is preeminent on power sector transactions�

Among boutique firms, boutiques such as Lax O'Sullivan Lisus Gottlieb and Lenczner Slaght are highly regarded for dispute resolution� Smart & Biggar is a leader in intellectual property, and Cassidy Levy Kent is a first-rate player in international trade law10�

7 Regulation of the legal profession in Canada: an overview, Annie Tayyab and Daphne Hooper, Thomson Reuters Practical Law, December 2018� 8 IBIS World, Law Firms in Canada 2015-2020�9 Eurostat, Database, 2021�10 The Legal 500, Legal Market Overview in Canada�

https://flsc.ca/

http://www.lawsociety.ab.ca/

http://www.lawsociety.bc.ca/

http://www.lawsociety.mb.ca/

http://lawsociety-barreau.nb.ca/en

http://www.lawsociety.nf.ca/

http://www.lawsociety.nt.ca/

https://nsbs.org/

http://lawsociety.nu.ca/

https://lso.ca/?lang=en-ca

http://lawsocietypei.ca/

https://www.barreau.qc.ca/en/

http://www.cnq.org/

http://www.lawsociety.sk.ca/

http://www.lawsocietyyukon.com/

https://www.bakermckenzie.com/en

https://www.dlapiper.com/en/canada/

https://www.dentons.com/en

https://gowlingwlg.com/en/

https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en

https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en

https://www.blakes.com/

https://www.dwpv.com/en

https://www.goodmans.ca/

https://www.mccarthy.ca/en

https://www.osler.com/en/home

https://www.stikeman.com/

https://www.torys.com/

https://cassels.com/

https://www.fasken.com/en/home/

https://www.bennettjones.com/Toronto

https://www.blg.com/

https://www.lolg.ca/

https://www.litigate.com/

https://www.smartbiggar.ca/

https://www.cassidylevy.com/

https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/w-010-4151?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true

https://www.ibisworld.com/canada/market-research-reports/law-firms-industry/

https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=bop_its6_det&lang=en

https://www.legal500.com/c/canada/legal-market-overview/


B) Accounting and bookkeeping services

UN Classification CPC 86212 other than “auditing services”, 86213, 86219 and 86220); Canada: Part of NOC 1311.

CETA Reservations Canada has not taken any reservations for Key Personnel or Contractual Service Suppliers� The market is therefore open to these European service suppliers� In the case of Independent Professionals, obligations are “unbound” for both Canada and the European Union. This means that neither party is allowing Independent Professionals from the other party to provide accountancy and bookkeeping services�

A footnote to Annex 10-E clarifies that this market opening does not include legal services related to taxation matters�

Five of the ten provinces (and no territories) have taken reservations in the accounting and/or auditing in the Services and Investment Annexes� These typically revolve around requiring a Canadian citizen and/or provincial resident to manage a firm or conduct certain types of services. For example, Ontario requires that auditors of credit unions be Canadian residents�


Canada’s corporate financial reporting rules are set in the Canada Business Corporations Act and various provincial Business Corporations Act�

The accounting profession is regulated at the provincial level and is administered by the provincial and territorial Chartered Professional Accountant (CPA) associations�


National The national umbrella body, Chartered Professional Accountants of Canada (CPA Canada), is the key professional society� It is one of the largest professional accounting societies in the world� It funds and works at arm’s length with Canada’s standards-setting bodies11�

This includes the Accounting Standards Board (ACsB) which sets accounting standards for all private sector entities�

The Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (AASB) sets the Canadian Auditing Standards (CAS) for all audits of financial statements12�

Alberta CPA Alberta

British Columbia CPA British Columbia

Manitoba CPA Manitoba

New Brunswick CPA New Brunswick


CPA NL


CPA Northwest Territories/Nunavut

Nova Scotia CPA Nova Scotia

Nunavut CPA Northwest Territories/Nunavut

Ontario CPA Ontario


CPA PEI

Québec Québec CPA Order

Saskatchewan CPA Saskatchewan

Yukon CPA Yukon


The top five firms in Canada are the big global players: Deloitte, KPMG, PwC, Ernst and Young and Grant Thornton. They handle the bulk of the audits and bookkeeping for major firms.

Calgary-based MNP is the largest homegrown player� Montreal-based Richter is also a sizeable Canadian player13�

Overall, the investment climate for foreign participation in the Canadian accounting sector is favourable� Firms are also free to hire foreign accountants to get advice, but the licensing requirements strongly encourage the use of domestic service providers for anything “official”.

The revenue generated by accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping and payroll services in Canada was an estimated €13�4 billion ($21 billion) in 201914� According to Eurostat, the EU exported €73�3 million in “accounting, auditing, bookkeeping, and tax consulting services” to Canada in 201915�

11 Financial Reporting and Assurance Standards Canada�12 Canada, International Federation of Accountants� 13 Statista, Leading accounting firms in Canada in 2015, by Canadian revenue�14 Statista, Accounting, tax, bookkeeping & payroll services revenue in Canada by province 2019� 15 Eurostat, Database, 2021�

https://www.cpacanada.ca/

https://www.cpacanada.ca/en

https://www.cpacanada.ca/en

https://www.frascanada.ca/en/acsb/about

https://www.frascanada.ca/en/aasb

https://www.cpaalberta.ca/

https://www.bccpa.ca/

https://cpamb.ca/

https://www.cpanewbrunswick.ca/

https://www.cpanl.ca/

https://www.cpa-nwt-nu.ca/en

https://www.cpans.ca/web/cpans

https://www.cpa-nwt-nu.ca/en

https://www.cpaontario.ca/

https://www.cpapei.ca/

https://cpaquebec.ca/en/

https://www.cpask.ca/

https://www.bccpa.ca/cpa-yukon/

https://www2.deloitte.com/ca/en.html

https://home.kpmg/ca/en/home.html

https://www.pwc.com/ca/en.html

https://www.ey.com/en_ca

https://www.grantthornton.ca/

https://www.grantthornton.ca/

https://www.mnp.ca/en

https://www.richter.ca/

https://www.frascanada.ca/en

https://www.ifac.org/about-ifac/membership/country/canada

https://www.statista.com/statistics/478822/leading-canadian-accounting-firms-by-revenue/

https://www.statista.com/statistics/481729/revenue-of-accounting-tax-bookkeeping-and-payroll-services-in-canada-by-province/



C) Management consulting services and related services

UN Classification Part of CPC 865; Canada: Part of NOC 1122�

CETA Reservations Canada has not taken any reservations� The market is therefore open to European service suppliers�


Even though management consulting evolved out of accounting, it never developed the regulatory superstructure in Canada applied to accountants. There are no dedicated Acts or Regulations or officially sanctioned accreditation bodies. There are no specific restrictions on investment in the management consulting area or the selling of these services cross-border�

Of course, management consultants are still subject to a whole array of laws and regulations around proper business conduct that are applied across the economy�

The Canadian Association of Management Consultants (CMC-Canada) serves as the professional society� It has Institutes and Chapters across the country� CMC-Canada offers the Certified Management Consultant designation in Canada. It also maintains a Professional Code of Conduct (see below)�


National There are no formal federal, provincial, or territorial regulatory bodies governing the profession�

CMC-Canada, the professional association, maintains a detailed Code of Professional Conduct. CMC-Canada has different Institutes and Chapters across the country, which includes several provinces and territories, but the core information about the profession tends to be with the national body�

Alberta N/A

British Columbia N/A

Manitoba N/A

New Brunswick N/A


N/A


N/A

Nova Scotia N/A

Nunavut N/A

Ontario N/A


N/A

Québec N/A

Saskatchewan N/A

Yukon N/A


The Canadian consulting sector is broad and diverse� All the big global players, from Deloitte to BCG to McKinsey, are active in Canada. There is a wide array of Canadian-based players, some with specific expertise and some cross-cutting�

A non-exhaustive list of the 40 top business and management consulting firms in Canada may be found here�

The market is open and welcoming of new entrants� According to IBIS World, the management consulting market in Canada is projected to reach €12.6 billion (US$15.5 billion) in 202116� According to Eurostat, the EU exported €982.9 million in “business and management consulting and public relations services” to Canada in 201917�

16 IBIS World, Management Consulting in Canada: 2003-2026�17 Eurostat, Database, 2021�

https://www.cmc-canada.ca/

https://www.cmc-canada.ca/

https://www.cmc-canada.ca/codeofprofessionalconduct

https://www.cmc-canada.ca/codeofprofessionalconduct

https://www.cmc-canada.ca/instituteschapters

https://themanifest.com/ca/consulting/business/firms

https://www.ibisworld.com/canada/market-size/management-consulting/



D) Environmental consulting services (incl� engineering services)

UN Classification CPC 9401, 9402, 9403, 9404, part of 94060, 9405, part of 9406 and 9409; Canada: Part of NOC 2263, among others�

CETA Reservations Canada has not taken any reservations for Key Personnel or Contractual Service Suppliers� The market is therefore open to these European service suppliers� In the case of Independent Professionals, obligations are “unbound” (i.e., "not committed").

This means that Canada is not giving Independent Professionals the ability to work as environmental consultants in Canada�

Canada has no specific restrictions on investment in the environmental consulting field nor are their limits in selling cross-border services�


Responsibility for environmental regulation in Canada is split between the federal and provincial governments� The Canadian Environmental Protection Act of 199918 is a key federal act, laying out rules on toxic substances, emissions, and enforcement� The Impact Assessment Act of 201919 specifies how assessments by environmental consultants and others are to be done on infrastructure and other projects.

The provinces are responsible for a series of measures, including related to air emissions, water management/treatment and waste management. In some provinces, municipalities play a major role, including in site planning and permitting20�

Engineering is regulated under provincial law in Canada� Engineers Canada serves as a national coordination body for the various engineering regulators across the country�


National Engineers Canada There is no stand-alone regulatory body for environmental consulting� Much of this work is carried out by engineering organisations� Engineering is regulated at the provincial level�

Alberta Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Alberta

British Columbia Engineers and Geoscientists BC

Manitoba Engineers Geoscientists Manitoba

New Brunswick Engineers Geoscientists New Brunswick


Professional Engineers and Geoscientists Newfoundland


Northwest Territories and Nunavut Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists

Nova Scotia Engineers Nova Scotia

Nunavut Northwest Territories and Nunavut Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists

Ontario Professional Engineers Ontario


Engineers PEI

Québec Ordre des ingénieurs du Québec

Saskatchewan Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Saskatchewan

Yukon Engineers Yukon


An important share of the environmental consulting services market is held by major engineering/connection firms. Some big Canadian players include Edmonton-based Stantec; Montreal-based SNC-Lavalin; and Montreal-based WSP�

Others such as Toronto-based Dillon Consulting are more on the consulting side� The environmental consulting industry is projected by IBIS World to reach €2.11 billion (US$2.6 billion) in 202121� According to Eurostat, the EU exported €268.6 million in “engineering services” to Canada in 201922� The share of this total that is environmental consulting is not disaggregated�

18 Understanding the Canadian Environmental Protection Act�19 Impact Assessment Act of 2019�20 Gowlings, Guide to Doing Business in Canada: Environmental Protection, October, 2020� 21 IBIS World, Environmental Consulting in Canada�22 Eurostat, Database, 2021�



https://www.apega.ca/

https://www.egbc.ca/

http://www.enggeomb.ca/

https://www.apegnb.com/

https://www.pegnl.ca/

https://www.napeg.nt.ca/


https://engineersnovascotia.ca/



https://www.peo.on.ca/

http://www.engineerspei.com/

http://oiq.qc.ca/

https://www.apegs.ca/Portal/Pages/Home-Page

https://www.apey.yk.ca/

https://www.stantec.com/en

https://www.snclavalin.com/en


https://www.wsp.com/en-US

https://www.dillon.ca/

https://www.canada.ca/en/services/environment/pollution-waste-management/understanding-environmental-protection-act.html

https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/I-2.75/

https://gowlingwlg.com/en/insights-resources/guides/2020/doing-business-in-canada-environmental-protection/

https://www.ibisworld.com/canada/market-size/environmental-consulting/



E) Insurance and insurance-related services

UN Classification CPC 713; 714; Part of NOC 0121; 1312; 1313; and 6231, among others�

CETA Reservations Chapter 13 of CETA left regulatory and licensing requirements largely unchanged. The “prudential carve-out” gives governments broad authority to regulate in the public interest. There is no single market for insurance in Canada, so nothing like “passporting” across exists.

Canada has not taken any reservations on Mode 4 movement of insurance professionals, so it is possible for a European Contract Service Supplier or an independent professional to provide advisory and consulting services in Insurance and insurance related services�


Insurance is regulated in Canada at both the federal and provincial levels�

The federal government has the constitutional power to regulate the solvency and corporate governance of federally incorporated insurers, and the solvency of branch offices of foreign insurers.

The provinces have authority over the market conduct of insurers carrying on business in their local jurisdictions. The federal government and provincial governments each have their regulators which work together under the Canadian Council of Insurance Regulators�

All insurance contracts, surety bonds, performance bonds and the like are regulated, which helps to encourage stability in the system�

The Insurance Institute is the premier source of insurance education in Canada. It offers a variety of certifications, including the internationally recognised Chartered Insurance Professional designation.


National Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions

The Canadian Council of Insurance Regulators serves as the national umbrella organisation�

Alberta Ministry of Treasury Board and Finance

British Columbia BC Financial Services Authority

Manitoba Financial Institutions Regulation Branch

New Brunswick Financial and Consumer Services Commission


Digital Government and Service NL


Department of Finance

Nova Scotia Department of Finance

Nunavut Department of Finance

Ontario Financial Services Regulatory Authority of Ontario


Department of Justice and Public Safety

Québec Autorité des marchés financiers

Saskatchewan Financial and Consumer Affairs Authority of Saskatchewan

Yukon Department of Community Services


Insurance is a massive sector in Canada� For example, the premiums were €74�5 billion ($117 billion) in 2018 for life insurance alone� According to Eurostat, the EU exported €76.2 million in “insurance and pension services” to Canada in 201923�

Canada is home to some major global insurance companies, including Manulife, Sun Life and Great-West Life (which is part of the PowerCorp empire)� In addition, there are an array of smaller and speciality brokerages�

23 Eurostat, Database, 2021�

https://www.ccir-ccrra.org/

https://www.insuranceinstitute.ca/

http://www.osfi-bsif.gc.ca/

https://www.ccir-ccrra.org/

http://www.finance.gov.ab.ca/

https://www.bcfsa.ca/

https://mbfinancialinstitutions.ca/

http://fcnb.ca/FinancialConsumer.html

https://www.gov.nl.ca/dgsnl/

https://www.fin.gov.nt.ca/en

http://www.gov.ns.ca/finance/

https://www.gov.nu.ca/finance

http://www.fsrao.ca/

http://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/department/justice-and-public-safety/about

http://www.lautorite.qc.ca

http://www.fcaa.gov.sk.ca/

http://www.gov.yk.ca

https://www.manulife.ca/personal.html

https://www.sunlife.ca/en/

https://www.greatwestlife.com/you-and-your-family.html

https://www.greatwestlife.com/you-and-your-family.html

https://www.powercorporation.com/en/



F) Advisory and consulting services relating to Financial Services

UN Classification CPC 715; Part of NOC 1114 and 0121�

CETA Reservations Canada has not taken any specific reservations related to advisory or consulting in financial services. The market is therefore open to European service suppliers�

That said, if the advice is formalised as, say, “financial planning” or “wealth management”, advisors are required to have completed certain examinations or and registration processes that make them eligible to “practice” in the Canadian market.

The closer one gets to recommending buying or selling specific securities or even dealing in securities, the regulatory constraints grow� Given that CETA made few fundamental changes to market access in financial services, opportunities for new cross-border trade and investments in financial advising and consulting services are very specific and targeted.


The financial advisory and consultancy industries in Canada are governed through a sophisticated regime that melds self-registration and government regulation depending on the activity and the jurisdiction. Firms and advisors who sell investment funds are regulated by (1) The Mutual Fund Dealers Association, which regulates firms and advisors that sell mutual funds; and (2) the Investment Industry Regulatory Association of Canada (IIROC), which regulates firms and advisors that sell all types of securities, including mutual funds� The two organisations are currently in the process of pursuing a merger�

Québec has separate, but similar regulators. There is a National Registration System for firms and individuals engaged in financial advisory activities.

Financial planners face different rules in different provinces. FP Canada certifies all financial planners outside of Québec�

In Québec, this task is handled by the Autorité des marchés financiers (AMF)�

Ontario’s Financial Services Regulatory Authority is in the process of moving to directly regulate “Financial Planners and Advisors.” In Québec, no one may call themselves a financial advisor, financial consultant, financial coordinator, personal finance consultant or private wealth manager. Financial planner is the only legally acceptable term24�


National FP Canada (applies to all except for Québec)

Canadian Securities Administrators is the national umbrella organisation for these regulators� At the broadest level, Canadian securities regulators prioritise stability over other factors�

At the broadest level, securities are regulated at the provincial level� Each province has its own securities regulators� Requirements and regulations are not uniform across Canada�

The list of each securities regulator is available here�

Alberta Alberta Securities Commission

British Columbia British Columbia Securities Commission

Manitoba Manitoba Securities Commission

New Brunswick Financial and Consumer Services Commission

Newfoundland & Labrador Office of the Superintendent of Securities Service Newfoundland and Labrador

Northwest Territories Office of the Superintendent of Securities

Nova Scotia Nova Scotia Securities Commission

Nunavut Office of the Superintendent of Securities

Ontario Ontario Securities Commission

Prince Edward Island Office of the Superintendent of Securities

Québec Autorité des marches financiers

Saskatchewan Financial and Consumer Affairs Authority of Saskatchewan

Yukon Office of the Yukon Superintendent of Securities

24 Michelle Schriver, What to expect as Title Regulation Extends to Ontario, Advisor’s Edge, September 20, 2019�

https://mfda.ca/

https://www.iiroc.ca

https://www.iiroc.ca

https://fpcanada.ca/

https://lautorite.qc.ca/grand-public

https://www.fsrao.ca/

https://fpcanada.ca/

https://www.securities-administrators.ca/

https://www.securities-administrators.ca/aboutcsa.aspx?id=80

https://www.albertasecurities.com/

http://www.bcsc.bc.ca/

http://www.mbsecurities.ca/

http://www.fcnb.ca/

https://www.gov.nl.ca/dgsnl/

https://www.justice.gov.nt.ca/en/divisions/legal-registries-division/securities-office/

https://nssc.novascotia.ca/

http://nunavutlegalregistries.ca/sr_index_en.shtml

http://www.osc.gov.on.ca/

http://www.gov.pe.ca/securities

https://lautorite.qc.ca/en/general-public/

https://fcaa.gov.sk.ca/

https://yukon.ca/en/doing-business/

https://www.advisor.ca/news/industry-news/what-to-expect-as-title-regulation-extends-to-ontario/



The Canadian financial services market is dominated by six large national banks25 which, in turn, own the six largest broker-dealers in the country�

Combined, the “Big Six” control an estimated 75% of all assets under management, with the remaining fraction spread amongst independent broker-dealers (in both the securities and mutual fund segments), independent portfolio management firms26�

The broad “prudential carveout” for financial services coupled with the substantial maintenance of the status quo in terms of market access makes new entrants into the business, whether directly or on a cross-border basis, complicated. There is a little more wiggle room for “advisory and consulting services” per se, but even activities such as “financial planning” is robustly regulated.

In 2019, Ontario, Canada’s biggest jurisdiction, passed a law to ensure “title certainty” for financial planners� In other words, it is establishing a set of requirements that must be met for someone to be able to call themselves a “financial planner” or “financial advisor”.

There are no reliable statistics on the economic value of financial advisory and consulting services in Canada� It is similarly hard to parse out EU export statistics� According to Eurostat, the EU exported €911.8 million in “financial services” to Canada in 201927� Presumably, a mere fraction of this stemmed from advisory and consulting services�

25 The big six parent institutions are: Royal Bank of Canada; Bank of Montreal; TD Bank; CIBC; Scotiabank; and National Bank of Canada�26 An International Perspective: The Evolution of Financial Services in Canada, Jason Pereira and Alexandra Macqueen, September 2020�27 Eurostat, Database, 2021�

https://www.financialplanningassociation.org/article/journal/SEP20-international-perspective-evolution-financial-services-canada



G) Advisory services relating to transport

UN Classification CPC 71, 72, 73, 74: Includes Advisory and consulting services only�

CETA Reservations Canada has only taken one broad reservation in this area� The market is therefore broadly open to these European service suppliers. Only Managers are excluded from eligibility. The specific extent of market access for Modes 1 and 3 depends on what advisory and consultancy activities will be specifically undertaken.

Regulatory Environment in Canada

Transportation advisory and consulting services are typically thought of as activities to support the construction, management and optimisation of transport systems and logistics operations�

Transport Canada and the provinces administer a detailed set of laws and regulations are all aspects of Canada’s transport systems� Environment Canada and Health Canada collaborate with Transport on issues involving the movement of hazardous goods� Provincial governments oversee the licensing of truck drivers and construction projects. For cross-border transportation, there are a whole array of matters related to customs clearance and standards�

A good amount of the advisory and consultancy work is carried out by engineering firms, whose regulatory environment is described below�


National There is no formal regulatory body for transportation consultants and advisors� Many can be accredited as engineers through Engineers Canada or through one of the provincial and territorial bodies listed here�

Customs brokers that clear goods across borders are regulated and licensed by the Canada Border Services Agency�

Alberta Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Alberta (APEGA)

British Columbia Engineers and Geoscientists British Columbia


New Brunswick Engineers and Geoscientists New Brunswick


Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Newfoundland and Labrador (PEGNL)


Northwest Territories and Nunavut Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists (NAPEG)


Nunavut Northwest Territories and Nunavut Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists (NAPEG)

Ontario Professional Engineers Ontario (PEO)


Engineers PEI

Québec Ordre des ingénieurs du Québec (OIQ)

Saskatchewan Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Saskatchewan (APEGS)



There is no easily assessable number with regards to the value of transport advisory and consultancy services� It depends on the scope� It is similarly hard to parse out EU export statistics� According to Eurostat, the EU exported €4,311.7 million in “transport services” to Canada in 201928� Presumably, a mere fraction of this stemmed from advisory services�

Major Canadian engineering firms such as WSP, SNC Lavalin and AECON compete with the big global consultancies such as PwC and BCG�

28 Eurostat, Database, 2021�

https://tc.canada.ca/en

https://tc.canada.ca/en/corporate-services/acts-regulations

https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/topics/health-environment.html


https://engineerscanada.ca/regulatory-excellence/engineering-regulators

https://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca/services/cb-cd/menu-eng.html

http://www.apega.ca/


http://www.apegm.mb.ca/


http://www.pegnl.ca/


http://www.napeg.nt.ca/





http://www.peo.on.ca/


http://oiq.qc.ca/Pages/accueil.aspx?lang=en



http://www.apey.yk.ca/



https://www.aecon.com/

https://www.pwc.com/ca/en.html

https://www.bcg.com/en-ca/offices/welcome-canada



H) Advisory and consulting services relating to agriculture, hunting and forestry

UN Classification CPC 881� Canada: NOC, Part of 2122, 2123, 2223�

CETA Reservations Six provinces and two territories have imposed detailed nationality and/or residency requirements for hunting services and related professions� Nine provinces and one territory have imposed detailed nationality and/or residency requirements for forestry professionals�In agriculture, many of the restrictions focus on land ownership�Other than these substantial and far-reaching measures Canada has not taken any reservations for Key Personnel or Contractual Service Suppliers in these advisory areas� The market is therefore open to these European service suppliers. In the case of Independent Professionals, obligations are “unbound”. This means that Canada is not extending market access to Independent Professionals�


Agriculture and forestry are huge industries in Canada that contain many areas of speciality� These tend to fall under provincial law and be self-regulating� A good example is the case of agrology (the application of science to agriculture)� While agrology is a self-regulated profession, those practising it are required to be registered with the relevant provincial regulatory body� Agrologists Canada, the national association, works closely with regulators across the country� It has also developed a common education standard for the profession� On the forestry side, provincial professional associations play a key role in regulation and workforce issues29� Forest professionals are regulated professions in all but two Canadian provinces (Manitoba and Prince Edward Island)� For agrologists, the profession is provincially regulated� The administration of the regulations is carried out by a provincial institute (list below)�


National The Forest Professional Regulators of Canada (FPRC) represents forest professional regulation associations across Canada, and includes:

• The Canadian Institute of Forestry (CIF) that represents jurisdictions in which forestry is not a regulated profession (MB and PEI),

• Agrologists Canada, a council of provincial/territorial regulators�

Alberta Association of Alberta Forest Management ProfessionalsAlberta Institute of Agrologists (AIA)

British Columbia Association of BC Forest Professionals (ABCFP)British Columbia Institute of Agrologists (BCIA)

Manitoba Association of Alberta Forest Management Professionals (AAFMP)Manitoba Institute of Agrologists

New Brunswick Association of Registered Professional Foresters of New Brunswick (ARPFNB)New Brunswick Institute of Agrologists


Association of Registered Professional Foresters of NL (ARFNL) Newfoundland and Labrador Institute of Agrologists

Northwest Territories Government of Northwest Territories

Nova Scotia Registered Professional Foresters Association of Nova Scotia (RPFANS)Nova Scotia Institute of Agrologists

Nunavut Government of Nunavut- Department of Environment

Ontario Ontario Professional Foresters Association (OPFA)Ontario Institute of Agrologists


Forestry: through the CIFPrince Edward Island Institute of Agrologists

Québec Ordre Des Ingénieurs Forestiers Du Québec (QIFQ) Ordre des agronomes du Québec

Saskatchewan Association of Saskatchewan Forestry Professionals (ASFP) Saskatchewan Institute of Agrologists

Yukon Government of Yukon


According to Natural Resources Canada, the market value of the Canadian forestry sector is €15�22 billion ($23�9 billion)30� The value of the Canadian agriculture sector, according to Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada is €71 billion ($111�9 billion)31� Only a small fraction of these amounts is spent on specialised advisory and consulting services. Many of the firms that provide these services are small and specialised. At the time of publication of this guide, there was no available data describing the volume of trade in services for these areas�

29 British Columbia has Canada’s largest forestry sector� The Association of B�C� Forest Professionals offers a variety of excellent resources.30 Natural Resources Canada, How does the forest sector contribute to Canada’s economy?� 31 Government of Canada, An Overview of the Agriculture and Agri-Food System 2017�

https://agrologistscanada.ca/home/

https://www.fprc-orfpc.ca/

http://www.cif-ifc.org/

https://agrologistscanada.ca/home/

https://www.aafmp.ca/

https://www.albertaagrologists.ca/

http://www.abcfp.ca/

http://www.bcia.com/

http://www.aafmp.ca/

https://agrologistsmanitoba.ca/

https://www.arpfnb.ca/

http://www.ianbia.com/

https://www.rpfnl.com/

http://www.nlinstituteofagrologists.ca/

https://www.enr.gov.nt.ca/en/services/forest-resources

https://rpfans.ca/

https://rpfans.ca/

http://nsagrologists.ca/

https://www.gov.nu.ca/environment

https://opfa.ca/

http://www.oia.on.ca/

http://www.cif-ifc.org/

http://www.peiia.ca/

https://www.oifq.com/

http://www.oaq.qc.ca/

https://www.asfp.ca/

http://www.sia.sk.ca/

https://yukon.ca/en/science-and-natural-resources/forests

https://abcfp.ca/web/

https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/our-natural-resources/forests-forestry/state-canadas-forests-report/forest-industry-contribute/16517

https://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/canadas-agriculture-sectors/an-overview-of-the-canadian-agriculture-and-agri-food-system-2017/?id=1510326669269


3�2� Architectural, urban planning and landscape servicesUN Classification CPC 8671; 8674� Canada: Part of NOC 2151; 2152�

CETA Reservations Canada has not taken any reservations on the liberalisation of architectural services� The market is therefore open to these European service suppliers�


Architecture is regulated at the provincial level in Canada and each province has an architectural licensing authority� These organisations collaborate at the national level through the Canadian Architectural Certification Board (CACB)�

Among other activities, the CACB assesses the equivalence of foreign credentials� The Royal Architectural Institute of Canada is the key industry body� Urban Planners as also regulated provincially� Separate Institutes of Planning across the country administer the certification. The Canadian Institute of Planners is the leading industry body�


National Architecture

• The Canadian Architectural Licensing Authorities (CALA) is an association of territorial and provincial regulators that , together with the Architects Council of Europe (ACE), has submitted a Joint Recommendation for a Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA) on professional qualifications.

• Broadly Experienced Foreign Architect (BEFA): a license can be obtained through the CACB for architects holding relevant EU professional qualifications and seeking to practice in Canada.

Urban PlanningCanadian Institute of Planners

Alberta ArchitectureArchitect’s Act Alberta Association of Architects

Urban PlanningProfessional and Occupational Associations Registration Act – Professional Planner RegulationAlberta Professional Planners Institute

British Columbia ArchitectureArchitects ActArchitectural Institute of British Columbia

Urban PlanningPlanning Institute of British Columbia

Manitoba ArchitectureArchitects Act Manitoba Association of Architects

Urban PlanningManitoba Professional Planners Institute

New Brunswick ArchitectureAct Respecting the Architects’ Association of New BrunswickArchitects’ Association of New Brunswick

Urban PlanningRegistered Professional Planners ActNew Brunswick Association of Planners


ArchitectureArchitects ActArchitects Licensing Board of Newfoundland and Labrador

Urban PlanningUrban and Rural Planning ActNewfoundland and Labrador Association of Professional Planners


ArchitectureArchitects ActNorthwest Territories Association of Architects

Urban PlanningCommunity Planning and Development Act

https://cacb.ca/

https://cacb.ca/

https://raic.org/

https://raic.org/

https://cip-icu.ca/

https://cala-roac.ca/

https://cala-roac.ca/foreign-trained-architects/broadly-experienced-foreign-architect-befa/

http://www.cip-icu.ca/

http://www.qp.alberta.ca/documents/Acts/A44.pdf

http://www.aaa.ab.ca/

http://www.albertaplanners.com/sites/default/files/Professional%20Planner%20Regulation%202018.pdf

http://www.albertaplanners.com/sites/default/files/Professional%20Planner%20Regulation%202018.pdf

http://www.albertaplanners.com/

http://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/00_96017_01

http://www.aibc.ca/

http://www.pibc.bc.ca/

http://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/a130e.php

http://www.mbarchitects.org/

http://www.mppi.mb.ca/about-manitoba-professional-planners-institute.asp

http://www.canlii.org/en/nb/laws/astat/snb-1987-c-66/163701/snb-1987-c-66.html

http://www.aanb.org/en/bylaws-act

http://www.gnb.ca/legis/bill/editform-e.asp?ID=357&legi=55&num=2

http://www.atlanticplanners.org/provincial-associations/new-brunswick/

http://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/tablestatutes/tableofpublicstatutes_a15-1.htm

http://www.albnl.com/documents/regulatory-requirements/the-architects-act-2008/

http://www.assembly.nl.ca/Legislation/sr/statutes/u08.htm

http://www.atlanticplanners.org/provincial-associations/newfoundland-and-labrador/

http://www.justice.gov.nt.ca/en/files/legislation/architects/architects.a.pdf

http://www.nwtaa.ca/

http://www.ntassembly.ca/sites/assembly/files/11-03-10bill7.pdf



Nova Scotia ArchitectureArchitects ActNova Scotia Association of Architects

Urban PlanningNova Scotia Professional Planners ActLicensed Professional Planners Association of Nova Scotia

Nunavut ArchitectureThe Territory of Nunavut does not currently have legislation specific to the practice of architecture� Queries should be referred to the territorial government Department of Community and Government Services�

Urban PlanningPolicies and legislation of the territorial government are made available online�

Ontario ArchitectureArchitects ActOntario Association of Architects

Urban PlanningPlanning ActOntario Professional Planners Institute


ArchitectureArchitects ActArchitects Association of Prince Edward Island

Urban PlanningPlanning ActPrince Edward Island Institute of Professional Planners

Québec ArchitectureArchitects ActOrdre des Architectes du Québec

Urban PlanningCode des Professions Ordre des Urbanistes du Québec

Saskatchewan ArchitectureArchitects ActSaskatchewan Association of Architects

Urban PlanningCommunity Planning Profession ActSaskatchewan Professional Planners Institute

Yukon ArchitectureThe Territory of Yukon does not currently have legislation specific to the prac-tice of architecture� Queries should be referred to the territorial government Department of High-ways and Public Works

Urban PlanningLegislation of the territorial governments are made available online


According to Statistics Canada, the market size for architecture and landscape architecture services in Canada was €3�3 billion ($5�2 billion) in 201832� Firms tend to be small in scale and specialised� According to Eurostat, the EU exported €6.3 million in “architectural services” to Canada in 201933�

32 Statistics Canada, Architectural Services, 2018� 33 Eurostat, Database, 2021�

http://www.nslegislature.ca/sites/default/files/legc/statutes/archtect.htm

http://www.nsaa.ns.ca/

https://nslegislature.ca/sites/default/files/legc/statutes/profplan.htm

http://www.lppans.ca/

http://www.gov.nu.ca/community-and-government-services

http://www.gov.nu.ca/community-and-government-services

http://www.gov.nu.ca/community-and-government-services/information/policies-and-legislation

http://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90a26

http://www.oaa.on.ca/

http://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90p13

http://www.ontarioplanners.ca/home

http://www.princeedwardisland.ca/sites/default/files/legislation/A-18-1-Architects%20Act.pdf

http://www.aapei.com/

http://www.princeedwardisland.ca/sites/default/files/legislation/P-08-Planning%20Act.pdf

http://www.atlanticplanners.org/provincial-associations/prince-edward-island/

http://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/ShowDoc/cs/A-21

http://www.oaq.com/ordre/a-propos/actualites-et-evenements/la-nouvelle-loi-sur-les-architectes-est-adoptee/

http://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/fr/ShowDoc/cs/C-26

http://www.ouq.qc.ca/

https://publications.saskatchewan.ca/#/products/379

http://www.saskarchitects.com/

https://publications.saskatchewan.ca/#/products/68183

http://www.sppi.ca/

http://www.hpw.gov.yk.ca/

http://www.hpw.gov.yk.ca/

https://yukon.ca/en/learn-about-regional-land-use-planning

https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/200123/dq200123d-eng.htm



3�3� Construction, maintenance, and repairUN Classification CPC 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517 and 518� Canada: NOC - a broad array of construction-related

professions are found in NOC 72�

CETA Reservations In CETA, this is classified as “Construction and related Engineering Services”. Canada has not taken any reservations for Key Personnel or Contractual Service Suppliers, except in the case of Managers, which are excluded� The market is therefore open to these European service suppliers, other than for managerial activities. In the case of Independent Professionals, obligations are “unbound”. This means that Canada is not extending market access to Independent Professionals� Separately, Canada has not taken any reservations related to investment or cross-border trade in construction services� The market is therefore open�


Construction is mainly regulated at the provincial level in Canada� While architects and engineers must be licensed, there is wide variability across jurisdictions on which contractors need to be licensed vs. certified vs. not licensed or certified. A useful comparison chart of Contractor Licencing Requirements across Canada has been prepared by TrustedPros�

This variability even applies to what authorisations general contractors are required to have, if any�

The National Building Code of Canada, developed by the National Research Council, has no legal standing in and of itself outside of federal property, it serves as the key reference document for many provincial building codes�


National The Canadian Electrical Contractors Association provides a detailed overview of the situation in each province concerning the licensing and regulation of electricians�

Alberta Alberta required all residential builders to be licensed by the provincial government�

British Columbia Technical Safety BC for everything from boilers to gas to electrical�

Manitoba Contractor Licensing Authorities

New Brunswick Service New Brunswick


Contractor’s Licensing

Northwest Territories Department of Employment

Nova Scotia Nova Scotia Apprenticeship Agency

Nunavut Nunavut Apprenticeship

Ontario Aspiring builders must complete the Tarion educational programme before applying to the provincial government� The Ontario General Contractors Association provides an array of useful information�

The Technical Standards and Safety Authority (TSSA) is also another good resource for certification and technical standards in the province.

Prince Edward Island Government of Prince Edward Island

Québec A contractor must obtain a construction licence issued by the Régie du batiment du Québec�

Saskatchewan Technical Safety Authority of SaskatchewanSaskatchewan Apprenticeship and Trade Certification Commission

Yukon Yukon Certificate of Qualification


Canada’s construction sector was valued at €237 billion (US$291 billion) in 201834� According to Eurostat, the EU exported €185.2 million in “construction services” to Canada in 201935�

Residential construction represents about 43% of this total. Energy projects are also a significant contributor� Canada has an array of large construction companies that are engaged in national and international projects. These include SNC Lavalin, headquartered in Montreal, Ellis Don (Toronto), AECON (Toronto), Ledcor (Vancouver), Flynn Group (Winnipeg), and PCL (Edmonton)36�

In addition, there is a vast array of full service and specialised contractors in all parts of the country�

34 Canada’s Construction Industry to Reach US$304�6B in 2023, Contractor Magazine, May 2019� 35 Eurostat, Database, 2021�36 Largest Construction Companies in Canada, September 2019�

https://trustedpros.ca/license-requirements

https://nrc.canada.ca/en

https://ceca.org/

https://ceca.org/licensing/

https://www.alberta.ca/builder-licensing.aspx

https://www.alberta.ca/builder-licensing.aspx

https://www.technicalsafetybc.ca/

https://www.eamanitoba.ca/industry-links/electrician-and-contractor-licensing-authorities/

https://www2.snb.ca/content/snb/en/sites/events/construction.html

https://www.gov.nl.ca/dgsnl/licenses/bpv/contractor-lic/

https://www.ece.gov.nt.ca/en

https://nsapprenticeship.ca/

https://www.gov.nu.ca/eia/news/nunavut-apprenticeship-trade-occupations-certification

https://www.tarion.com/sites/default/files/2019-11/BecomeNewHomeBuilder_Oct2019.pdf

https://ogca.ca/

https://ogca.ca/

https://www.tssa.org/en/index.aspx

https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/topic/contractors-trades-and-equipment-licensing

https://www.rbq.gouv.qc.ca/

https://www.rbq.gouv.qc.ca/

https://www.tsask.ca/elevating-devices/licensing

https://saskapprenticeship.ca/

https://yukon.ca/en/education-and-schools/apprentices-and-trades/get-yukon-certificate-qualification-designated-trade#why-get-a-certificate


https://www.ellisdon.com/

https://www.aecon.com/

https://www.ledcor.com/

https://flynncompanies.com/

https://www.pcl.com/ca/en

https://www.contractormag.com/management/article/20883968/canadas-construction-industry-to-reach-us3046b-in-2023


https://www.procore.com/jobsite/largest-construction-companies-in-canada/


3�4� Engineering services and integrated engineering servicesUN Classification CPC 8672; 8673; Canada: NOC 213; 214; 223; 224�



Engineering is regulated under provincial law in Canada� Engineers Canada serves as a national coordination body for the various engineering regulators across the country�

There are 12 regulators in Canada: one in each province, one in Yukon, and a joint Northwest Territories/Nunavut body� To practice engineering in Canada, you must hold and maintain a license from one of Canada’s engineering regulators� Obtaining a license is achieved through a combination of academics, work experience and proven knowledge of laws and regulations on engineering� Engineers Canada is responsible for negotiating international Mutual Recognition Agreements, such as are envisioned under Chapter 11 of CETA� Separately, Engineers Canada maintains a detailed website on how non-Canadians can become engineers in Canada� While the information is targeted at immigrants, it includes an array of useful information for temporary entrants, such as under CETA37�


National Engineers Canada plays a coordination role nationally�

Alberta Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Alberta (APEGA)

British Columbia Engineers and Geoscientists British Columbia


New Brunswick Engineers and Geoscientists New Brunswick


Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Newfoundland and Labrador (PEGNL)


Northwest Territories and Nunavut Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists (NAPEG)


Nunavut Nunavut Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists (NAPEG)

Ontario Professional Engineers Ontario (PEO)


Engineers PEI

Québec Ordre des ingénieurs du Québec (QIQ)

Saskatchewan Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Saskatchewan (APEGS)



IBIS World estimates the size of the Canadian engineering services market will reach €23�6 billion (US$29 billion) in 2021� According to Eurostat, the EU exported €268.6 million in “engineering services” to Canada in 201938�

Many of the largest firms in Canada offer a full suite of engineering and construction services. According to ENR, the biggest engineering firms in Canada are SNC Lavalin (Montreal), WSP (Montreal), Stantec (Edmonton), and IBI Group (Toronto)39�

There are also a large number of smaller and specialised engineering firms across the country.

37 Engineer Here, Becoming a licensed engineer in Canada�38 Eurostat, Database, 2021�39 ENR, ENR 2018 Top 150 Global Design Firms, July 2018�



http://www.apega.ca/


http://www.apegm.mb.ca/







http://www.peo.on.ca/


http://oiq.qc.ca/Pages/accueil.aspx?lang=en


http://www.apey.yk.ca/



https://www.stantec.com/en

https://www.ibigroup.com/

https://engineerhere.ca/


https://www.enr.com/toplists/2018-Top-150-Global-Design-Firms-1


Annex 10C´s categories of engineering and scientific technologists subject to LMIA exemption code T48

Labour Market Impact Assessment (LMIA) is a document that employers generally need to obtain before hiring a foreign worker in Canada� LMIA documents are issued by Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC)� Free trade agreements such as CETA often set forth a list of professions that are not subject to the LMIA process, assuming compliance with other laws and regulations are met. Annex 10-C of CETA sets forth specific designations of equivalency for “engineering technologists” and “scientific technologists.” Engineering technologists cover various types of engineers. Scientific technologists include agriculture, architecture, biology, chemistry, physics, forestry, geology, geophysics, mining, or energy� Applicants would fall under LMIA Exemption Code T-48�

To take advantage of this exemption, technologist applicants must provide:

• proof of citizenship of an EU Member State;

• a copy of a signed contract between the service provider and the Canadian service consumer;

• documentation that provides the following information:

ο the profession for which entry is sought,

ο their province or territory of destination,

ο details of the position,

ο the educational qualification;

• evidence that the applicant has the necessary professional qualifications required to practise an activity pursuant to the laws or requirements in the province or territory where the service is supplied�

https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development.html


3�5� Computer and related servicesUN Classification CPC 84; Canada: NOC 0203; 2171; 2172; 2173; 2174�

CETA Reservations Canada has not taken any reservations on computer services� The market is therefore open to European service suppliers� The Canadian Government took a reservation to safeguard foreign ownership restrictions on telecommunications (CPC 75**)�


The computer services market is not regulated as a profession in Canada nor is a licence required� Given its fast-changing nature, market decisions related to specific technical knowledge and systems tend to prevail�

The regulatory frameworks that impact computer and related services tend to focus on how technology is used� The key areas where Canada is moving to regulate foreign tech platforms fall into four main buckets: harmful content such as hate speech; consumer and data privacy; taxation; and broadcasting/telecom and content� In broad terms, Canada is relatively similar to Europe on measures such as privacy� Cybersecurity is also a perennial area of focus40�


National Government agencies as oversight:

• Department of Canadian Heritage,

• Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development,

• Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission,

• Office of the Privacy Commissioner�

There are also several national and provincial certification bodies and professional associations for IT professionals in Canada, with the largest one being Canada’s Association of IT Professionals (CIPS)�

Alberta Office of Information and Privacy Commissioner of Alberta

British Columbia Office of the Information and Privacy Commissioner of B.C.

Manitoba Manitoba Ombudsman – Access and Privacy Division

New Brunswick Office of Chief Information Officer


Office of the Information and Privacy Commissioner


Information and Privacy Commissioner

Nova Scotia Office of the Information and Privacy Commissioner

Nunavut Information and Privacy Commissioner

Ontario Information and Privacy Commissioner of Ontario


Information and Privacy Commissioner

Québec Commission d’accès à l’information

Saskatchewan Office of the Information and Privacy Commissioner

Yukon Yukon Information and Provacy Commissioner


According to the Government of Canada, the country’s Information and Communications Technology Sector was valued at €76.6 billion ($94.1 billion) in 2019. Of that, almost half of this value is in “Software and Computer Services”41�

According to Eurostat, the EU exported €1,226.9 million in “computer services” to Canada in 201942�

It is often said that every company is now a technology company. As a consequence, there are a whole array of speciality companies, from cybersecurity to financial technology, to quantum computing.

Some major ICT players include CGI (Montreal), Open Text (Waterloo) and Blackberry (Waterloo)� Some major enablers of e-commerce include Shopify (Ottawa) and Lightspeed (Montreal)�

40 For an overview of Canada’s laws in these areas, please see: John Salloum, et�al� Privacy and Cybersecurity in Canada� Osler� October 5, 2018� 41 Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada, Canadian ICT Sector Profile 2019�42 Eurostat, Database, 2021�

https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage.html

https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/icgc.nsf/eng/home

https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/home-accueil.htm

https://www.priv.gc.ca/en/

http://www.cips.ca/

http://www.cips.ca/

https://www.oipc.ab.ca/

https://www.oipc.bc.ca/

https://www.ombudsman.mb.ca/info/access-and-privacy-division.html

https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/finance/office_of_the_chief_information_officer/content/rti.html

https://www.oipc.nl.ca/

https://atipp-nt.ca/about/privacy-commissioner/

https://oipc.novascotia.ca/

https://www.gov.nu.ca/eia/access-information-and-protection-privacy

https://www.ipc.on.ca/

https://www.assembly.pe.ca/about-the-information-and-privacy-commissioner

https://www.cai.gouv.qc.ca/

https://oipc.sk.ca/

https://www.yukonombudsman.ca/yukon-information-and-privacy-commissioner/for-the-public

https://www.cgi.com/en

https://www.opentext.com/

https://www.blackberry.com/us/en/company/overview

https://www.shopify.ca/

https://www.lightspeedhq.com/

https://www.osler.com/en/resources/regulations/2018/privacy-and-cybersecurity-in-canada

https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/ict-tic.nsf/eng/h_it07229.html



3�6� Research and development servicesUN Classification CPC 851; 852 (excluding psychologists services); 853� Canada: NOC 1254; 4161; 4166; 4169�



Research and development services are not regulated as a distinct profession in Canada� Rather, regulations are applied to the subject matter and administration of the research. For example, researchers must comply with environmental rules and privacy regulations� Any research that receives support from the major granting councils in Canada43 and involves humans, must apply the “Tri-Council Policy Statement” on ethical conduct� Many academic bodies apply similar principles�


National • Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR),

• Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC),

• Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC)�

The Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) is a federally funded organisation that enables this research, training, and innovation through investments in state-of-the-art infrastructure�

Alberta Alberta Innovates

British Columbia BC Research

Manitoba Research Manitoba

New Brunswick New Brunswick Innovation Foundation


Research and Development


Aurora College Research Institute

Nova Scotia ResearchNS

Nunavut Nunavut Research Institute

Ontario Ontario Centres of Excellence


InnovationPEI

Québec Investissement Québec

Saskatchewan Innovation Saskatchewan

Yukon Yukon University


IBIS World estimates that the economic value of the scientific research and development sector was €7�32 billion (US$9 billion) in 201944� One can assume that the inclusion of social sciences and humanities research would push that figure higher. According to Eurostat, the EU exported €380.7 million in “research and development services” to Canada in 201945�

In terms of major players in the sector, large numbers of Canadian and international corporations do research and development in Canada. Universities are also significant sources of research and development in Canada, and regularly “spin-out” companies focused on their areas of research. Canada is considered to have a generous research and development support system� The Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) tax credit46 allows qualifying companies to recuperate up to 75% of the money invested in any given year�

The Government of Canada also regularly provides research and development support and incentives in priority areas� Climate and clean energy are among the top priorities at the moment�

43 These are the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada�44 IBIS World, Scientific Research and Development in Canada� June 28, 2019� 45 Eurostat, Database, 2021�46 For specific details, please refer to Scientific Research and Experimental Development Tax Incentive Program�

https://ethics.gc.ca/eng/policy-politique_tcps2-eptc2_2018.html

https://cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/193.html



http://www.innovation.ca/en

https://albertainnovates.ca/

https://www.bcri.ca/

https://researchmanitoba.ca/

https://nbif.ca/

https://www.gov.nl.ca/iet/funding/research-and-development/

https://nwtresearch.com/

https://researchns.ca/

https://www.nri.nu.ca/nunavut-research-institute-nri

https://www.oce-ontario.org/

https://www.innovationpei.com/

https://www.investquebec.com/international/en/why-quebec/innovations-and-commercial-successes.html

https://innovationsask.ca/

https://www.yukonu.ca/innovation

https://www.ibisworld.com/canada/market-research-reports/scientific-research-development-industry/


https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/scientific-research-experimental-development-tax-incentive-program.html


3�7� Market research, opinion polling and advertisingUN Classification CPC 851; 852 (excluding psychologists services); 853�

NOC 1254; 4161; 4166; 4169�

CETA Reservations Canada has not taken any reservations in market research or opinion polling� The market is therefore open to European service suppliers� For advertising services, Canada has not taken any reservations for Key Personnel or Contractual Service Suppliers� The market is therefore open to European service suppliers. In the case of Independent Professionals, obligations are “unbound”. This means that Canada is not extending market access to Independent Professionals�

Canada has not taken any reservations impacting the other modes�


The advertising and market research professions are self-regulating in Canada� Each has its own national body that maintains codes of conduct, standards and, in the case of the latter, a Charter of Respondent Rights�

There also are an array of laws and regulations that constrain how these professions carry out their work� For example, there are federal and provincial laws that prohibit false or misleading advertising� There are restrictions on advertising to children, including an outright ban on such ads in Québec�

Advertisers are also required to substantiate claims about price and competitors� Canada’s laws also guard against misleading or abusive practices by pollsters and market researchers�


National • Advertising Standards Canada

• Market Research and Intelligence Association

• Competition Bureau

Alberta N/A


Manitoba N/A

New Brunswick N/A


N/A


N/A

Nova Scotia N/A

Nunavut N/A

Ontario N/A


N/A

Québec Office de la protection du consommateur

Saskatchewan N/A

Yukon N/A


According to Statista, spending on advertising was €7�6 billion ($11�9 billion) in Canada in 201947� These ads required numerous professionals to make and place them� According to IBIS World, the market research industry is valued at €452 million ($709 million)� According to Eurostat, the EU exported €348 million in “advertising, market research and public opinion polling services” to Canada in 201948�

Many of the firms in these segments in Canada are boutiques with 1-2 offices. A number of the bigger advertising players include Sid Lee (Montreal), which also has an office in Paris, OKD (Toronto) and Havas Canada (Montreal/Toronto)�

47 Statista, Advertising industry in Canada�48 Eurostat, Database, 2021�

https://adstandards.ca/

https://mria-arim.ca/

https://www.competitionbureau.gc.ca/eic/site/cb-bc.nsf/eng/home

https://www.opc.gouv.qc.ca/

https://www.statista.com/topics/1837/advertising-in-canada/



3�8� Technical testing and analysis servicesUN Classification CPC 8676� Canada: NOC 1254�

CETA Reservations Canada has not taken any reservations for Key Personnel or Contractual Service Suppliers� The market is therefore open to European service suppliers� In the case of Independent Professionals, obligations are “unbound”. This means that Canada is not extending market access to Independent Professionals.


The regulation of technical testing laboratories and other facilities is found in a patchwork of provincial and federal regulations. There are specific regulations per sector, depending on what activities are being undertaken. There are no specific requirements for individuals that work in laboratories as these as assumed to be specified elsewhere.


National Standards Council of Canada plays an important role in accrediting laboratories that undertake conformity assessment analysis49�

Alberta N/A


Manitoba N/A

New Brunswick N/A


N/A


N/A

Nova Scotia N/A

Nunavut N/A

Ontario N/A


N/A

Québec Bureau de normalisation du Québec

Saskatchewan N/A

Yukon N/A


According to IBIS World, the laboratory testing services business is valued at €1�62 billion (US$2 billion)� There is a whole array of public and private laboratories in Canada� This includes a number owned by big global players, including SGS and UL� Toronto-headquartered CSA Group does a vast array of testing and certification in Canada and Europe.

According to Eurostat, the EU exported €112.6 million in “scientific and other technical services” to Canada in 201950�

49 Standards Council of Canada, Accreditation Services – Accreditation Program Overview� 50 Eurostat, Database, 2021�

https://www.scc.ca/

https://www.bnq.qc.ca/fr/

https://www.csagroup.org/

https://www.scc.ca/en/about-scc/publications/exigences-et-procedures-accreditation/accreditation-services-accreditation-program-overview



3�9� Translation and interpretation servicesUN Classification CPC 87905, excluding official or certified activities. Canada: NOC 5125.



The translation and interpretation fields fall under provincial jurisdiction. The Canadian Translators, Terminologists and Interpreters Council (CTTIC) serves as the national umbrella organisation�

The Ordre des traducteurs, terminologues et interprètes agréés du Québec withdrew from CTTIC in 2012�

Each of the provincial associations offers various certifications for translators and interpreters. In the area of sign language for the hearing impaired, the Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada (AVLIC) administers a national certification regime known as the “Canadian Evaluation System”.


National Canada’s federal Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages is responsible for ensuring the application of the rights of English and French speakers embedded in the Constitution and national law�

Alberta Association of Translators and Interpreters of Alberta

British Columbia Society of Translators and Interpreters of British Columbia

Manitoba Association of Translators, Interpreters and Terminologists of Manitoba

New Brunswick Corporation of Translators, Interpreters and Terminologists of New Brunswick


N/A


N/A

Nova Scotia Association of Translators and Interpreters of Nova Scotia

Nunavut Nunavut Interpreter/Translator Society

Ontario Association of Translators and Interpreters of Ontario


N/A

Québec Ordre des traducteurs, terminologues et interprètes agrées du Québec (OTTIAQ)

Saskatchewan Association of Translators and Interpreters in Saskatchewan

Yukon Society of Interpreters and Translators of Yukon


There are no reliable aggregated statistics on the size of the Canadian translation/interpretation market� Most firms in this space are small and local. Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada reports that the average firm revenue in this sector is €82,000 ($129,000 annually)51�

As a bilingual country, English and French are key languages of focus, although there is a demand for other major global languages including German, Mandarin Chinese, and Arabic.

At the time of publication of this guide, there was no available data describing the volume of trade in services for these areas�

51 Canadian Industry Statistics: Translation and Interpretation Services�

http://cttic.org/

http://cttic.org/

https://ottiaq.org/en/

https://www.avlic.ca

https://www.avlic.ca

https://www.avlic.ca/ces

https://www.clo-ocol.gc.ca/en

https://atia.ab.ca/

https://www.stibc.org/

http://atim.mb.ca/

https://www.ctinb.nb.ca/

https://www.atins.org/

https://atio.on.ca/

https://ottiaq.org/en/about/l-ordre/

https://atisask.ca/

http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/icgc.nsf/eng/home

https://www.ic.gc.ca/app/scr/app/cis/summary-sommaire/54193


3�10� Medical and dental servicesUN Classification CPC 9320; Part of 85201� Canada: NOC, Part of Category 3�

CETA Reservations Canada’s obligations are “unbound” in these sectors, meaning that it is not extending any type of market access. Entrants under Mode IV in these professions are therefore subject to the LMIA process, as explained in a text box above�


Canada has a heavily regulated public healthcare system� The Canada Health Act, administered by the federal government, sets national standards for care and service delivery� The provinces have legal control over the delivery of healthcare� The Medical Council of Canada (MCC) accredits physicians against national standards that allow them to practice anywhere in the country� The MCC also manages the process for the certification process for foreign doctors52�

Dentistry is provincially regulated in Canada and is not covered by the Canada Health Act� The Commission on Dental Accreditation of Canada and the Canadian Dental Association play key roles in authorising dentists to practice in Canada�

The National Dental Examining Board of Canada (NDEB), a federal body, has the responsibility for assessing the competency of foreign dentists interested in practising in Canada� International agreements are recognising the equivalency of education/skills with many partners, including Ireland in the EU�

For dentists from other countries, they must either pass the NDEB Exam or complete a two-year training course�


National Medical Council of Canada (MCC)National Dental Examining Board of Canada (NDEB)

Alberta College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta Alberta Dental Association and College

British Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons of British ColumbiaCollege of Dental Surgeons of British Columbia

Manitoba College of Physicians and Surgeons of ManitobaManitoba Dental Association

New Brunswick College of Physicians and Surgeons of New BrunswickNew Brunswick Dental Society


College of Physicians and Surgeons of Newfoundland & LabradorNewfoundland & Labrador Dental Board


Government of Northwest Territories

Nova Scotia College of Physicians and Surgeons of Nova ScotiaProvincial Dental Board of Nova Scotia

Nunavut Nunavut PhysiciansNunavut Dental Association

Ontario College of Physicians and Surgeons of OntarioRoyal College of Dental Surgeons of Ontario


College of Physicians and Surgeons of Prince Edward IslandDental Council of Prince Edward Island

Québec Collège des médecins du QuébecOrdre des dentistes du Québec

Saskatchewan College of Physicians and Surgeons of SaskatchewanCollege of Dental Surgeons of Saskatchewan

Yukon Yukon Medical Council


Healthcare and dentistry are worth tens of billions of dollars. For healthcare, Canada has a modified single-payer system� The Canadian system aims to provide a baseline level of care at little cost to the patient� Drug prices are regulated and negotiated around bulk purchases by the government�

Many Canadians purchase supplemental health insurance intending to receive a higher level of care� Dentistry, due to historical and political reasons, is not included in the Medicare system� Many Canadians, therefore, purchase dental insurance� In terms of market structure, practices tend to be small and local� Hospital systems tend to be administered within regions of provinces, which has prevented the realisation of economies of scale in this sector�


52 Another useful resource is: How to Become a Practicing Physician in Canada�

https://mcc.ca/

https://www.cda-adc.ca/cdacweb/en/

https://www.cda-adc.ca/cdacweb/en/

https://www.cda-adc.ca/en/index.asp

https://ndeb-bned.ca/en

https://mcc.ca/

https://ndeb-bned.ca/en

http://www.cpsa.ca/

http://www.dentalhealthalberta.ca/

https://www.cpsbc.ca/

http://www.cdsbc.org/

http://www.cpsm.mb.ca/

http://www.manitobadentist.ca/

http://www.cpsnb.org/

http://www.nbdent.ca/

https://www.cpsnl.ca/

http://www.nldb.ca/

http://www.hss.gov.nt.ca/en/services/professional-licensing/physicians

http://www.cpsns.ns.ca/

http://www.pdbns.ca/

https://nuphysicians.ca/

https://www.nwtnudentalassociation.ca/

http://www.cpso.on.ca/

http://www.rcdso.org/

http://www.cpspei.ca/

https://www.dcpei.ca/

http://www.cmq.org/home.aspx

http://www.odq.qc.ca/

https://www.cps.sk.ca/imis/

http://www.saskdentists.com/

http://www.yukonmedicalcouncil.ca/

https://physiciansapply.ca/how-to-become-a-practising-physician-in-canada/


3�11� Veterinary servicesUN Classification CPC 932� Canada: NOC 3114�

CETA Reservations Canada’s obligations are “unbound” in these sectors, meaning that it is not extending any type of market access. Entrants under Mode IV in these professions are therefore subject to the LMIA process.


In Canada, licensing for veterinary medicine is the responsibility of the provincial veterinary associations or a separate licensing body empowered by provincial legislation�

The role and authority of the provincial licensing body are to protect and serve the public interest through the regulation of the practice of veterinary medicine�While the general requirements to practice veterinary medicine are similar, specific requirements differ from province to province�

The National Examining Board of the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association administers the 3-part exam that foreign veterinarians are required to pass to be authorised to practice in Canada�


National Canadian Veterinary Medical Association (CVMA)

Alberta Alberta Veterinary Medical Association (ABVMA)

British Columbia College of Veterinarians of British Columbia (CVBC)

Manitoba Manitoba Veterinary Medical Association (MVMA)

New Brunswick New Brunswick Veterinary Medical Association (NBVMA)


Newfoundland and Labrador College of Veterinarians (NLVETCOLLEGE)


Northwest Territories Department of Health and Social Services

Nova Scotia Nova Scotia Veterinary Medical Association (NSVMA)

Nunavut Nunavut Department of Health and Social Services

Ontario College of Veterinarians of Ontario (CVO)


Prince Edward Island Veterinary Medical Association (PEIVMA)

Québec Ordre des Médecins Vétérinaires du Québec (OMVQ)

Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Veterinary Medical Association (SVMA)

Yukon N/A


According to IBIS World, Canada’s veterinary medicine market is valued at €3�9 billion (US$4�8 billion)�

Veterinary medicine is primarily delivered by small, localised practices� The manufacturers of medicines and speciality foods tend to be global pharmaceutical and food companies�


https://www.canadianveterinarians.net/

https://www.canadianveterinarians.net/

https://abvma.ca/

https://www.cvbc.ca/

https://www.mvma.ca/

https://nbvma-amvnb.ca/

https://sites.google.com/site/nlvetcollege

http://www.hss.gov.nt.ca/

https://nsvma.ca/

https://www.gov.nu.ca/health

http://cvo.org/

http://peivma.com/

https://www.omvq.qc.ca/

https://svma.sk.ca/


3�12� Midwifery servicesUN Classification CPC 93191� Canada: Part of NOC 3124�

CETA Reservations Canada’s obligations are “unbound” in these sectors, meaning that it is not extending any type of market access. Entrants under Mode IV in these professions are therefore subject to the LMIA process, as explained in a text box above�


In Canada, midwifery is a self-regulated profession in which implementation and enforcement of provincial midwifery legislation are delegated to a professional body referred to as a College of Midwives�

The Canadian Midwifery Regulators Council53 is a network of provincial and territorial regulatory authorities that collectively regulate the profession and ensure regulatory harmonisation across Canada�

The Regulators Council establishes and administers the core competencies that midwives in Canada must demonstrate� Midwifery education consists of four years of education that culminate in exams� Unlike in some jurisdictions, one is not required to become a nurse to practice. Once exams are completed and registration paperwork is finalised with provincial authorities, students are eligible to practice. Provincial authorities also work on a case-by-case basis with foreign-educated midwives�


National Canadian Midwifery Regulators CouncilCanadian Association of Midwives

Alberta College of Midwives of Alberta

British Columbia College of Midwives of British Columbia

Manitoba College of Midwives of Manitoba

New Brunswick Midwifery Council of New Brunswick


College of Midwives of Newfoundland and Labrador


Northwest Territories Health Professional Licensing (Midwifery)

Nova Scotia Midwifery Regulatory Council of Nova Scotia

Nunavut Government of Nunavut, Professional Practice – Health and Social Services

Ontario College of Midwives of Ontario


N/A

Québec Ordre des sages-femmes du Québec

Saskatchewan Saskatchewan College of Midwives

Yukon N/A


Midwives delivered more than 10% of the births in Canada in 201954� It is a small, personal business that lends itself to localisation�


53 See also the Canadian Association of Midwives�54 Midwives and Midwifery-led Births 2019

https://cmrc-ccosf.ca/

https://cmrc-ccosf.ca/

https://canadianmidwives.org/

https://www.albertamidwives.org/

http://www.cmbc.bc.ca/

http://www.midwives.mb.ca/

https://www.midwiferycnb.ca/

http://www.cmnl.ca/

https://www.hss.gov.nt.ca/en/services/midwifery-licence

http://mrcns.ca/

https://www.gov.nu.ca/health

http://www.cmo.on.ca/

http://www.osfq.org/?lang=en

http://www.saskmidwives.ca/

https://canadianmidwives.org/

https://canadianmidwives.org/2020/10/01/registered-midwives-midwifery-assisted-births-2019/


3�13� Nurses, physiotherapists, paramedical personnelUN Classification CPC 93191� Canada: Part of NOC 3124�

CETA Reservations Canada’s obligations are “unbound” in these sectors, meaning that it is not extending any type of market access. Entrants under Mode 4 in these professions are therefore subject to the LMIA process, as explained in a text box above�


As with much of Canadian healthcare, the provinces are responsible for licensing and regulating nurses� In British Columbia, Ontario and Nova Scotia, all nurses are regulated under a single college� In the other provinces, there are multiple colleges, often disaggregated by speciality. Each province has specific requirements for the accreditation of foreign-trained nurses�

The Canadian Nurses Association is a useful clearinghouse of information on these matters�

Physiotherapists are regulated provincially� In the case of foreign-trained physiotherapists, the Canadian Alliance of Physiotherapy Regulators (CAPR) evaluates educational credentials and administers exams for competency on behalf of most of the provincial and territorial regulators� Each provincial and territorial regulator may also have additional requirements before you can practice� CAPR provides information to the regulators on credentials and qualifications, and the regulators decide who can and who cannot receive a license to practice�


National Canadian Nurses Association

Canadian Alliance of Physiotherapy Regulators

Alberta College and Association of Registered Nurses of Alberta

Licensed practical nurses: College of Licensed Practical Nurses of Alberta

Registered psychiatric nurses: College of Registered Psychiatric Nurses of Alberta

Physiotherapists: Physiotherapy Alberta College + Association

British Columbia British Columbia College of Nursing Professionals and Midwives

Physiotherapists: College of Physical Therapists of British Columbia

Manitoba Registered nurses and nurse practitioners: College of Registered Nurses of Manitoba

Licensed practical nurses: College of Licensed Practical Nurses of Manitoba

Registered psychiatric nurses: College of Registered Psychiatric Nurses of Manitoba

Physiotherapists: College of Physiotherapists of Manitoba

New Brunswick Registered nurses and nurse practitioners: Nurses Association of New Brunswick

Licensed practical nurses: Association of New Brunswick Licensed Practical Nurses

Physiotherapists: College of Physiotherapists of New Brunswick


Registered nurses and nurse practitioners: College of Registered Nurses of Newfoundland and Labrador

Licensed practical nurses: College of Licensed Practical Nurses of Newfoundland and Labrador

Physiotherapists: Newfoundland and Labrador College of Physiotherapists


Registered nurses and nurse practitioners: Registered Nurses Association of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut

Licensed practical nurses: Government of Northwest Territories, Registrar, Professional Licensing, Health and Social Services

Nova Scotia Registered nurses, nurse practitioners and licensed practical nurses: Nova Scotia College of Nursing

Physiotherapists: Nova Scotia College of Physiotherapists

https://www.cna-aiic.ca/en/nursing-practice/nursing-as-a-career/internationally-educated-nurses.

https://www.alliancept.org/


https://www.cna-aiic.ca/en


http://www.nurses.ab.ca/

https://www.clpna.com/

https://www.crpna.ab.ca/

https://www.physiotherapyalberta.ca/

https://www.bccnm.ca/Pages/Default.aspx

https://cptbc.org/

http://www.crnm.mb.ca/

https://www.clpnm.ca/

https://www.crpnm.mb.ca/

https://www.manitobaphysio.com/

http://www.nanb.nb.ca/

https://www.anblpn.ca/

http://cptnb.ca/language/en/

https://www.crnnl.ca/

https://www.crnnl.ca/

https://www.clpnnl.ca/

https://www.clpnnl.ca/

https://nlcpt.com/

http://www.rnantnu.ca/

http://www.rnantnu.ca/

https://www.hss.gov.nt.ca/en/services/licensed-practical-nurse-licence

https://www.hss.gov.nt.ca/en/services/licensed-practical-nurse-licence

https://www.nscn.ca/

https://www.nscn.ca/

https://nsphysio.com/



Nunavut Registered nurses and nurse practitioners: Registered Nurses Association of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut

Licensed practical nurses: Government of Nunavut, Department of Health

Ontario College of Nurses of Ontario

Physiotherapists: College of Physiotherapists of Ontario


Registered nurses and nurse practitioners: College of Registered Nurses of Prince Edward Island

Licensed practical nurses: College of Licensed Practical Nurses of Prince Edward Island

Physiotherapists: Prince Edward Island College of Physiotherapy

Québec Registered nurses and nurse practitioners: Ordre des infirmières et infirmiers du Québec

Licensed practical nurses: Ordre des infirmières et infirmiers auxiliaires du Québec

Physiotherapists: Ordre professionnel de la physiothérapie du Québec

Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Registered Nurses Association

Licensed practical nurses: Saskatchewan Association of Licensed Practical Nurses

Registered psychiatric nurses: Registered Psychiatric Nurses Association of Saskatchewan

Physical Therapists: Saskatchewan College of Physical Therapists

Yukon Registered nurses and nurse practitioners: Yukon Registered Nurses Association

Licensed practical nurses and registered psychiatric nurses: Government of Yukon, Yukon Department of Community Services

Professional licensing: Government of Yukon


Nurses, physiotherapists, and paramedics all play integral roles in the healthcare system� According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, healthcare spending reached €168 billion ($264 billion) or 11�6% of Canada’s GDP in 2019�70% of Canadian health expenditures are public and 30% are private55�

As noted above, Canada’s healthcare system is provincially administered and operated locally or regionally within provinces�


55 Canadian Institute for Health Information, National Health Expenditure Trends�

https://www.rnantnu.ca/

https://www.rnantnu.ca/

https://www.gov.nu.ca/health/

http://www.cno.org/

https://www.collegept.org/

https://www.crnpei.ca/

https://www.crnpei.ca/

https://clpnpei.ca/

https://clpnpei.ca/

https://www.peicpt.com/

http://www.oiiq.org/

http://www.oiiq.org/

https://www.oiiaq.org/

https://oppq.qc.ca/en/

http://www.srna.org/

https://salpn.com/

https://www.rpnas.com/

https://www.rpnas.com/

https://www.scpt.org/index.html

http://www.yrna.ca/

https://yukon.ca/en/nursing-professions

https://yukon.ca/en/nursing-professions

https://yukon.ca/en/doing-business/

https://www.cihi.ca/en/national-health-expenditure-trends


3�14� Higher education services UN Classification CPC 923� Canada: Part of NOC 4011�

CETA Reservations Canada’s obligations are “unbound” in these sectors, meaning that it is not extending any type of market access. Entrants under Mode 4 in these professions are therefore subject to the LMIA process, as explained in a text box above�


Given that education is a provincial responsibility, each Canadian province has its own established system of higher education�

Most students in Canada are educated in public institutions� Quality assurance systems for these institutions may be managed by an organisation representing universities, an agency, a provincial government, or a combination of actors�

There is no over-arching system for accrediting professors� This tends to be done based on the professor’s subject matter expertise.

Two useful information resources in this regard are the Canadian Information Centre for International Credentials and Universities Canada�

There are also several provincial and regional associations for universities including the Council of Ontario Universities and the Association of Atlantic Universities (NB, NL, NS, PEI)


National Universities Canada

Alberta Ministry of Advanced Education

British Columbia Ministry of Advanced Education

Manitoba Ministry of Economic Development and Training

New Brunswick Ministry of Post-Secondary Education, Training and Labour


Department of Immigration, Skills and Labour


N/A

Nova Scotia Ministry of Higher Education and Training

Nunavut N/A

Ontario Ministry of Colleges and Universities


Higher Education Commission

Québec Ministry of Education, Higher Education and Research

Saskatchewan Ministry of Advanced Education

Yukon Department of Education


According to IBIS World, the post-secondary sector in Canada has a market value of €35�8 billion (US$44 billion)56� According to Eurostat, the EU exported €190.2 million in “education-related services” to Canada in 201957�

The University of Toronto, University of British Columbia (UBC), University of Montreal, University of Ottawa, University of Alberta, York University and McGill University are the nation’s largest post-secondary institutions�

56 IBIS World, Colleges and Universities in Canada�57 Eurostat, Database, 2021�

https://www.cicic.ca/

https://www.cicic.ca/

https://www.univcan.ca

https://cou.ca/

https://cou.ca/

https://www.atlanticuniversities.ca/

https://www.univcan.ca

https://www.alberta.ca/advanced-education.aspx

https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/governments/organizational-structure/ministries-organizations/ministries/advanced-education-skills-training

https://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/ald/index.html

https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/post-secondary_education_training_and_labour.html

https://www.gov.nl.ca/isl/

https://novascotia.ca/lae/EducationTraining.asp

https://www.ontario.ca/page/ministry-colleges-universities

https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/executive-council-office/maritime-provinces-higher-education-commission

http://www.education.gouv.qc.ca/en/home/

https://www.saskatchewan.ca/government/government-structure/ministries/advanced-education

https://yukon.ca/en/department-education

https://www.utoronto.ca/

https://www.ubc.ca/

https://www.umontreal.ca/en/

https://www.uottawa.ca/en

https://www.uottawa.ca/en

https://www.ualberta.ca/index.html

https://www.yorku.ca/

https://www.mcgill.ca/

https://www.ibisworld.com/canada/market-research-reports/colleges-universities-industry/



4. TIPS FOR EU BUSINESS

Canada is a complex but ultimately an excellent market in which to do business� Relatively predictable processes, high levels of business ethics and a well-functioning judiciary work strongly in Canada’s favour. Once one has invested the time to master its intricacies, it can be a world-class market� Some key tips would be:

• Federalism is an essential feature of Canadian administration. Given the country’s vast geography, different parts of the country may take different approaches in the regulatory arena. While the move toward regulatory alignment has made significant strides in recent years, the project to create a uniform Canadian market is far from complete. Firms should also make no assumptions about the portability of credentials to other jurisdictions within Canada. It is always better to verify the specifics in the target jurisdiction and learn the nuances.

• Canadians tend to trust their institutions and processes� Self-regulation works in many professions because there are formal and informal expectations of compliance. Seeking out certifications/accreditations that are internationally transferable and demonstrating a willingness to work constructively with Canadian professional bodies and regulators will take one a long way toward success�

• Do not assume that the Canadian market is like the US or other markets� The business culture is relatively conservative and much less litigious than the United States�

• Canadians are relatively open to foreigners� There is a basic consensus about the importance of immigration to Canada’s economic future� This means that many professions have developed detailed processes around credential recognition that are useful to non-immigrant entrants as well as those seeking a new life in Canada�

• The relationship between the federal government and First Nations (Aboriginal) communities is evolving� A key priority for the current government is “reconciliation” – the process of putting relations with the First Nations on a different footing while acknowledging past injustices. It is increasingly difficult to advance natural resources or certain other types of projects without First Nations buy-in� Careful and respectful engagement with First Nations, as relevant, is an increasingly important dimension of any successful project.

Federalism: The essential feature of Canadian governance

European firms preparing to do business in Canada must understand its federal character. Canada is one of the most decentralised countries in the world. The provinces have exclusive jurisdiction to regulate in an array of areas, including over an array of professional services� These range from engineers to veterinarians to dentists� The Canadian Constitution set forth the areas of exclusive federal, exclusive provincial and mixed jurisdiction. The federal government and the provinces have found it necessary over time to develop an internal free trade agreement within Canada to ensure a more coherent domestic market� This agreement entered into force on 1 July 2017� The workaround regulatory alignment is ongoing�

https://www.cfta-alec.ca/canadian-free-trade-agreement/


5. SUCCESS STORIES

5�1� Attached Language Intelligence: Translation from The Netherlands

Attached Language Intelligence is a Dutch translation and language intelligence company with a global clientele across numerous sectors such as airlines including KLM and Air France, along with hotel chains, loyalty programs, law firms and other international organisations� Attached is committed to not only translation but creating content that translates in a culturally relevant way for the reader across different nationalities and generations.

In 2019, they opened their second global office in Toronto, expanding from the Hague. Matthijs Kooijman, Commercial Director at Attached, credits in the expansion of both the efforts of Dutch trade officials but also Canadian programs such as Toronto Global, a foreign investment attraction agency, in which European professional services companies can unlock excellent opportunities to expand to Canada�

Mr. Kooijman also sees Toronto as an ideal city to work and settle, while serving as a gateway to the North American market and being an emerging tech hub, with strong talent opportunities and important conferences such as Collision�

What was also practical about expanding to Canada were time zones. The workday would be done in the Netherlands and unfinished tasks could be handed over to Toronto and vice-versa, helping to strengthen the global presence and commitment�

“Thanks to CETA, certified European translation professionals, such as those at Attached, have an easier and more welcoming environment in Canada to practise their profession at the same level with Canadians. Attached is looking to consolidate their Canadian location with more employee transfers and training between the Netherlands and Canada soon. CETA’s labour mobility provisions is certainly a welcomed development in encouraging these movements”.

Matthijs KooijmanCommercial Director, Attached Language Intelligence

5�2� MANDAWORKS: Swedish urban design crosses the AtlanticMANDAWORKS is a Swedish urban planning and landscape architecture firm that emphasises improving urban environments to make them more imaginative and socially centred for communities� Since their founding in 2010, they have both won and participated in numerous urban design initiatives in Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Germany, and China, among others, as well as Canada�

In 2019, MANDAWORKS established an office in Montreal as their first physical presence in North America. In 2020, they won their first urban design competition in Canada in a joint bid alongside the local firm Civility, to transform Montreal’s McGill College Avenue for the City of Montreal� Founder and owner, Mr� Martin Arfalk sees Canada as an ideal market to expand for European and especially Scandinavian urban designers�

Citing his Dutch partner Patrick Verhoeven, Mr� Arfalk sees both the Dutch and Swedish (and wider Scandinavian) understanding of urban architecture as ideal for Canadian needs and tastes, especially in rapidly growing cities like Toronto and Montreal� The European diversity of Mr� Arfalk’s team allows the Dutch understanding of minimal space, and the Scandinavian mindset of having a social aspect to urban design matches the needs of rapidly densifying Canadian cities and their demand for more social and nuanced spaces�

Canada and Sweden have in common the social aspects of urban planning and design, their views on democracy and understanding that cities are not built for a certain group of people, but that they must be organised more openly and inclusively�

“CETA enhances the right of European architects and urban planners to practice on the same level in Canada, which could encourage European professionals to bring their talents to a rapidly growing Canadian urban planning market”.

Martin Arfalk Founder and Owner, MANDAWORKS

https://attachedglobal.com/

https://www.mandaworks.com/


6. CONCLUSIONS

Free trade agreements like CETA offer great opportunities to the citizens and businesses of their member countries. Yet, as this paper has clearly shown, market access in free trade agreements is only the beginning� These provisions do not override domestic regulatory obligations, nor do they guarantee mutual recognition of credentials�

Professional and business services is a huge area of opportunity for European businesses, large and small, across all four modes of service delivery� A relative openness by Canada to the delivery of services digitally is an important advantage to Europeans, at a time when people cannot travel. Its openness to procurement by free trade agreement partners offers useful pathways to growth in Canada by smaller European companies� Canada also strongly believes in the importance of foreign direct investment� It is a large, resource-rich country with a small population� Foreign capital is therefore essential to Canada’s long-run economic growth�

Canada’s regulatory infrastructure is sophisticated and decentralised� Figuring out how this can be navigated is essential to success� EU embassies, consulates and chambers of commerce in Canada can help EU exporters to overcome the challenges of complexity� EU businesses should consider reaching out to their local branch of the Enterprise Europe Network� Please see Annex I for a complete list of these institutions in Canada, disaggregated by Member State� Ultimately, trade in business and professional services is primed for significant growth. This guide provides an overview of the market structure and main regulatory bodies and authorities to help EU businesses engaged in, or considering, trading in services with Canada�

https://een.ec.europa.eu/about/branches

42 CETA A GUIDE ON BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL SERVICES

ANNEX I� EU MEMBER STATES EMBASSIES, CONSULATES AND CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE IN CANADA22 THE CETA THEMED-REPORT ON MOBILITY OF PROFESSIONALS

EUROPEAN UNIONDelegation of the European Union to Canada150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 1900, K2P 1P1, Ottawa, Ontariohttps://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/[email protected] Tel. (1) 613 238 6464

European Union Chamber of Commerce in Canada (EUCCAN)622 College Street, Suite 201F, M6G 1B6, Toronto, Ontariohttps://euccan.com/[email protected]

European Union Chamber of Commerce in Canada-Westhttp://eu-canada.com/[email protected]

AUSTRIAAustrian Embassy in Ottawa445 Wilbrod Street, K1N 6M7, Ottawa, Ontariohttps://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/embassy/[email protected]. (1) 613 789 1444

Austrian Honorary Consulate General in Toronto30 St. Clair Avenue West Suite 1402, M4V 3A1, Toronto, [email protected] Tel. (1) 416 967 4867

Austrian Honorary Consulate General Toronto – Commercial SectionAdvantage Austria30 St. Clair Avenue West Suite 1402, M4V 3A1,Toronto, [email protected]://www.advantageaustria.org/caTel. (1) 416 967 3348

BELGIUM Belgian Embassy in Ottawa60 Albert Street, 8th floor, Suite 820, K1R 7X7, Ottawa, Ontariohttp://canada.diplomatie.belgium.be/[email protected]. (1) 613 236 7267

Belgian Consulate General in Montreal1000, rue Sherbrooke Ouest - Suite 1400, H3A 3G4, Montrealhttps://canada.diplomatie.belgium.be/[email protected] Tel. (1) 514 849 7394

Belgian Chamber of Commerce (Belgian Canadian Business Chamber)508-161 Bay Street, 27th Fl, M5J 2S1, Toronto,Ontariohttp://[email protected]. (1) 416 816 9154

Cercle d’Affaires Belgique-QuébecC/O Consulat Général du Royaume de Belgique à Montréalhttps://cabq.ca/[email protected]

Agence wallonne à l’Exportation et aux Investissements Etrangers - Montréal1250 René-Levesque Ouest - Bureau 4115Montréal, QC H3B 4W8 [email protected]. (1) 514 939 4049

Agence wallonne pour l’Exportation (AWEX) – TorontoConsulate General of Belgium – TradeCommission2 Bloor Street West, Suite 2508 Box 86Toronto-Ontario ON M4W 3E2https://www.awex-export.be/fr/contacts/conseillers-economiques-et-commerciaux/

[email protected] Tel. (1) 416 515 7777

Flanders Investment and Trade - Montréal 1000 Rue Sherbrooke Ouest, suite 1400Montréal, QC - H3A 3G4https://www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com/en/contact/foreign-offices/[email protected]. (1) 514 289 9955

Hub.Brussels - Montréal1010 Sherbrooke Ouest - Bureau 2404 Montréal, QC H3A 2R7 [email protected]. (1) 514 286 1581

Hub.Brussels - VancouverConsulate General of Belgium Brussels Capital Region Office in Vancouver221 West Esplanade (Suite 412)North Vancouver, BC, V7M [email protected]. (1) 604 770 3505

BULGARIA Bulgarian Embassy in Ottawa325 Stewart Street, K1N 6K5, Ottawa, Ontario http://www.mfa.bg/embassies/canada [email protected]. (1) 613 789 3215

Bulgarian Consulate General in Toronto65 Overlea Blvd, Suite 230, ON M4H 1P1, Torontohttps://www.bgconsultoronto.info/[email protected] Tel. (1) 416 696 2420

Bulgarian Chamber of Commerce (Canada Bulgaria Business Network)6 Hillholm Rd #1, M5P 1M2, Toronto, Ontario

http://www.canadabulgaria.com/[email protected]

Canada-Bulgaria Business Council 1, Westmount Square, suite 1110, Montreal, Quebec, H3Z 2P9http://www.cabg.ca/[email protected]

CROATIA Croatian Embassy in Ottawa229 Chapel St, K1N 7Y6, Ottawa, Ontariohttp://ca.mvep.hr/en/[email protected]. (1) 613 562 7820

Croatian Consulate General in Mississauga918 Dundas Street East, Suite 302, L4Y 2B8, Mississauga, Ontariohttp://ca.mvep.hr/en/[email protected] Tel. (1) 905 277 9051

Croatian Chamber of Commerce630 The East Mall, M9B 4B1, Etobicoke, Ontariohttps://croat.ca/[email protected]. (1) 416 641 2829

CYPRUSCyprus Embassy in Ottawa150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 1002, K2P 1P1, Ottawa, Ontariohttp://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/consulate/consulate_toronto.nsf/dmlindex_en/[email protected]. (1) 613 563 9763

Table 10. EU Member States Embassies, Consulates and Chambers of Commerce in Canada

43CETA A GUIDE ON BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL SERVICES 23THE CETA THEMED-REPORT ON MOBILITY OF PROFESSIONALS

Cyprus Honorary Consulate in Coquitlam435 Donald Street, V3K 3Z9, Coquitlam, British Columbiahttp://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/consulate/consulate_toronto.nsf/dmlconscanada_en/[email protected] Tel. (1) 604 936 2268

Cyprus Chamber of Commerce38, Grivas Dhigenis Ave., Deligiorgis Str., PO Box 21455, 1509 Nicosiahttps://ccci.org.cy/[email protected]. (357) 22 889800

CZECH REPUBLIC Czech Embassy in Ottawa251 Cooper Street, K2P 0G2, Ottawa, Ontariohttp://www.mzv.cz/ottawa/en/[email protected]. (1) 613 562 3875

Consulate General of the Czech Republic2 Bloor Street West, Suite 1500, M4W 3E2, Toronto, Ontariowww.mzv.cz/[email protected] Tel. (1) 416 972 1476

Czech Business Association of Canada300-340 Midpark Way SE, T2X 1P1, Calgary,Alberta,http://www.cbaconline.ca/Tel. (1) 403 264 5150

DENMARK Danish Embassy in Ottawa47 Clarence Street, Suite 450, K1N 9K1, Ottawa, Ontariohttp://canada.um.dk/[email protected]. (1) 613 562 1811

Danish Trade Council in Toronto2 Bloor Street West, Suite 2120,M4W 3E2Toronto, Ontariohttps://canada.um.dk/en/the-trade-council/[email protected]. (1) 416 962 5661

Danish Canadian Chamber of Commerce2 Bloor Street West, Suite 2109, M4W 3E2, Toronto, Ontariohttps://[email protected]

ESTONIAEstonian Embassy in Ottawa260 Dalhousie Street, Suite 210, K1N 7E4 , Ottawa, Ontariohttps://vm.ee/en/[email protected]. (1) 613 789 4222

Estonian Consulate in Toronto958 Broadview Avenue, Suite 202, M4K 2R6, Toronto, [email protected]. (1) 416 461 0764

Estonian Chamber of Commercec/o 956 Broadview Avenue, M4K 2R4, Toronto, Ontariohttp://canestchamber.com/[email protected]

FINLAND Finland Embassy in Ottawa55 Metcalfe Street, Suite 850, K1P 6L5, Ottawa, Ontariohttps://finlandabroad.fi/web/can/[email protected] Tel. (1) 613 288 2233

Honorary Consulate of Finland in Toronto1200 Bay Street, Suite 301, M5R 2A5, Toronto, [email protected] Tel. (1) 416 964 0066

Finnish Chamber of Commerce191 Eglinton Avenue East, M4P 1K1, Toronto, Ontariohttps://canadafinlandcc.com/[email protected]. (1) 905 464 2296

FRANCEFrench Embassy in Ottawa42 Sussex Drive, K1M 2C9, Ottawa, Ontariohttps://ca.ambafrance.org/[email protected]. (1) 613 789 1795

Consulate General of France in Toronto2 Bloor Street East, Suite 2200, M4W 1A8, Toronto, Ontariohttps://toronto.consulfrance.org/[email protected]. (1) 416 847 1900

Consulate General of France in Vancouver1130 W Pender St Suite 1100, Vancouver, BC V6E 4A4https://vancouver.consulfrance.org/Tel. (1) 604 637 5300

Consulate General of France in MontrealBureau 1000, 10ème étage1501 Mc Gill CollègeMontréal (QC) H3A 3M8https://montreal.consulfrance.org/Tel. (1) 514 878 4385

Consulate General of France in Quebec City500 Grande Allée E11e étage, Québec, QC G1R 2J7https://quebec.consulfrance.org/Tel. (1) 418 266 2500

Consulate General of France in Moncton777 Main St Suite 800,Moncton, NB E1C 1E9https://moncton.consulfrance.org/Tel. (1) 506 857 4191

France Canada Chamber of Commerce - Toronto2 Bloor Street East, Suite 2200, M4W 1A8, Toronto, Ontariohttp://[email protected]

France Canada Chamber of Commerce - Montreal1455, rue Drummond, bureau 2BMontréal (Québec) H3G 1W3, Canadahttps://www.ccifcmtl.ca/Tel. (1) 514 281 3200

GERMANYGerman Embassy in Ottawa1 Waverley Street, K2P 0T8, Ottawa, Ontario [email protected]. (1) 613 232 1101

German Consulate General in Montreal 1250 Bd René Levesque O #4315, H3B 4W8, Montréal, Québechttps://canada.diplo.de/[email protected] Tel. (1) 514 931 2277

German Consulate General in Toronto2 Bloor St E, Toronto, ON M4W 1A8 https://canada.diplo.de/[email protected]. (1) 416 925 2813

German Consulate General in Vancouver 999 Canada Place, Suite 704Vancouver, B.C.V6C 3E1 Canada

44 CETA A GUIDE ON BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL SERVICES24 THE CETA THEMED-REPORT ON MOBILITY OF PROFESSIONALS

https://Canada.diplo.de/[email protected]. (1) 604 684 8377

German Chamber of Commerce480 University Avenue, Suite 1500, M5G 1V2, Toronto, [email protected]. (1) 416 598 3355

Germany Trade and Invest – Toronto480 University Avenue, Suite 1500, M5G 1V2, Toronto, Ontariohttps://www.gtai.de/gtai-en/invest/service/toronto-office-75352.pdfTel. (1) 416 598 8813

GREECEGreek Embassy in Ottawa80 MacLaren Street, Ottawa, ON, K2P 0K6 https://www.mfa.gr/canada/presveia [email protected]Τel. (1) 613 238 6271

Office for Economic and Commercial Affairs 80 MacLaren Street, Ottawa, ON, K2P 0K6 http://www.agora.mfa.gr/ta-grafeia-oikonomikon-emporikon-upotheseon/grafeia-ana-xora/office/[email protected]Τel. (1) 613 238 6271 ext. 105

General Consulate of Greece in Toronto 1075 Bay Street, suite 600, Toronto, ON M5S 2B1 https://www.mfa.gr/canada/[email protected]; [email protected]Τel. (1) 416 515 0132

Office for Economic and Commercial Affairs 1075 Bay Street, suite 600, Toronto, ON M5S 2B1 http://www.agora.mfa.gr/ta-grafeia-oikonomikon-emporikon-upotheseon/grafeia-ana-xora/office/845

[email protected] Τel. (1) 416 515 0132 ext. 8222

General Consulate of Greece in Montreal1002 Sherbrooke Ouest, Suite 2620, Montreal, QC, H3A 3L6https://www.mfa.gr/canada/[email protected]; [email protected]. (1) 514 875 2119

General Consulate of Greece in Vancouver688 West Hastings Str, Suite 500, Vancouver, BC, V6B 1P1https://www.mfa.gr/canada/[email protected]@mfa.gr Τel. (1) 604 681 1381

Hellenic Canadian Board of Trade (EUCCAN member)[email protected]@hcbt.com

Hellenic Board of Trade of Metropolitan Montreal 381 St-Antoine West, Suite 6000, Montreal, Quebec, H2Y 3X7http://[email protected]

HUNGARYEmbassy of Hungary in Ottawa299 Waverley St., K2P 0V9, Ottawa, Ontariohttps://ottawa.mfa.gov.hu/[email protected]. (1) 613 230 2717

Consulate General of Hungary in Toronto175 Bloor Street East, Suite 1109, South Tower, M4W 3R4, Toronto, Ontariohttps://toronto.mfa.gov.hu/[email protected]. (1) 647 349 2550

Vice Consulate of Hungary in Vancouver 808 Nelson Street, Suite #701, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2H2 (Mail Box #12131)[email protected]. (1) 604 258 9658

HEPA Hungarian Export Promotion Agency – Regional Office Canada8750 Jane St. unit 12, L4K 0E7, Concord, [email protected]. (1) 877 203 9548

IRELANDIrish Embassy in OttawaVarette Building, 130 Albert St, K1P 5G4, Ottawa, Ontariohttps://www.dfa.ie/irish-embassy/canada/about-us/[email protected]. (1) 613 233 6281

Consulate General of Ireland in Vancouver1300-1095 West Pender Street Vancouver, BC, Canada V6E 2M6, Vancouver, British Columbiahttps://www.dfa.ie/irish-consulate/vancouver/Tel. (1) 236 521 7300

Ireland Canada Chamber of Commerce Vancouver101-1001 West Broadway, Suite 164,Vancouver, British Columbiahttps://icccvan.ca/[email protected]. (1) 604 730 7883

Ireland Canada Chamber of Commerce Torontohttp://www.icccto.com/[email protected]

Ireland Canada Chamber of Commerce Ottawahttps://icccott.ca/[email protected]. (1) 613 219 7654

Ireland Canada Chamber of Commerce Montreal630 Sherbrooke Street West,Suite 210, Montreal QC H3A 1E4https://icccmtl.com/en/[email protected]. (1) 514 289 9289

Ireland-Canada Center of Commerce Calgaryhttps://www.iccccal.com/[email protected]. (1) 403 441 8800

ITALYEmbassy of Italy in Ottawa275 Slater St, suite 2100, K1P 5H9, Ottawa, Ontario http://www.ambottawa.esteri.it/ambasciata_ ottawa/[email protected]. (1) 613 232 2401

Consulate General of Italy in Toronto136 Beverley Street, M5T 1Y5, Toronto, Ontario https://constoronto.esteri.it/Consolato_ Toronto/it/[email protected] Tel. (1) 416 977 1566

Consulate General of Italy in Montreal3489 Drummond Street, H3G 1X6, Montréal, Québec https://consmontreal.esteri.it/consolato_ montreal/it/[email protected]. (1) 514 849 8351

Consulate General of Italy in Vancouver Standard Building1100-510 West Hastings Street, V6B 1L8, Vancouver, British Columbiahttps://consvancouver.esteri.it/consolato_ vancouver/it/[email protected]. (1) 604 684 7288

45CETA A GUIDE ON BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL SERVICES 25THE CETA THEMED-REPORT ON MOBILITY OF PROFESSIONALS

ITA/ICE - Italian Trade AgencyToronto Office480 University, Suite 800, M5G 1V2,Toronto, Ontario https://www.ice.it/it/mercati/canada/toronto [email protected]. (1) 416 598 1555Tel. (1) 416 598 1566

ITA/ICE- Italian Trade AgencyMontréal Office1000 Rue Sherbrooke Ouest, suite 1720, H3A 3G4, Montréal, Québechttps://www.ice.it/it/mercati/canada/[email protected]. (1) 514 284 0265

Italian Chamber of Commerce of Ontario 622 College Street Suite, 201F, M6G 1B6, Toronto, Ontariohttps://[email protected]. (1) 416 789 7169

Italian Chamber of Commerce in Canada 550, rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Bureau 1150, H3A 1B9 Montreal, Québec https://italchamber.qc.ca/[email protected]. (1) 514 844 4249

Italian Chamber of Commerce in West Canada Vancouver office889 West Pender Street, Suite 703, V6C 3B2, Vancouver, British Columbia http://www.iccbc.com/[email protected]. (1) 604 682 1410

Italian Chamber of Commerce in West Canada Calgary office307 -1324 11th Avenue SW, T3C 0M6 Calgary, Alberta http://www.iccbc.com/[email protected]. (1) 403 283 0453

LATVIALatvian Embassy in Ottawa350 Sparks St, K1R 7S8, Ottawa, Ontariohttp://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/[email protected]. (1) 613 238 6014

Consulate General of Latvia in Montreal3955 Latvian Centre Provost Lachine, H8T 1M1, Montreal, Qué[email protected]@sympatico.caTel. (1) 514 422 0562

Consulate General of Latvia in TorontoLatvian Canadian Cultural Centre, 4 Credit Union Drive, Toronto, ON, M4A [email protected]. (1) 416 301 8353

Consulate General of Latvia in Vancouver830 Kenwood Road, West Vancouver, British Columbia, V7S 1S9, [email protected]. (1) 604 764 61 10

Consulate General of Latvia in Halifax525 Tower Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 2X4,[email protected]. (1) 902 425 04 15

Consulate General of Latvia in Edmonton9308 - 82 Street NW, Edmonton AB T6C 2X5, [email protected]. (1) 780 468 27 28

Consulate General of Latvia in Sudbury144 Kuusisto Road, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 4N1, [email protected]. (1) 705 929 0871

Latvian Chamber of Commerce (Latvian Canada Business Council)4 Credit Union Drive, M4A 2N8, Toronto, Ontario

http://www.latcan.org/[email protected]. (1) 705 656 3541

LITHUANIALithuanian Embassy in Ottawa150 Metcalfe St #1600, K2P 1P1, Ottawa, Ontariohttps://ca.mfa.lt/ca/en/[email protected]. (1) 613 567 5458

Lithuanian Honorary Consulate in Toronto1573 Bloor Street West, M6P 1A6, Toronto, [email protected] Tel. (1) 416 538 2992

LUXEMBOURG Luxembourg Embassy in Washington (also accredited to Canada)2200 Massachusetts Avenue N.W.Washington, D.C. 20008https://washington.mae.lu/[email protected]. (1) 202 265 4171

Luxembourg Honorary Consulate in Ottawa251 Laurier Avenue West, Suite 900K1P 5J6 Ottawa, Ontariohttps://maee.gouvernement.lu/fr/missions-diplomatiques/missions-diplomatiques-et-consulaires-luxembourgeoises.htmlottawa@consul-hon.luTel. (1) 613 751 4472

Luxembourg Honorary Consulate in Toronto350 Front Street West, 2d FloorM5V 3Bs Toronto, [email protected]. (1) 613 755 4091

Luxembourg Honorary Consulate in VancouverHungerford Tomyn Lawrenson and Nils. Barristers & Solicitors

1100 Cathedral Place 925 West Georgia Street V6C 3L2 [email protected]. (1) 604 408 5616

MALTA Malta Consulate General in Toronto3300 Bloor St W, M8X 2X3, Etobicoke, Ontariohttps://foreignandeu.gov.mt/mt/Pages/[email protected] Tel. (1) 416 207 0922

NETHERLANDSDutch Embassy in Ottawa350 Albert Street, Suite 2020, K1R 1A4, Ottawa, Ontario, Canadawww.netherlandsandyou.nl/[email protected]. (1) 613 237 5031

Dutch Consulate General in Toronto1 Dundas Street West, Suite 2106, M5G 1Z3, Toronto, Ontario, Canadawww.netherlandsandyou.nl/[email protected] Tel. (1) 416 598 2534

Netherlands Consulate General in Vancouver595 Burrard Street, Suite 883, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canadawww.netherlandsandyou.nl/[email protected] Tel. (1) 604 684 6448

POLAND Polish Embassy in Ottawa443 Daly Ave, K1N 6H3, Ottawa, Ontariohttp://[email protected]. (1) 613 789 0468

46 CETA A GUIDE ON BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL SERVICES26 THE CETA THEMED-REPORT ON MOBILITY OF PROFESSIONALS

Polish Consulate General in Vancouver1177 West Hastings Street, Suite 1600, V6E 2K3, Vancouver, British [email protected] Tel. (1) 604 688 3458

Polish Chamber of Commerce2680 Matheson Boulevard East, Suite 102, L4W 0A5, Mississauga, Ontariohttp://www.canada-poland.com/Tel. (1) 416 871 1938

Polish Foreign Trade OfficePolish Investment and Trade Agency438 University Avenue Suite 1810 Toronto, Ontario M5G [email protected]

Consulate General of the Republic of Poland in Toronto 2603 Lake Shore Blvd. WestToronto, ON M8V 1G5http://www.gov.pl/[email protected]. (1) 416 252 5471

PORTUGALPortuguese Embassy in Ottawa645 Island Park Dr, K1Y 0B8, Ottawa, Ontariohttps://www.otava.embaixadaportugal.mne.pt/en/[email protected]. (1) 613 729 0883

Consulate General of Portugal in Montreal2020 Robert-Bourassa Boulevard, Suite 2425, H3A 2A5Montréal, QChttps://[email protected]. (1) 514 499 0359

Consulate General of Portugal in Toronto438 University Avenue, Suite 1400, box 41, Toronto, ON M5G 2K8 Canada

https://www.toronto.consuladoportugal.mne.pt/pt/[email protected] Tel. (1) 416 217 0971

Consulate General of Portugal in Vancouver 920-925 West Georgia Street, Vancouver, BC, V6C 3L2https://www.vancouver.consuladoportugal. mne.pt/pt/[email protected]. (1) 604 688 6514

Aicep Portugal GlobalTrade & Investment Agency438 University Avenue, Suite 1400 - Toronto - ON M5G 2K8 http://portugalglobal.pt/EN/Pages/[email protected] Tel. (1) 416 934 7444

ROMANIARomanian Embassy in Ottawa655 Rideau St, K1N 6A3, Ottawa, Ontariohttps://[email protected]. (1) 613 789 3709

Romanian General ConsulateSuite 855, 555 Burrard Street, Two Bentall Centre, V7X 1M8, Vancouver, British Columbiahttp://vancouver.mae.ro/[email protected] Tel. (1) 604 633 0986

Romanian Chamber of Commerce111 Peter Street, M5V 2H1 [email protected]. (1) 416 913 7222

SLOVAKIASlovak Embassy in Ottawa50 Rideau Terrace, K1M 2A2, Ottawa, Ontariohttps://www.mzv.sk/web/ottawa-en/[email protected]

Tel. (1) 613 749 4442

SLOVENIASlovenian Embassy in Ottawa 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 2200, K2P 1P1 Ottawa, Ontario http://www.ottawa.veleposlanistvo.si/ [email protected] Tel. (1) 613 565 5781

Slovenian Consulate General in Toronto 5096 South Service Road, Suite 102, L7L 5H4 Burlington, Ontario [email protected] Tel. (1) 416 201 8307

Slovenian Consulate in Moncton 53 Emerald Road E1H 2E3 Irishtown, New Brunswick [email protected] Tel. (1) 506 383 1246

Slovenian Consulate in Vancouver 5361 Montiverdi Place, V7W 2W8 West Vancouver, British Columbia [email protected] Tel. (1) 778 279 0277

Slovenian Chamber of Commerce 5096 South Service Road, Suite 102, L7L 5H4 Burlington, Ontario https://[email protected] Tel. (1) 289 787 0593

SPAINSpanish Embassy in Ottawa74 Stanley Ave, K1M 1P4, Ottawa, Ontariohttp://[email protected]. (1) 613 747 2252

Spanish Consulate in Toronto2 Bloor Street East, Suite 1201, ON M4W 1A8, Toronto, Ontario

http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Consulados/TORONTO/en/Consulado/Pages/[email protected] Tel. (1) 416 977 1661

General Consulate of Spain in Montreal1200 Avenue McGill College, Suite 2025Montréal, Québec [email protected]. (1) 514 935 5235

Spanish Economic and Commercial Office in Ottawa130 Albert St. Suite 1511. Ottawa, ON K1P [email protected]. (1) 613 236 0409

Spanish Economic and Commercial Office in Toronto170 University Avenue. Suite 700Toronto, ON, M5H [email protected]. (1) 416 967 0488

SWEDENSwedish Embassy in Ottawa377 Dalhousie Street, Suite 305, K1N 9N8, Ottawa, Ontariohttps://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/canada-ottawa/contact/[email protected]. (1) 613 244 8200

Business Sweden2 Bloor Street West, Unit 2120, M4W 3E2, Toronto, Ontariohttps://www.business-sweden.com/markets/americas/canada/Tel.(1) 416 922 8152

Swedish-Canadian Chamber of Commerce2 Bloor Street West, Unit 2109, M4W 3E2, Toronto, Ontariohttps://www.sccc.ca/[email protected]. (1) 416 925 8661

The European Union www.europa.eu

The European Commission www.ec.europa.eu

Delegation of the European Union to Canada www�eeas�europa�eu/delegations/canada

This guide has been commissioned by the EU Delegation to Canada in the context of the CETA Market Access for EU business project funded by the Partnership Instrument of the EU�

It has been developed by Eric Miller, Founder and President of Rideau Potomac Strategy Group�

The content of this publication does not reflect the official opinion of the European Union� Responsibility for the information and views expressed therein lies entirely with the author(s)� Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged�

The reuse policy of European Commission documents is regulated by Decision 2011/833/EU (OJ L 330, 12�12�2011, p�39)�

© European Union, 2021

This cover has been designed using resources from Unsplash�com

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