CESSF L U UT - Universal Tutorials · Volume Universal Tutorials – X CBSE – Sanskrit mRrjkf.k ¼ljko ijh{kk½ ----- 182 6. lk/kqo`fRra lekpjsr~ ----- 184

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X - CBSE - SANSKRIT

vuqØef.kdk

Volume Universal Tutorials – X CBSE – Sanskrit

vuqØef.kdk [k.M% ^d* vifBr&vocks/kue~ -------------------------------------------------------- 1

Xk|kRed % [k.M% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1

mRrjkf.k ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20

[k.M% ^[k* jpukRede~ dk;Ze~ ------------------------------------------------------ 25 1- i=ys[kue~ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 2- vuqPNsn ys[kue~ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 3- fp=k/kkfjr o.kZue~ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 4. lafeJ vH;kl ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 mRrjkf.k ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 47

[k.M% ^x* vuqiz;qDr O;kdj.ke~ ---------------------------------------------------- 57 1- Hkoku~ iwoZKkua ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57 2. lfU/k ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63 3- lekl ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75 4- izR;; ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 90 5- vO;;kfu ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 101 6- okP; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 108 7- le; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 114 8. v'kqf) la'kks/kue~ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 118 9- ¼i½ lafeJ vH;kl- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 123 10- ¼ii½ LkafeJ vH;kl ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 125 11- ¼iii½ LkafeJ vH;kl ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 127 mRrjkf.k ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 128

[k.M% ^?k* ifBrka'k&vocks/kue~ -------------------------------------------------- 141 1. ok³~e;a ri% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 141 2- vkKk xq:.kka fg vfopkj.kh;k -------------------------------------------------------------- 147 3- fda fde~ mikns;e~\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 155 4. ukfLr R;kxlee~ lq[ke~ ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 161 5- vH;klo’kxa eu% --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 169 lafeJ vH;kl ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 175

ljko iz'ui=e~ ¼izFke l=h;½ ---------------------------------------------------- 177

Volume Universal Tutorials – X CBSE – Sanskrit

mRrjkf.k ¼ljko ijh{kk½ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 182

6. lk/kqo`fRra lekpjsr~ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 184 7. je.kh;k fg l`f”V% ,”kk --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 192 8. fr:Ddqjy~&lwfDr&lkSjHke~ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 200 9. jk”Vªa laj{;eso fg --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 205 10. lqLokxra Hkks! v:.kkpys· fLeu~ ----------------------------------------------------------- 216 11. dkyks·ge~ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 224 lafeJ vH;kl ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 230

mRrjkf.k ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 232

ljko iz'ui=e~ ¼f}rh; l=½ ------------------------------------------------------ 246 mRrjkf.k ¼ljko ijh{kk½ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 254

[k.M% d vifBr&vocks/kue~ 1

Volume Universal Tutorials – X CBSE – Sanskrit 1

[k.M% ^d* vifBr&vocks/kue~

Xk|kRed % [k.M%

Ikz’uizdkjk%&

i½ ,dinsu mRrjr A ii½ iw.kZokD;su vocks/kukReda dk;Ze~ A iii½ Hkkf”kZd dk;kZ; rRRokfu A a½ okD;s dr`Z inp;ue~ (Subject) b½ fØ;kin (Verb) c½ fo’ks”k.k & fo’ks”; & p;ue~ (Adjective - Noun) d½ loZuke (Pronoun) e½ Ik;kZ; & (Synonym) foyksein (Antonym) p;ue~ iv½ ‘kh”kZdA (Title) mnkgj.k%

iz-1½ vifBr x|ka’ka ifBRok iz’uku~ mRrjr A

1½ dsfUnz;ek/;fedf’k{kklaxBusu ewY;kVuk; ,dk uohuk ;kstuk ifjpkfyrkA vu;k ;kstu;k Nk=L; lrra O;kida ewY;kVua fØ;rsA Nk=k.kka eufl v/kquk ijh{kk;k% —rs Hk;e~ ,o ukfLrA lrra

;ksX;rk;k% vk/kkjs.k ,o ifj.kkeL; vkdyua Hkfo”;frA O;ofLFkrsH;% Nk=sH;% rq ,rr~ ojnkue~ ,oA

Nk=sH;% ckSf)dijh{k.ksu lg rL; ‘kkjhfjd&ekufld&lkaL—frd&lkekftd&rduhdhijh{k.ke~ vfi

Hkfo”;frA vu;k Nk=% lkewfgd:is.k dk;Za drqZa leFkZ% Hkfo”;frA Nk=L; lokZXh.k fodklk; bZn`’kh ;kstuk vko’;dhA ,rr~ rq lqfuf’preso ,”kk ;kstuk f’k{kka uohuLo:ia iznkL;frA

I) ,dinsu mRrjr A

i) ;kstu;k dL; lrra O;kida ewY;kVua fØ;rs\

ii) Nk=k.kka eufl dL;k% Hk;a ukfLr\

iii) ,”kk ;kstuk dka uohuLo:ia iznkL;fr\

iv) uohuk ;kstuk dsu ifjpkfyrk\

II) iw.kZokD;su mRrjr A

i) vu;k ;kstu;k Nk=% dFka dk;Za drqZa leFkZ% Hkfo”;fr\

ii) ifj.kkeL; vkdyua dFka Hkfo”;fr\

III) v/kksfyf[krs”kq fodYis”kq leqfpre~ mRrja fpRok fy[kr A

i) ^dnkfpr~* bfr inL; foykseina x|ka’ks fda iz;qDre~\

d½ ,rr~ [k½ lrre~ x½ Hk;e~ ?k½ O;kide~

2

2 Universal Tutorials – X CBSE – Sanskrit Volume

ii) ^Hkfo”;fr* bfr fØ;kinL; dr`Zina fde~\ d½ ojnkue~ [k½ vkdyue~ x½ ewY;kVue~ ?k½ ojnkue~

iii) ^Nk=sH;%* bfr inL; fo’ks”k.kina x|ka’ks fda iz;qDre~\ d½ ckSf)d ijh{k.ksu [k½ O;ofLFkrsH;% x½ ckydsH;% ?k½ p†pysH;% iv) vu;k Nk=% lkewfgd:is.k v= ^vu;k* bfr loZukeina dL;S iz;qDre~\ d½ uohuk;S [k½ ;kstuk;S

x½ ijh{kk;S ?k½ mi;qZDrklq u dFkk vfi

IV) mfpre~ ‘kh”kZde~ x|ka’ka fy[kr A

Class Work – Exercise:

1½ dkfynklL; uke dks u tkukfrA egkdos% u dsoya Hkkjro”ksZ vfirq leLrs Hkwrys egrh izflf)%A v;a fg dfodqyxq:% dF;rsA vkaXy ns’kokflu% ra ^’ksDlih;j* bfr dFk;fUrA bVyhns’kokflu% rL; rqyuka

Lodh; nkUrs o ftaykH;ka lg dqoZfUrA teZuh ns’kokflu% rq re~ fo’odfoa LohdqoZfUrA

,”k% dfo% dnk dq= p vHkor~ bfr Li”V:is.k dFkf;rqa u ‘kDuqe%A ijesrr~ dF;rs ;r~ v;e~ egkjktL; foØekfnR;L; uojRus”kq loZJs”B% dfo% vklhr~A vL; egkdos% fo”k;s ,dk tuJqfr% Jqrk

;r~ l% tUeuk egkew[kZ% vklhr~A dsfpr~ /kwrkZ% if.Mrk% rL; d;kfi fookga fonq”;k jktdU;;k lg

vdkj;u~A

vL; —rhuka Hkk”kk rq vrho ljyk] lqdkseyk LokHkkfodh pkfLrA dkfynkl% laL—rHkk”kk;k% xkSjoe~]

HkkjrL; dohuka xkSjoe~ Hkkjrh; laL—rs% p xkSjoe~ vfLrA

I) ,dinsu mRrjrA

i) ds dkfynkla ^’ksDlih;j* bfr dFk;fUr\ ii) dkfynkl% dL;k% Hkk”kk;k% xkSjoe~ vfLr\ iii) dkfynkl% dL; uojRus”kq x.;rs\ iv) teZuhns’kokflu% ra fda LohdqoZfUr\ II) iw.kZokD;su mRrjrA

i) dkfynklL; —rhuka Hkk”kk dhn`’kh vfLr\

ii) egkdos% fo”k;s dhn`’kh tuJqfr% orZrs\ III) v/kksfyf[krs”kq fodYis”kq leqfpre~ mRrja fpRok fy[kr A

i) ^vdkj;u~* bfr fØ;kinL; fda dr`Zine~\ d½ vkaXyns’kokflu% [k½ bVyhns’kokflu% x½ if.Mrk% ?k½ foØekfnR;%

ii) îzflf)%* bfr inL; fda fo’ks”k.kina x|ka’ks fde~ iz;qDre~\ d½ dkfynkl% [k½ lalkjs x½ xkSjoe~ ?k½ egrh

iii) ^fda onfUr* bfr inL; Ik;kZ;ina x|ka’ks fde~ iz;qDre~\ d½ LohdqoZfUr [k½ dFk;fUr x½ tuJqfr% ?k½ izflf)

iv) ^v;e~ egkjktL; loZJs”B% dfo% vklhr~ bfr okD; ^v;e~* loZukeina dLEkS iz;qDre~\ d½ foØekfnR; [k½ Hkkjrns’kk; x½ uojRusH;% ?k½ dkfynklk;

IV) mfpre~ ‘kh”kZde~ x|ka’ka fy[kr A



2) vFk fujUrja o/kZekusu iznw”k.ksu ekuotkfr% fofo/kS% jksxS% vkØkUrk n`’;rsA oSKkfudk% vL;k%

iznw”k.kleL;k;k% lek/kkus fnokfu’ka iz;rUrsA fdUrq ;kon~ ns’kL; turk Ik;kZoj.kL; j{k.ks —rladYik

u Hkfo”;fr] rkon~ b;a leL;k rFkSo LFkkL;frA tuS% lE;x~ KkrO;a ;r~ Ik;kZoj.kL; j{k.ks vLekda

j{k.ka Hkfo”;frA ,rnFkZe~ LFkkus&LFkkus o`{kk% jksi.kh;k%] oukuka Nsnua jksn~/kO;e~A iou% ‘kq)% Hkosr~ rnFkZa

iz;Ru% dj.kh;%A

I½ ,dinsu mRrjrA&

i) fujUrja o/kZekusu iznw”k.ksu dk fofo/kS% jksxS% vkØkUrk n`’;rs\

d½ tkfr% [k½ ekuork x½ ekuotkfr% ?k½ vkØkUrk

ii) ds iznw”k.kleL;k;k% lek/kkus fnokfu’ka iz;rUrs\ d½ oSKkfudk% [k½ tuk% x½ o`{kk% ?k½ vL;k%

iii) dL; j{k.ks vLekda j{k.ka Hkfo”;fr\ d½ ekuoL; [k½ ekuotkrs% x½ Ik;kZoj.kL; ?k½ o`{kL;

iv) ds”kka Nsnua jksn~/kO;e~\ d½ o`{kk.kke~ [k½ oukuke~ x½ ns’kkuke~ ?k½ jksxk.kke~

II½ iw.kZokD;su mRrjr&

i) tuS% lE;x~ fde~ KkrO;e~\

ii) fdeFkZe~ iz;Ru% dj.kh;%\ III½ v/kksfyf[krs”kq fodYis”kq leqfpre~ mRrja fpRok fy[kr A

i) ^KkrO;a* bR;L; ‘kCnL; izR;;% fy[;rke~A

d½ rO;r~ [k½ erqi~ x½ Dr ?k½ ‘kkup~

ii) îz;RkUrs* fØ;kinL; dr`Zina fde~\ d½ oSKkfudk% [k½ tuk% x½ o`{kk% ?k½ Nk=k%

iii) ^fofo/kS% jksxS%* bR;Uk;ks% ‘kCn;ks% fo’ks”k.ka fde~\ d½ jksxS% [k½ jksx x½ fofo/k ?k½ fofo/kS%

iv) ^rjo%* bR;= Ik;kZ;ine~ fde~ \

d½ o`{kk% [k½ iq”ikf.k x½ Qykfu ?k½ xhrkfu

3) eks{k% prqFkZ% iq#”kkFkZ%A lkekU;r;k euq”;% /keZ&vFkZ&dkeku~ =hu~ iq#”kkFkkZu~ lE;d~ #is.k vuqHkw; eks{kL; vf/kdkjh HkofrA eks{kks uke f=fo/k&nq%[ksH;% loZFkk eqfDRk%A fuokZ.ke~ bfr eks{kL; vij% Ik;kZ;%A rnk

ekuoL; ldyk% dkekuk% ‘kkUrk% HkofUr] ;nk l% ekukieku;ks% leku% fr”Bfr] ;nk l% jkxa }s”ka

pkfrØkefr rnk l eks{ka izkIuksfrA

I½ ,dinsu mRrjrA&

i) eks{kL; vija Ik;kZ;a fde~\

d½ eqfDr% [k½ fuokZ.ke~ x½ iq#”kkFkZ% ?k½ fu%Js;l%

ii) d% prqFkZ% iq#”kkFkZ%\ d½ eks{k% [k½ fuokZ.ke~ x½ fu%Js;l% ?k½ eqfDr%

iii) izFke% iq#”kkFkZ% d%\ d½ /keZ% [k½ vFkZ% x½ dke% ?k½ eks{k%

4


iv) eks{ks izkIrs ekuoL; dk% ‘kkUrk HkofUr\ d½ ldyk% [k½ iw.kkZ% x½ vYik% ?k½ dkeuk%

II½ iw.kZokD;su mRrjr&

i) =;k.kke~ iq#”kkFkkZ.kke~ ukekfu fy[kr A ii) euq”;% dnk eks{ka izkIuksfr\ III)v/kksfyf[krs”kq fodYis”kq leqfpre~ mRrja fpRok fy[kr A

i) ^vuqHkw;* vfLeu~ ins d% izR;;% iz;qDr%\

d½ DRok [k½ Y;i~ x½ Dr ?k½ rqequ~

ii) eks{kks uke &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& loZFkk eqfDr%A d½ nq%[ksH;% [k½ f=fo/k x½ f=fo/k&nq%[ksH;% ?k½ f=fo/ksH;%

iii) ;nk ekuoL; ldyk% dkeuk &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& HkofUr rnk l eks{ka izkIuksfrA d½ ‘kkUrk% [k½ rÌrk% x½ v’kkUrk% ?k½ fuxZrk%

iv) ^cU/kuL;* bfr inL; d% foi;Z;% v= iz;qDr%\ d½ eqDrs% [k½ /keZL; x½ vcU/kuL; ?k½ eks{k%

4) HkkjrL; Ik;ZVuLFkys”kq txRizfl)k% vtUrkxqgk% vfi fo’ks”k.k n’kZuh;k% lfUrA egkjk”VªL;

vkSj³~xkcknuxjr% fdf†pnso nwjs fLFkrk% ,rk% xqgk% oLrqr% ckS)fHk{kw.kka fuoklLFkkukfu vklu~A rs v=So fLFkRok lk/kuka dqoZfUr LeA vfrfjDrle;s rs J)kHkkosu fu”B;k p egkRekcq)L;

fofo/ktUek/kkfjrS% fp=S% f’kYidykfHk% p xqgkuke~ vUrHkkZxku~ vy³~dqoZfUr LeA lokZlq dyk—fr”kq

/kkfeZdh Nk;k n`’;rsA v= f=a’kr~ xqgk% lfUrA rklq i†pxqgk% ^pSR;x`gkf.k* bfr dF;UrsA vof’k”Vk% ^fogkjk%* vkJek% bfr ok fufnZ’;UrsA lokZf.k izos’k}kjkf.k mR—“VkfHk% dyk—frfHk% fo’ks”kr% vy³~—rkfu

n`’;UrsA ,rk% xqgk% rRdkyhuckS)laL—rs% mR—“Vk;k% dyk;k% ifjpk;dk% lfUrA ‘krkf/kdkuke~ o”kkZ.kke~

vuUrje~ vfi rklke~ vkd”kZ.ke~ U;wue~ u tkre~A

I½ ,dinsu mRrjr A

i) dk% ckS)laL—rs% mR—“Vk;k% dyk;k% ifjpk;dk%\ ii) vtUrkxqgk% ds”kka fuoklLFkkukfu vklu~\ iii) ckS)fHk{ko% dL; fofo/ktUek/kkfjrfp=S% xqgk% vyadqoZfUr Le\ iv) dfr xqgk% ^pSR;x`gkf.k* dF;Urs\ II½ iw.kZokD;su mRrjr A

i) xqgkuke~ izos’k}kjkf.k dhn`’kkfu lfUr\ ii) lk/kuk;k% vfrfjDrle;s fHk{ko% fda dqoZfUr Le\ III½ v/kksfyf[krs”kq fodYis”kq leqfpre~ mRrja fpRok fy[kr A

i) izFkeiaDrkS ^lfUr* bfr fØ;kinL; dr`Zina fde~\ d½ HkkjrL; [k½ i;ZVuLFkye~ x½ vtUrkxqgk% ?k½ txRizfl)k%

ii) ^rklke~ vkd”kZ.ke~* bR;= ^rklke~* bfr loZukeina ds”kke~ —rs iz;qDre~\ d½ xqgkuke —rs [k½ ckS)fHk{kw.kka —rs x½ egkRekcq)L; —rs ?k½ HkkjrL; —rs

iii) ^fu—“Vrk;k%* bfr inL; fda foykseina x|ka’ks iz;qDre~\ d½ vof’k”Vk;k% [k½ mR—“Vk;k% x½ dyk;k% ?k½ ifjpk;dk%



iv)^Nk;k* bfr inL; fda fo’ks”k.kina x|ka’ks iz;qDre~\

d½ lokZlq [k½ n`’;rs x½ dyk—fr”kq ?k½ /kkfeZdh

5) —“.k}Sik;u% eg”ksZ% ijk’kjL; iq=% vklhr~A vL; ekrk ^lR;orh* vklhr~A —“.k}Sik;uL; tUe

,dfLeu~ }his vHkor~A vL; o.kZ% —“.k% vklhr~A vr% v;a —“.k}Sik;u% dF;rsA vusuSo osnkuka

ladyua —re~A vr,o v;a osnO;kl% bfr ukEuk izfl)% tkr% egkHkkjrdkys l% fo|eku% vklhr~A l

,o êgkHkkjr* bfregkdkO;e~ vjp;r~A egf”kZ% O;kl% v”Vkn’k iqjk.kkfu vfi vjp;r~A fonq”kka erefLr

;r~ egf”kZ.kk O;klsu iwoZ îqjk.klafgrk* uke xzUFkks jfpr%A Ik’pkr~ rs”kka f’k”;S% vusdkfu iqjk.kkfu

fojfprkfuA I½ ,dinsu mRrjr A

i) osnO;kl% dL; iq=% vklhr~\

ii) egkHkkjrL; jpf;rk d% vklhr~\

iii) —“.k}Sik;uL; tUe dq= vHkor~\

iv) osnO;kl% dnk fo|eku% vklhr~\

II½ iw.kZokD;su mRrjr A

i) iqjk.kkuka fo”k;s fonq”kka fda ere~ vfLr\

ii) osnkuka ladyua dsu —re~\

III½ v/kksfyf[krs”kq fodYis”kq leqfpre~ mRrja fpRok fy[kr A

i) îqjk.kkfu* bfr vL; fo’ks”;inL; fo’ks”k.kina fde~\

d½ fojfprkfu [k½ Ik’pkr~ x½ vusdkfu ?k½ fo|eku%

ii) ^vjp;r~* bfr inL; dr`Zina fde~\

d½ f’k”;S% [k½ egf”kZ% O;kl% x½ iqjk.kkfu ?k½ dkO;e~

iii) ^’osr%* bfr inL; foykseine~ v= fda iz;qDre~\

d½ fo|eku% [k½ —“.k% x½ tkr% ?k½ O;kl%

iv) ^rs”kke~* bfr loZukeina dLeS iz;qDre~\

d½ iqjk.ksH;% [k½ f’k”;sH;% x½ egf”kZ.ks O;klk; ?k½ fonq”kka —rs

6) losZ”kq /kus”kq fo|k/kue~ ,o mRrea /kua eU;rsA fo|;k ,o tuk% tkufUr ;r~ fda drZO;e~ vfLr fda p vdrZO;e~ vu;k ,o Kk;rs ;r~ fde~ mfpre~ vfLr fda p vuqfpre~\ fo|k/kusu ,o o;a tkuhe%

;r~ d% lUekxZ% vfLr d% p dqekxZ% fo|;k ,o euq”;% lalkjs lEekua izkIuksfrA fo|k/kuk; okja&okja

ue%A

I½ ,dinsu mRrjr A

i) fda /kue~ mRrea eU;rs\

d½ fo|k [k½ /kue~ x½ :I;da ?k½ /ksuq%

ii) d;k euq”;% lEekua izkIuksfr\

d½ fo|;k [k½ /kusu x½ cysu ?k½ vUusu

iii) euq”;% lEekua dq= izkIuksfr\

d½ ijyksds [k½ bgyksds x½ yksds ?k½ lalkjs

6


iv) dLeS ue%\

d½ fo|k [k½ /kue~ x½ fo|k/kuk; ?k½ /kuk;


i)fo|;k fda Kk;rs\ ii) fo|k/kue~ dhn`’ka /kua orZrs\ III½ v/kksfyf[krs”kq fodYis”kq leqfpre~ mRrja fpRok fy[kr A

i) vfLeu~ vuqPNsns ^drZO;e~* bfr inL; fda foijhr ina iz;qDre~\ d½ vdrZO;e~ [k½ dqekxZ% x½ vuqfpre~ ?k½ mfpre~

ii) ^tkufUr* bfr fØ;kinL; vfLeu~ vuqPNsns fda drZ̀ine~\ d½ tuk% [k½ Ik’ko% x½ [kxk% ?k½ if{k.k%

iii) ô;e~* bfr dr`ZinL; fØ;kina fde~\ d½ tukfUr [k½ tkuhe% x½ tkukHk% ?k½ KkL;ke%

iv) x|ka’ks vO;;ina fde~\ d½ tkuhe% [k½ ,o x½ vfLr ?k½ d%

7) vkfndkO;a jkek;.ka ee fiz;iqLrde~ vfLrA Hkxorks e;kZnkiq:”kksRreL; JhjkepUnzL; ikoua pfj=a

jkek;.ks IkzkI;rsA vL; vkfndkO;L; ys[kd% egf”kZ% okYehfd% vklhr~A rL; jpuk ^vkfndkO;e~* bfr

osnfonq”kka ere~A vr ,o okYehfd% vklhr~ vkfndfo%A jkek;.ke~ vuq”Vqi~ NUnfl fyf[kre~A jkek;.ks

‘yksdla[;k prqfoa’kfrlglze~ orZrs] vLekr~ dkj.kkr~ jkek;.ka egkdkO;a ^prqfoaZ’kfr&lkglzh&lafgrk*

bR;qprs fon~on~fHk%A nsof”kZukjnL; izsj.k;k czg~e.k% opusu p vkfndfouk bna dkO;a fojfpre~A jkek;.ks

^cky&v;ks/;k&vj.;&fdf”dU/kk&lqUnj&;q)&mRrj* bfr lIrdk.Mkfu fo|UrsA jkek;.ks JhjkepUnzL;

ukjk;.kkorkj:is.k o.kZua leqiyH;rsA

I½ ,dinsu mRrjr A

i) jkek;.ks dfr dk.Mkfu orZUrs\ d½ i×p [k½ =hf.k x½ v”V ?k½ lIr

ii) jkek;.ks JhjkeL; dhn`’ka o.kZua izkI;rs\ d½ bZ’oj:is.k [k½ bZ’ojkorkj:is.k x½ ukjk;.kkorkj:is.k ?k½ nsorkork:is.k

iii) jkek;.ks dL; egkiq#”kL; o.kZua orZrs\ d½ JhjkepUnzL; [k½ ukjk;.kL; x½ Jh—“.kL; ?k½ Jhek/koL;

iv) fo}n~fHk% jkek;.ka dsu ukEuk Le;Zrs\ d½ lafgrk [k½ dkO;e~ x½ prqfoZ’kfr&lkglzh&lafgrk ?k½ prqfoZ’kfr&lkglh


i) jkek;.kL; lIrdk.Mkuka ukekfu fy[kr A ii) dL; izsj.k;k vkfndfouk bna fojfpre~\ III½ v/kksfyf[krs”kq fodYis”kq leqfpre~ mRrja fpRok fy[kr A

i) vuqPNsns ^vkfndfo%* bfr fo’ks”k.kL; fo’ks”;ina fde~\

d½ ukjn% [k½ okYehfd% x½ _f”k% ?k½ ys[kd%

ii) êgf”kZ% okYehfd% vklhr~A* v= fØ;kina fde~\ d½ vklhr~ [k½ egf”kZ x½ okYehfd% ?k½ _f”k%



iii) îfo=e~* bfr inL; d% Ik;kZ;% v= iz;qDr%\ d½ ere~ [k½ xre~ x½ ikoue~ ?k½ o.kZue~

iv) ^vr,o egf”kZ% okYehfd% vklhr~ vkfndfo%*A v= vO;;ina fde~\ d½ vr [k½ ,o x½ vr,o ?k½ vkfndfo%

8) vge~ ,d% fNUu% nzqe% vfLeA g;% ous ,d% uj% vkxPNr~A l% dk”Bk; ee ‘kjhje~ vfPNUnr~A Nsnusu es ‘kjhjs vusds oz.kk% tkrkA Nqfjdk;k% izgkjs.k ‘kjhjkr~ vJq:ik% tyfcUno% viru~A vdFkuh;k ee

ihMkA ân;a fonh.kZa tkre~A vJqfHk% d.B% vo#)%A ee% vUrdky% lehis ,o fr”BfrA dk”Bkfu

,d=h—R; l% rq vxPNr~A ija dks· fLr v= O;FkkdFkkJo.kk;\ o`{kku~ fNRRok uj% iz—frekrq% vXkfu uk’k;frA bU/kuk;] dxZni=k;] HkoufuekZ.kk; ee dk”BL; iz;ksx% HkofrA fdUrq dqr% es i=kf.k dqr%

p jksxfuokj.kk; vkS”k/k;%\ fujkfJrk% Hkfo”;fUr vkfJrk% [kxk% dhVirXk‘pA iUFkku% vfi Nk;kghuk% Hkfo”;fUrA vkrisu rIr% JkUr% ifFkd% v/kquk dq= xfe”;fr\ ee thous iqu% olUrrqZ% u

vkxfe”;frA

I½ ,dinsu mRrjr A

i) Nqfjdkizgkjs.k o`{kL; ‘kjhjkr~ ds viru~\

d½ vJwf.k [k½ tyfcUno% x½ vJq:ik% ?k½ vJqfcUno%

ii) ija dks· fi v= fdeFkZae~ ukfLr\ d½ O;FkkJo.kk; [k½ dFkkJo.kk; x½ O;FkkdFkkJo.kk; ?k½ Jo.kk;


i) o`{kL; dk”Biz;ksx% fdeFkZe~ Hkofr\

ii) o`{kL; ‘kjhjs oz.kk% dFke~ tkrk%\


i) ^dqr% jksxfuokj.kk; vkS”k/k;%\* v= vO;;ine~ fde~\ d½ vkS”k/k;% [k½ jksx x½ fuokj.kk; ?k½ dqr%

ii) ^vkrisu rIr% ifFkd% dq= xfe”;fr\* vfLeu~ okD;s fda fo’ks”k.kine~\ d½ rIr% [k½ ifFkd% x½ vkrisu ?k½ dq=

iii) ^vdFkuh;k ee ihMk* v= êe* loZukeina dLeS iz;qDre~\ d½ ifFkdk; [k½ [kxk; x½ nzqek; ?k½ ujk;

iv) ^vkfJrk%* vL; inL; foijhrkFkZd ina fy[kr A d½ fujkfJrk% [k½ vukfJr% x½ lkfJrk% ?k½ mikfJrk%

9) ,dnk vesfjdkns’ks lSfudkuke~ vkoklkFkZa Hkoukuka fuekZ.kdk;Za izpyfr LeA dspu lSfudk% ,da fo’kkya [k.Me~ mRFkkif;rqa iz;Ru’khyk% vklu~A lSfudkuka uk;d% nwjr% ,o rku~ vf/kdcyiz;ksxk; okja okje~

vkfn’kfr LeA rfLeUuso dkys ,d% v’okjksgh r= vkxPNr~A l% v’okr~ lSfudkuka lgk;rk;ka layXu%

vHkor~A dk”B[k.M% okgue~ vkjksfir%A v’okjksgh lsukuk;de~ vonr~ & ^îqfujfi ;nk vko’;drk

Hkosr~] Lons’kL; jk”Vªifra okf’kaXVue~ eke~ Lejsr~A lsukuk;d% rq vkdk’kkr~ irfr boA**

I) ,dinsu mRrjr A

i) ds”kke~ vkoklkFkZa Hkoukuka fuekZ.kdk;Za izpyfr Le\

ii) v’okjksgh dL; ns’kL; jk”Vªifr% vklhr~\

8


iii) lSfudk% fde~ mRFkkif;rqa iz;Ru’khyk% vklu~\

iv) lsukuk;d% dqr% irfr \


v’okjksgh d% vklhr~\

III)v/kksfyf[krs”kq leqfpre~ mRrja fy[kr A

i) îqujfi* bR;= lfU/kfoPNsn% d% \

ii) ^Hkw[k.Me~* bfr inL; fda fo’ks”k.ke~\

iii) lehir% bfr inL; d% foykseina\

iv) ̂ ,dfLeu~ le;s* bfr dL; vO;;L; vFkZ%\

10) ,sfrgkfld xzUFkk.kka iBusu lE;x~ Kkua Hkofr ;r~ lRlaxizHkkokr~ uhpk% tuk% vfi egkiq#”kk.kka ina izkIroUr%A ;Fkk dk”Blaxsu ykSge~ vfi rjfr rFkSo ln~xq.kS% nqxqZ.kk% vfi uk’ke~ vf/kxPNfUrA

lRlaxfr% dj.kh;k dqlaxfr% p R;tuh;kA

I) ,dinsu mRrjr A

i) ,sfrgkfldxzUFkk.kka iBusu fde~ Hkofr\ ii) lRlaxizHkkokr~ ds egkiq#”kk.kka ina izkIroUr%\ iii) nqxqZ.kk% dS% uk’ke~ ;kfUr\ iv) ykSge~ vfi dFke~ rjfr\ II) iw.kZokD;su mRrjr A

dk dj.kh;k dk p R;tuh;k\


i) îzkIuqofUr* bR;FksZ fde~ ineuqPNsns iz;qDre~\ d½ dj.kh;k [k½ vf/kxPNfUr x½ R;tuh;k ?k½ Hkofr

ii) ^dj.kh;k* inL; dr`Zina fde~\ d½ dqlaxfr% [k½ lRlaxfr% x½ mHk;ks% ?k½ ykSge~

iii) v= ds foi;kZ;ins iz;qDrs\ d½ lR;e~@vlR;e~ [k½ lRlaxfr%@dqlaxfr% x½ rjfr@ykSge~ ?k½ uhpk%@tuk%

iv) ̂uhpk% tuk%* v= fo’ks”k.kine~ fde~\ d½ uhpk% [k½ tuk% x½ mHk;ks% ?k½ nqxqZ.kk%

11) /kkSE;uke~ _”ks% vk#f.k% uke f’k”;% vklhr~A l% m|eh xq#HkDr% vkKkikyd% p vklhr~A rL; LoHkko%

fouez% ân;’p ljy% vklhr~A ,dnk vk#f.k% xqjks% vkKka Loh—R; tya jks)qe~ {ks=e~ vxPNr~A tya

jks)qe~ l% fut’kjhjeso cU/kLFkkus vLFkki;r~ A

I) ,dinsu mRrjr A

i) vk#f.k% dL; f’k”;% vklhr~\ ii) vk#f.k% dq= vxPNr~\ iii) l% fda cU/kLFkkus vLFkki;r~\ iv) f’k”;L; fda uke vklhr~\




vk#.ks% LoHkko% dhn`’k% vklhr~\


i) ^xq#%* ‘kCnL; foi;Z;% fy[kr A d½ Js”B% [k½ f’k”;% x½ egku~ ?k½ ljy%

ii) ^rL; LoHkko%* v= ^rL;* ine~ dLeS iz;qDre~\ d½ do;s [k½ xqjos x½ _”k;s ?k½ vk:.k;s

iii) ̂eRok* bR;FksZ v= fde~ ine~ iz;qDre~\ d½ m|eh [k½ fouez% x½ Loh—R; ?k½ vkKkikyd%

iv) x|ka’kkr~ ^bu~* iz;qDre~ ,de~ ine~ fpRok fy[kr A

d½ m|eh [k½ vk#f.k% x½ _f”k% ?k½ R;tuh;k

12) lR;e~ bne~ ;r~ lq[ka /kusu izkIrqa ‘kD;rs A ijUrq /kusu rq dsoya HkkSfrda lq[ke~ ,o yHkrs A ekuflda lq[ka rq drZO;ijk;.ksu] ijksidkjs.k] lRlaxR;k] Hkxon~Hktusu] lR;su lso;k p izkIrqa ‘kD;rs A vr%

loSZ% HkkSfrde~ ekuflda p lq[ke~ izkIrqe~ iz;Ruk% lek/ks;k%A

I) ,dinsu mRrjr A

i) /kusu fde~ lq[ke~ yHkrs\ ii) loSZ% lq[ka izkIrqe~ ds lek/ks;k%\


ekuflda lq[ke~ dsu izkIrqe~ ‘kD;rs\

III) v/kksfyf[krs”kq leqfpre~ mRrja fy[kr A

i) ^nq%[ke~* bR;L; foykseina fde~\ ii) ^yHkrs* inL; ydkj% fy[krA

iii) ^’kD;rs* bfr inL; ewy/kkrw d%\ iv) îz;Ruk%* vL; fØ;kinL; fy[krA

13) m|eh ,o loZa izkIuksfr A fu#|eh rq lnSo ekufld ihMke~ vuqHkofr A lQyrk m|ehiq#”kL; ,o pj.kkS Li`’kfr A m|esu /kue~ /kusu p dfy;qxs lq[ke~ feyfr A Hkr`Zgfj.kk dfouk vfi dfFkre~ &

^^losZ xq.kk% dk†pue~ vkJ;fUr A** loSZ% m|esu /kue~ izkIrO;e~ u rq pkS;sZ.k] diVsu mRdksp&xzg.ksu ok A

I) ,dinsu mRrjr

i) d% loZe~ izkIuksfr\

ii) dfy;qxs /kusu fda feyfr\

iii) fu#|eh fde~ yHkrs\

iv) ^^losZ xq.kk% dk†pue~ vkJ;fUr** bfr dsu dfouk dfFkre~\


Hkr`Zgfj.kk dfouk fda dfFkre~\

10



i) ^m|eh* ins d% izR;;%\ d½ Bd~~ [k½ bu~ x½ erqi~ ?k½ Ro

ii) ̂ izkIuksfr* bR;FksZ fde~ ine~ v= iz;qDre~\ d½ vuqHkofr [k½ feyfr x½ dfFkre~ ?k½ vkJ;fr

iii) ̂ifjJes.k* vL; Ik;kZ;ine~ x|k’kkar~ fpRok fy[kr A d½ m|esu [k½ /kusu x½ dfouk ?k½ dkHpusu

iv) ^m|eh iq:”kL;* bR;= fo’ks”k.kine~ fde~ \ d½ iq#”kL; [k½ feyfr x½ m|eh ?k½ dkHpue~

Practice Exercise:

1) vge~ ,dk unh vfLe A ioZRksH;% fuxZR; {ks=s”kq vkxPNkfe A rnk ee lfyya LoPNa ‘khrya e/kqja p HkofrA izikr% ee izFkekoLFkk vfLr A ‘kuS% ‘kuS% vga lkxja izfr xPNkfe A

ee ckyqdk;qDrrVs”kq gfjrk% rjo% HkofUr A rs”kka o`{kk.kke~ mifj dkdk%] pVdk%] ‘kqdk%] dksfdyk% p

olfUr A fL=;% dy’kku~ x`ghRok ee rhjs vk;kfUr A dfri;& {k.kku~ ;kif;Rok] okrkZykia —Rok

tysu ik=kf.k iwjf;Rok rk% br% xPNfUrA if{k.kka dyjoS% ckydkuka ØhMkfHk% L=h.kka okrkZykiS% ee

rVk% xq†tk;ekuk% HkofUr ija dspu tuk% v=kxR; euksj†tua dqoZfUr p [kknfUr] HkkstuL; vof’k”Va p ee tys ,o ikr;fUr A ,oe~ vodjS% ee tya nwf”kra Hkofr A nwf”kra tya LokLFkk; vfgrdje~

vfLr A vr% tya nwf”kra u drZO;e~ ;r% tye~ ,o izkf.kuke~ thoue~ vfLr A

I) ,dinsu mRrjr A

i) unh dsH;% fuxZR; {ks=s”kq vkxPNfr \ ii) dhn`’ka tya LokLF;k; vfgrdje~ \ iii) fL=;% dku~ x`ghRok u|k% rhjs vk;kfUr \ iv) tye~ ds”kka thoue~ vfLr \ II) iw.kZokD;su mRrjr A

i) u|k% izFkekoLFkk dk \ ii) ds”kka dyjoS% rVk% xq†tk;ekuk% HkofUr \

iii) dL; vof’k”Va tuk% tys ikr;fUr \ iv) ioZrsH;% fuxZrk;k% u|k% tya dhn`’ka Hkofr \ III) v/kksfyf[krs”kq leqfpre~ mRrja fy[kr A

i) ^‘kuS% ‘kuS% vga lkxja izfr xPNkfe* v= ^vge~* bfr ina dLeS iz;qDre~ \ ii) ^xq†tk;ekuk% rVk%* bR;= fde~ fo’ks”k.ke~ \

iii) ^v/k%* bfr vO;;L; fda foykseine~ v= iz;qDre~ \ iv) ^vk;kfUr* bfr fØ;kinL; drkZ dk% \ IV) vL; vuqPNsnL; mfpra ‘kh”kZda fy[kr A

2) ,dL; fHk{kqdL; fHk{kkik=s v†tfyifjferk% r.Mqyk% vklu~A l% vonr~ & ^^Hkxou~! n;ka dq# A dFke~ vusu mnjiwfrZ% Hkfo”;fr A** rnSo vU;% fHk{kqd% r= vkxPNfr onfr p ^fHk{kka nsfg A* Øq)% izFke%

fHk{kqd% vxtZr~& ^^js fHk{kqd! fHk{kqdeso fHk{kka ;kplsA ro yTtk ukfLr A** f}rh;% fHk{kqd% mDroku~

& ^^ro fHk{kkik=s v†tfyifjferk% r.Mqyk%] ee rq ik=a fjDre~ A n;ka dq# v/kZe~ nsfg**A izFke% fHk{kqd%



rr~ u Loh—roku~ A f}rh;% fHk{kqd% iqu% vonr~& ^^Hkks%! —i.k% ek Hko A dsoye~ ,da r.Mqya nsfg A**

izFke% fHk{kqd% rLeS ,de~ ,o r.Mqya nnkfr A f}rh;s fHk{kqds xrs lfr izFke% fHk{kqd% fHk{kkik=s

r.Mqykdkja Lo.kZd.ka Ik’;fr A vk’p;Zpfdr% f’kj% rkM;u~ l% Ik’pkRrkie~ vdjksr~ & ^^f/kd~ eke~ A

f/kd~ ee ew[kZrke~ A**

I) ,dinsu mRrjr A

i) dL; fHk{kqdL; fHk{kkik=a fjDre~ vklhr~ \ ii) ^f/kd~ eke~* bfr d% onfr \ iii) f}rh;% fHk{kqd% vUrs dfr r.Mqyku~ ;kprs \ iv) izFke% fHk{kqd% nkuh vklhr~ vFkok —i.k% \ II) iw.kZokD;su mRrjr A

i) izFke% fHk{kqd% dfr nkua nnkfr \ ii) f}rh;% fHk{kqd% ,dL; r.MqyL; —rs fda nnkfr \ III) v/kksfyf[krs”kq leqfpre~ mRrja fy[kr A

i) ^Øq)%* bfr dL; fo’ks”k.ke~ \

ii) izFke% fHk{kqd% rLeS ,da r.Mqya nnkfr A v= ^rLeS* loZukeina dLeS iz;qDre~ \

iii) ̂Loh—roku~* bfr fØ;kinL; drkZ d% \

iv) ̂n;ka dq#* bfr d% dFk;fr \ IV) ,rL;k% y?kqdFkk;k% leqfpra ‘kh”kZda fy[kr A

3) vLekda fo|ky;% jktdh;% fo|ky;% vfLr A v= iBuL; rq Js”Bk O;oLFkk vfLr ,o] ;qxinso ØhMkukefi lqyHkk O;oLFkk vfLr A vr ,o vLekda fo|ky;L; lokZlka d{kk.kka ifj.kke% ‘krizfr’kra

HkofrA ØhMkuka izfr;ksfxrklq vfi vLekda fo|ky;L; Nk=k% cgwu~ iqjLdkjku~ vyHkUr A vLekda

fo|ky;L; okf”kZdksRlo% ijs% lEiUuks tkr% A vLekda uxjL; jkT;iky% eq[;kfrfFk% vklhr~ A ;nSo eq[;kfrfFk% }kja lEizkIr% Nk=k% ok|;U=k.kka /ofuuk rL; Lokxrekpju~ A rr% l e†pL; lEeq[ks vklua Hkwf”kroku~ A

I) ,dinsu mRrjr A

i) vLekda fo|ky;% dhn`’k% vfLr \ ii) fo|ky;s dL; Js”Bk O;oLFkk vfLr \

iii) ijh{kkifj.kke% dhn`’k% vfLr \ iv) fo|ky;L; okf”kZdksRlo% dnk lEiUu% \


i) okf”kZdksRlos eq[;kfrfFk% d% vklhr~ \ ii) eq[;kfrFkkS vkxrs Nk=k% fde~ vdqoZu~ \

III) v/kksfyf[krs”kq mRrja fy[kr A

i) ^Js”Bk O;oLFkk* bfr inL; fda fo’ks”k.ke~ \

ii) ^fo|ky;* bR;= lfU/kfoPNsna d%\

iii) ̂ikfjrksf”kdku~* bR;= Ik;kZ;ine~ fde~\

iv) vfLeu~ x|ka’ks ^vkpju~* bfr fØ;k;k% d% drkZ\

IV) vL; x|ka’kL; mfpra ‘kh”kZda fy[kr A

12


4) ,dnk ‘khrL; Hkh”k.k% izdksi% vHkor~ A lezkV~ pUnzxqIr% fuf’proku~ ;r~ fu/kZusH;% dEcykuka forj.ka Hkosr~A iz/kkueU=h pk.kD;% rRdk;Ze~ Loh—roku~ A Hk`R;k% lokZu~ dEcyku~ rL; dqVhjs LFkkfiroUr% A

jk=kS dspu pkSjk% dEcyku~ pksjf;rqa rL; dqVhja izkfo’ku~ A rs vi’;u~ ;r~ pk.kD;% ,dfLeu~ dVs

dEcya fouk ,o lqIr%A rfLeu~ ,o {k.ks pk.kD;% in/ofua JqRok izcq)% A pkSjk% re~ vi`PNu~ & ^Hkorka

lehis dEcykuka jkf’k% vfLr rFkkfi Hkoku~ dEcya fouk ,o Lofifr A* pk.kD;% vonr~& ^^J`.kqr! ,rs

izkokjdk% dsoya fu/kZusH;% forj.kkFkZe~ ,o lfUr A ;fn vge~ ,rs”kq ,da Lohdjksfe rfgZ vge~ vfi

pkSj% Hkfo”;kfe A** ureLrdk% pkSjk% rL; ikn;ks% ifrRok {kek;kpuke~ vdqoZu~ A

I) ,dinsu mRrjr A

i) pk.kD;% fda JqRok izcq)% \ ii) dEcykuka forj.ka dsH;% ,o vklhr~ \

iii) pk.kD;% dEcya fouk dq= ‘ksrs Le \ iv) ,dnk dL; Hkh”k.k% izdksi% vHkor~ \


i) dEcyku~ dL; dqVhjs LFkkfiroUr% \

ii) pkSjk% pk.kD;L; ikn;ks% ifrRok fde~ vdqoZu~ \

iii) dL; vkns’ksu dEcykuka forj.ka fu/kZusH;% dj.kh;e~ vklhr~ \

iv) pk.kD;L; vkn’kZ pfj=a n`”V~ok pkSjk% dhn`’kk% vHkou~ \


i) ^dEcyk%* fde~ vU;r~ Ik;kZ;ine~ v= iz;qDre~ \

ii) ^;fn vge~ ,rs”kq ,da Lohdjksfe* v= ^,rs”kq* bfr loZukeina dsH;% iz;qDre~ \

iii) ̂Hkfo”;kfe* bfr fØ;kinL; drkZ d% \

iv) ̂ureLrdk%* pkSjk% v= fde~ fo’ks”k.kina \

IV) vL; vuqPNsnL; —rs leqfpra ‘kh”kZda fy[kr A

5) rfeyukMqizns’ks HkkjrL; nf{k.kdksuL; vUrs fcUnq:is.k n`’;rs dU;kdqekjh A v= iwoZleqnzL;]

if’peleqnzL;] nf{k.kleqnzL; p l³~xe% Hkofr A ,rs =;% leqnzk% Hkkjro”kZL; inrya fujUrja

iz{kky;fUrA izkr% lk;a p loZnk tukuka egku~ lEenZ% Hkofr A izkr% lw;ksZn;L; lk;a lw;kZLrL; p

n`’;s losZ”kka eu% gjr% A v= ,de~ vU;n~ n’kZuh;a LFkkue~ vfLr foosdkuUnLekjda uke A

dU;kdqekjhr% ;U=pkfyr;k ukSd;k foosdkuUnLekjda izfr xUrqa ‘kD;rs A leqnzrhjkr~ izfLFkrk ukSdk

vknkS fr#oYyqojizfrek;k% lehia xPNfr A fr#oYyqojegksn;su ^fr#Ddqjy~* bfr uked% rfeyHkk”kk;k%

jfpr% A br% iqu% iz;k.ka —Rok Lekjda izfr xE;rs A r= Hkwrys ,da fof’k”Va /;kuefUnje~ vfLr ;=

vU/kdkje;s izdks”Bs izdk’kekue~ ^ú* bfr fp=a n`’;rsA r= losZ ekSuozre~ /kkj;fUr A leqnzL;

Lo.kZe;a tya] LekjdL; n’kZue~ loZeso izsj.kknk;da LQwfrZnk;de~ p A

I) ,dinsu mRrjr A

i) rfeyosnL; xzUFkL; uke fde~ \ ii) =;% leqnzk% dL; inrya iz{kky;fUr \

iii) izdks”Bs fde~ fp= n`’;rs \ iv) rfeyukMwizns’ks losZ fde~ /kkj;fUr \




i) LekjdL; Hkwrys fde~ vfLr \

ii) dU;kdqekjh dfLeu~ izns’ks vfLr \

iii) v= dfr leqnzk.kka l³~xe% vfLr \

iv) leqnzrhjkr~ izfLFkrk ukSdk izFkea dL; izfreka izfrxPNfr \


i) ûkSd;k* bfr inL; fda fo’ks”k.ke~ v= iz;qDre~ \

ii) îzkjEHks* bfr inL; fda foykseine~ v= iz;qDre~ \

iii) ̂/kkj;fUr* bfr fØ;kinL; drkZ ds% \

iv) ̂n’kZuh;a LFkkue~* bR;= fo’ks”;ina fde~ \


6) ftuk;k% ek/kq;Za LoxZe~ izkIk;fr] ftuk;k% dVqrk ujds ikr;frA ,d% ,o ‘kCn% thoua foHkw”k;sr~] vU;% ,d ‘kCn% thoua uk’k;sr~ A ,dnk };ks% /kfuuks% e/;s fookn% mRiUu% tkr%A rkS U;k;ky;a xrkS A ,d%

/kfud% vfpUr;r~ & vga y{ka #I;dkf.k U;k;k/kh’kk; ;PNkfe bfr A l% L;wrs y{ka #I;dkf.k

LFkkif;Rok U;k;k/kh’kL; x`ga xroku~A U;k;k/kh’k% rL; eUrO;a KkRok Øq)% vHkor~ A /kfud% vonr~

& ^^Hkks% er~ ln`’kk% y{k#I;dk.kka nkrkj% er~ ln`’kk% ,o**A U;k;k/kh’k% vonr~ & ^y{k#I;dk.kka nkrkj%

dnkfpr~ vU;s vfi Hkos;q% ijUrq y{k#I;dk.kka fujkdRrkZj% eRln`’kk% vU;s fojyk% ,o A* vr% —Ik;k

xPNrq A U;k;LFkkua efyua ek dq# A yfTtr% /kfud% /kuL;wra x`ghRok rr% fuxZr% A

I) ,dinsu mRrjr A

i) /kfud% /kue~ vknk; dL; x`ga xroku~ \ ii) dL;k% dVqrk ujds ikr;fr \

iii) ds”kka fujkdRrkZj% fojyk% ,o \ iv) ,d% ,o ‘kCn% fda foHkw”k;sr~ \


i) d% U;k;LFkkua efyua drqZe~ bPNfr Le \ ii) U;k;k/kh’k% fdeFkZa Øq)% vHkor~ \


i) ^yfTtr%* bfr ina dL; fo’ks”k.ke~ \

ii) ^lqyHkk%* bfr inL; foykse ina fde~ v= iz;qDre~ \

iii) ̂rkS U;k;ky;a xrkS* bfr okD;s ^rkS* bfr ina dkH;ka iz;qDre~ \

iv) ̂vr% —i;k xPNrq* bfr d% dFk;fr \


7) ,dnk ‘kjhjL; lokZf.k bfUnz;kf.k & gLrkS] iknkS] eq[ka] ukfldk] d.kkSZ bR;knhfu fefyRok vfpUr;u~ & ^ô;a losZ izfrfnua ifjJea dqeZ%A ,rn~ mnja loZ Lohdjksfr] Lo;a fdefi dk;Ze~ u djksfrA v|izHk`fr

o;efi dk;Ze~ u dfj”;ke%**A ,oa fpUrf;Rok lokZf.k vXkfu dk;Ze~ vR;tu~ A iknkS fLFkjkS HkwRok vfr”Brke~A gLrkS fu’pykS vHkorke~A eq[ka vUud.ka vfi u izkfo’kr~ A ,oa }s fnus O;rhrs tkrs A

‘kuS% ‘kuS% lokZf.k vXkfu f’kfFkykfu vHkou~A dk;Z’kfDr% {kh.kk vHkor~ A dFkefi iqu% fefyRok

14


fopkje~ vdqoZu~ & ^^vgks! vLekda izekn%A HkqDrL; ikpua rq mnjeso djksfr A ,rn~ ,o vLeH;a ‘kfDra

nnkfrA vL; —Ik;k ,o o;a thoke% A vr% vLekfHk% loSZ% vusu lg lg;ksx% dj.kh;%**A uwua lagfr%

,o dk;Zlkf/kdk A

I) ,dinsu mRrjr A

i) ‘kuS% ‘kuS% lokZf.k vXkfu dhn`’kkfu vHkou~ \ii) dk;Zlkf/kdk dk Hkofr \

iii) HkqDrL; vUuL; ikpua fde~ vX djksfr \ iv) iknkS dhn`’kkS HkwRok vfr”Brke~ \


i) dkfu vXkfu fefyRok dk;Ze~ R;DroUr% \ ii) dL; —Ik;k vXkfu ‘kfDr;qDrkfu HkofUr \


i) ^dfj”;ke%* bfr fØ;kinL; dr`Zina fde~ \

ii) ^vgks! vLekda izekn%* bR;= ^vLekda* bfr loZukeina dLeS iz;qDre~ \

iii) ̂HkqDrL;* bfr fo’ks”k.kL; fo’ks”;a fde~ \

iv) ̂pykS* bfr inL; fda foykseine~ v= iz;qDre~ \


8) olUrksRlo% ôlUri†peh* bfr ukEuk vfi izfl)ks orZrs A ek?keklL; ‘kqDyi{kL; i†pE;ka frFkkS v;e~ mRlo% Hkofr A vfLeu~ fnus {ks=s”kq loZ= ihre~ ln`’ka fodflra p n`’;rs tuk% ihroL=kf.k

/kkjf;Rok brLrr% HkzefUr A fo|ky;s”kq Nk=k.kka v/;;ua rq u Hkofr] ije rs losZ leosrk% uxjkn~

xzkekn~ ok cfgxZPNfUrA r= ,dfLeu~ ØhMk{ks=s fofo/kklq ØhMkLi/kkZlq jeek.kk% HkofUr A e/kqjkf.k

xhrkfu xh;Urs A ohj jliw.kkZ% ns’kHkfDrHkkoHkfjrk% ns’kfgrk; cfynkuL; izsj.kka l†pkj;UR;% dfork% vfi iB~;Urs A

I) ,dinsu mRrjr A

i) ds”kq LFkkus”kq loZ= fodflra n`’;rs \

ii) tuk% dkfu /kkjf;Rok brLrr% HkzefUr \

iii) tuk% dhn`’kkfu xhrkfu xk;fUr \

iv) ds leosrk% uxjkn~ cfg% xPNfUr \


i) tuS% dhn`’kk% dfork% iB~;Urs \ ii) olUrksRlo% dnk eU;rs \


i) îoZ* inL; d% ‘kCn% vuqPNsns iz;qDr% \

d½ mRlo% [k½ olUr% x½ v;e~

ii) îBue~* bR;L; Ik;kZ;okph vuqPNsnkr~ fpRok fy[kr A

d½ f’k{k.ke~ [k½ v/;;ue~ x½ ln`’;a

iii) ̂ije~ rs losZ leosrk% uxjkn~* bfr okD;s ^rs losZ* dsH;% dfFkre~ \

d½ tusH;% [k½ xhrsH;% x½ {ks=sH;%



iv) ̂xPNfUr* inL; foi;Z;% d% \

d½ pyfUr [k½ fr”BfUr x½ vkxPNfUr ok

IV) x|ka’kL; ifBRok mfpra ‘kh”kZda fy[kr A

Home Work – Exercise:

1) nf{k.kHkkjrs lkxj & e/;s ,da y?kq}hia orZrs A rfLeu~ }his lkxjrjXs% {kkY;ekua izkphua uxja dU;kdqekjh bfr vfLr A ,”kk dU;kdqekjh =;k.kka lkxjk.kka lXeLFkyh A leqnztys izfrfcfEcra

lw;ksZn;L; n`’;e~ vn~Hkqre~ ,o A lw;ZL; Øe’k% v#.kk ihrk /koyk p ‘kksHkk n’kZdku~ eU=eqX/kku~

djksfrA lkxjL; ygjhfHk% f{kIrkuka fp= & fofp=o.kkZuka ‘kqDrhuka o`f”V% bo Hkofr A tyf/krVs fLFkrS%

ukfjdsy&dnyh&ikniS% ifjo`rk bo ,”kk uxjhA ,dnk LokehfoosdkuUn% leqnztys fLFkrk;ke~ ,dL;ka

c`gr~&f’kyk;ke~ mifo”V% =hf.k fnukfu /;kueXu% tkr%A ,rL;ka f’kyk;ke~ ,o v/kquk foosdkuUndsUnza

fodflre~ vfLr A v= vkxR; lk/kdk% /;kua lk/kuka p —Rok thoua lQya dqoZfUr A I½ ,dinsu mRrjr A

i) =;k.kka lkxjk.kka laxeLFkyL; fda uke \

ii) leqnztys izfrfcfEcra dL; n`’;e~ vn~Hkqre~ \


i) LokehfoosdkuUn% dq= =hf.k fnukfu /;kueXu% tkr% \

ii) v= lk/kdk% fdeFkZe~ vkxPNfUr fda p dqoZfUr \


i) fjDrLFkkue~ iwj;r A

,rL;ka f’kyk;ke~ ,o v/kquk &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& fodflre~ vfLrA

d½ dsUnze~ [k½ foosdkuUndsUnze~ x½ x`ge~ ?k½ efUnje~

ii) ^lkxjL; ygjhfHk% f{kIrkuka ‘kqDrhuka o`f”V% bo Hkofr*A

v= fo’ks”k.kine~ fda\

d½ lkxjL; [k½ o`f”V% x½ bo ?k½ f{kIrkuke~

2) vkradokn% vk/kqfudfo’oL; xq#rek leL;k vfLr lalkjs izR;sd ns’k% vkradoknsu ihfM+r% vfLr A vkradoknL; izHkkos.k v;a fo’o% jDrfofyIr% l†tkr% A vusds funksZ”kk% tuk% izk.kku~ vR;tu~] efgyk% fo/kok% tkrk% ckyk’p vukFkk% vHkou~ A loZ’kfDreku~ vesfjdkns’kks· fi vu;k leL;k;k% xzLr% vfLr

A Hkkjrns’k% rq vusds% o”kSZ% vkradoknsu lU=Lr% vfLr A vkradoknL; chtkjksi.kk;] fl†puk;] iYyouk; p euksfodkjs.k xzLrk% LokfFkZu% p tuk% mRrjnkf;u% lfUr A vL;k% leL;k;k% fujkdj.kk;

fo’oL; loSZ% ns’kS% fefyRok iz;Ru% fo/ks;%A vusu lEiw.kZfo’oS ‘kkfUr% Hkfo”;fr A I½ ,dinsu mRrjr A i) fo’oL; xq#rek leL;k d% vfLr \

ii) vkradoknL; izHkkos.k v;a fo’o% dhn`’k% l†tkr% \

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i) vkradoknL; chtkjksi.kk; dhn`’kk% tuk% mRrjnkf;u% lfUr \


i)^loZ’kfDreku~ vesfjdkns’kks· fi* bR;u;ks% in;ks% fda fo’ks”;ina\

d½ loZ’kfDreku~ [k½ vfi x½ vesfjdkns’k% ?k½ u fdefi

ii) ^y?kqrek*bfr inL; fda foykseine~ vuqPNsns iz;qDre~\

d½ xq#rek [k½ leL;k x½ vu;k ?k½ xzLrk%

iii) ^fo/ks;%* bfr fØ;kinL; dr`Zina fde~\

d½ lU=Lr% [k½ iz;Ru% x½ ihfMr% ?k½ ns’k%

iv) ̂nwjhdrqZe~* bfr vFksZ fda ine~ v= iz;qDre~\

d½ fujkdj.kk; [k½ chtkjksi.kk; x½ iYyouk; ?k½ izlkjk;

IV½ vL; vuqPNsnL; —rs leqfpra ‘kh”kZda fy[kr A

3) Hkkjro”kZ% vLekda ns’k% vfLrA vL= mRrj fnf’k fLFkr% ioZrjkt% fgeky;% vfLr A v;a ns’k%

fgeky;L; ioZrJsf.kfHk% lEiwftra orZrs ,”k% ioZr% HkkjrL; izgjh [kyqA HkkjrL; nf{k.kfn’kk;ka

egklkxj% vL; pj.kha iz{kky;fr A vL; vVs vusdk% u|% ØhMfUrA xXk] ;equk ‘krnzq%] foik’kk pUnzHkkxk izHk`r;% u|% HkkjrHkwfea fl†pfUr A ,rklka unhuka tye~ {ks=k.kka fl†puk; fo|qr~&mRiknukFkZ p iz;qT;rsA fgeky;s fo’oL; loksZPp f’k[kjefLr A HkkjrL; gfjrkfu oukfu vL; ‘kksHkka fujUrja

o/kZ;fUrA fgeky;% _”kh.kka] equhuka p fuoklLFkkue~ vfLr A fgeky;s vusdkfu izfl)&rhFkZLFkkukfu

lfUrA tuk% r= nsokpZuk; euksjatuk; p xPNfUr A I½ ,dinsu mRrjr A

i) ioZrjkt% fgeky; dL; fnf’k fLFkr% \

ii) HkkjrL; pj.kkS d% iz{kky;fr \


i) dk% u|% HkkjrHkwfea fl†pfUr \


i) ^û|% ØhMfUr** v= dRr`Zina fdefLr \

d½ ØhMfUr [k½ u|% x½ ioZr% ?k½ ,”k%

ii) ^,rklka unhuka tye~* v= fo’ks”;ina fdefLr \

d½ tye~ [k½ unhuke~ x½ ,rklka ?k½ vfLr

iii) ^êgklkxj% vL; pj.kkS iz{kky;fr** v= fØ;kina fdefLr \

d½ pj.kkS [k½ egklkxj% x½ iz{kky;fr ?k½ vL;

iv) foik’kk] pUnzHkkxk izHk`r;% u|% v= ^lfjrk* bfr vFksZ dk% ina iz;qDrefLr \

d½ pUnzHkkxk [k½ izHk`r;% x½ foik’kk ?k½ u|%

IV½ vL; vuqPNsnL; —rs leqfpra ‘kh”kZda fy[kr A



4) ns’kkVuL; cgo% ykHkk% lfUr A ,rsu o;a losZ”kka ns’kkuka jktuSfrda] lkekftda] lkaL—frda p :ia Kkrqa leFkkZ% L;ke~] v|ruh;ks O;kikj% vfi izk;’k% vUrjk”Vªh;O;kikj% l†tkr% A dfLeu~ ns’ks dnk fda p lqyHke~ ,rL; Kkua loZFkk vfuok;Ze~ \ cgo% ,rkn`’kk% vifjiDok% inkFkkZ% lfUr A ;s”kka izkfIr%

inkFkkZuka fuekZ.kk; vfuok;kZ vfLr A vr% rku~ inkFkkZu~ izkIrqa ns’kkVua drZO;eso A

I) ,dinsu mRrjr A

i) ns’kkVuL; dfr ykHkk% lfUr \ ii) v|ruh;ks O;kikj% dhn`’k% l†tkr% \

iii) ds”kka inkFkkZuka izkfIr% vfuok;kZ vfLr \

iv) dku~ izkIrqa ns’kkVua drZO;e~ \


i) ns’kkVusu o;a fda Kkrqa leFkkZ% \

ii) ds”kke~ inkFkkZuka izkfIr% vfuok;kZ vfLr \

III)v/kksfyf[krs”kq fodYis”kq leqfpre~ mRrja fpRok fy[kr A

i) ^vifjiDok% inkFkkZ%* bfr in;ks% fo’ks”k.ka fde~ \ d½ inkFkkZ% [k½ vifjiDok% x½ inkFkZ% ?k½ vifjiDo%

ii) ̂ ns’kkVuL; cgo% ykHkk% lfUrA* v= dr`ZfØ;kin;ks% fda opue~ \ d½ ,dopue~ [k½ cgqopue~ x½ f}opue~ ?k½ fdaefi u

iii) ̂vfLr* bfr fØ;k;k% dr`Zina fde~ \ d½ vfuok;kZ [k½ izkfIr% x½ fuekZ.kk; ?k½ inkFkkZuke~

iv) ̂nqyZHke~* bR;L; inL; d% foi;Z;% v= iz;qDr% \ d½ lqyHke~ [k½ vyHke~ x½ fuyZHke~ ?k½ miyHke~

5) lk;³~dkys vLrkpya izfr xPNu~ Hkxoku~ lw;Z% fpfUrr% vHkor~ ^êf; xrs laiw.kZ% lalkj% vU/kdkjs fueXu% Hkfo”;fr A yksdkuka O;ogkj% dFka pfy”;fr\ eka fouk losZ thok% nq%[ke~ vuqHkfo”;fUr A**

rL; ,ra Hkkoa foKk; ,d% y?kqnhi% lfou;a fuosfnroku~ & ^^Hkxou~! vya fpUr;kA ;|fi ee izdk’k%

{kh.k% rFkkfi tukuka lsok;ke~ vga ;Fkk’kfDr Lothoua leiZf;”;kfi dk;kZf.k p lk/kf;”;kfe A**

I) ,dinsu mRrjr A

i) ^Hkxou~! vya fpUr;k* bfr d% dFk;fr \ ii) dnk vLrkpya izfr xPNu~ lw;Z% fpfUrr% vHkor~ \ iii) da fouk losZ thok% nq%[ke~ vuqHkfo”;fUr \ iv) lw;sZ xrs lEiw.kZ% lalkj% dfLeu~ fueXu% Hkfo”;fr \ II) iw.kZokD;su mRrjr A

i) lw;ZL; Hkkoa KkRok y?kqnhi% lfou;a fda fuosfnroku~ \ ii) Hkxoku~ lw;Z% dFka fpfUrrks· Hkor~ \

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i) ^rL; ,ra Hkkoa* v= ^rL;* bfr loZukeina dLeS iz;qDre~\ d½ nhik; [k½ izdk’kk; x½ lw;kZ; ?k½ pUnzk;

ii) ̂lalkj%* vL; fo’ks”k.kina fodYisH;% fpRok fy[kr A d½ laiw.kZ% [k½ fuEkXu% x½ ,d% ?k½ O;ogkj%

iii) ̂nqcZy%* vL; fda Ik;kZ;okfpina x|ka’ks iz;qDre~\ d½ fueXu% [k½ lEiw.kZ% x½ {kh.k% ?k½ y?kq%

iv) ̂lq[ke~* vL; foi;Z; x|ka’kkr~ fpRok mRrjiqfLrdk;ka fy[kr A d½ nq%[ke~ [k½ Hkkoe~ x½ vye~ ?k½ vkuUne~

6) thous fdefi y{;e~ vo’;e~ Hkosr~ A y{;ghua thoua rq Ik’kqrqY;eso A y{;e~ vfi mPpa ijfgrdkjda p Hkosr A ,rkn`’ks.k y{;s.k vLekda thoue~ mRlkgiw.kZa Hkfo”;fr A ijksidkjs.k ,o euq”;% thous

okLrfoda lq[ka ‘kkfUra p vkIuksfr A ;fn tuk% vkykspuka dqoZfUr rfgZ QyL; fpUrka vxzs xeue~ ,o

vLekda drZO;e~ A

I) ,dinsu mRrjr A

i) dL; fpUrk fouk vxzs xUrO;e~\

ii) dhn`’ka thoua Ik’kqrqY;e~ ,o\

iii) euq”;% thous dsu okLrfoda lq[ke~ vkIuksfr\

iv) thous fde~ vo’;a Hkosr~\


i) vLekda y{;a dhn`’ka Hkosr~\ ii) fde~ vLekda drZO;e~\

III)v/kksfyf[krs”kq fodYis”kq leqfpre~ mRrja fpRok fy[kr A

i) ^,rkn`’ksu* bfr ina dLeS fo’ks”k.ke~\ d½ y{;k; [k½ /kuk; x½ cyk; ?k½ dk;kZ;

ii) ̂dqoZfUr* bfr fØ;kinL; dr`Zina fde~\ d½ f’k”;k% [k½ tuk% x½ euq”;k% ?k½ Ik’ko%

iii) ̂mRlkgghue~* bR;L; fda foykseine~ v= iz;qDre~\ d½ mRlkgiw.kZe~ [k½ mRlkgh x½ mRlkfgue~ ?k½ mRlkg;qDre~

iv) vfUreokD;kr~ ,de~ vO;;ina fpRok fy[kr A d½ vxzs [k½ ,o x½ vLekde~ ?k½ xeue~

7) Øks/k% euq”;L; egku~ ‘k=q%A Øq)% tu% xq#u~ vfi fuUnfr viHkk”k.ka djksfr] ts”Bkuka fgropukfu vfi u J`.kksfr A rLekn~ o;a Øks/kkr~ lko/kkuk% Hkose A ;fn Øks/k% vkxPNfr rnk rfLeu~ ,o {k.ks ekSua

/kkj.kh;e~ A ekSusu eu% ‘kkUra Hkofr] ok.kh vfi fu;fU=rk Hkofr A bZn`’ks dkys fdf†pr~ iqLrda x`ghRok iBse A dksikr~ vkRekua j{kse A



I) ,dinsu mRrjr A

i) Øq)% tu% ds”kka fgropukfu vfi u J`.kksfr \

ii) Øks/ks vkxrs fda /kkj.kh;e~ \

iii) ekSusu fda ‘kkUra Hkofr \

iv) ekSusu ok.kh dhn`’kh Hkofr \


i) euq”;L; egku~ ‘k=q% d% \ ii) Øq)% tu% fda djksfr \ III) v/kksfyf[krs”kq fodYis”kq leqfpre~ mRrja fpRok fy[kr A

i) ^fdf†pr~* bfr dL; inL; fo’ks”k.ke~ fde~ \ d½ dkyL; [k½ iqLrdL; x½ x`gLFk ?k½ tuL;

ii) ̂vlko/kkuk%* bfr ina dL; foykseine~ \ d½ lko/kkuk% [k½ Øq)k% x½ ‘kkUrk% ?k½ ekSuk%

iii) ̂Hkose* bfr fØ;kinL; drkZ d% \ d½ rLekn~ [k½ Øks/kkr~ x½ o;e~ ?k½ lko/kkuk%

iv) ̂loZfLeu~ dkys* LFkkus fde~ vO;;ine~ v= iz;qDre~ \ d½ lnSo [k½ loZnk x½ loZnSo ?k½lnk

8) laL—rHkk”kk nsoHkk”kk] izk;% lokZlka Hkkjrh;Hkk”kk.kka tuuh] izknsf’kd&Hkk”kk†p izk.kHkwrk bfr A ;Fkk izkf.ku% vUusu thofUr ijUrq ok;qa fouk vUuefi thoua jf{kraq u ‘kDuksfr] rFkSo vLen~ ns’kL; dkfi Hkk”kk

laL—rHkk”kkoyEca fouk thforqe{kek bfr fu%la’k;e~ A vL;keso vLekda /keZ% vLekdfefrgkl%

vLekda Hkwra Hkfo”;†p loZ lqlfUufgrefLr A

I) ,dinsu mRrjr A

i) laL—rHkk”kk;k% vija uke fdefLr \ ii) ok;qa fouk fde~ vU;nfi thoua jf{krqa u ‘kDuksfr \ iii) laL—re~ fdefLr \ iv) dk· fi dk laL—ra fouk thforqe{kek orZrs \ II) iw.kZokD;su mRrjr A

i) laL—rHkk”kk;ka fde~&fde~ lqlfUufgre~ vfLr \ ii) laL—rHkk”kk dklke~ izk.kHkwrk· fLr \ III) v/kksfyf[krs”kq fodYis”kq leqfpre~ mRrja fpRok fy[kr A

i) ^vL;keso vLekda /keZ%* v= ^vL;ke~* bfr in dLeS iz;qDre~\ d½ laL—rk; [k½ laL—rHkk”kk;ke~ x½ laL—rHkk”kk;S ?k½ Hkk”kk;S

ii) ̂tuuh* bfr inL; vuqPNsns d% Ik;kZ;% iz;qDr%\ d½ ekrk [k½ firk x½ vkdk’k% ?k½ iq=%

20


iii) ̂thofUr* bfr fØ;k;k% dr`Zina fde~\ d½ tuk% [k½ izkf.ku% x½ izk.k% ?k½ thok%

iv) ̂Hkwra* inL; foijhrkFkZda ina x|ka’kkr~ fpRok fy[kr A d½ Hkfo”;e~ [k½ ok;qe~ x½ orZekue~ ?k½ loZe~

mRrjkf.k

[k.M % d vifBr vocks/kue~

mnkgj.k

1) I) i) Nk=L; ii) ijh{kk;k%

iii) f’k{kka iv) dsfUnz;ek/;fed f’k{kklaxBusu

II) i) vu;k ;kstu;k Nk=% lkewfgd:is.k dk;Za drqZa leFkZ% Hkfo”;fr A

ii) lrra ;ksX;rk;k% vk/kkjs.k ,o ifj.kkeL; vkdyua Hkfo”;fr A

III) i) [k½ lrre~ ii) [k½ vkdyue~ iii) [k½ O;ofLFkrsH;% iv) [k½ ;kstuk;S

IV) lokZaxh.k ewY;kadua

Class work - exercise 1) I) i) ckaXyns’kokflu% ii) laLÑrL;

iii) foØekfnR;L; iv) fo’odfoa

II) i) dkfynklL; —rhuka Hkk”kk vrho ljyk] lqdkseyk LokHkkfodh p vfLr A

i) egkdos% fo”k;s ,dk tuJqfr% Jqrk ;r~ l% tUeuk egkew[kZ% vklhr~ A

III) i) x½ if.Mrk% ii)?k½ egrh iii) [k½ dFk;fUr iv)?k½ dkfynklk;

IV) egkdfo % dkfynkl%

2) I) i) x½ ekuotkfr% ii)d½ oSKkfudk% iii) x½ Ik;kZoj.kL; iv) [k½ oukuke~

II) i) tuS% lE;x~ KkrO;a ;r~ Ik;kZoj.kL; j{k.ks vLekda j{k.ka Hkfo”;fr A ii) iou% ‘kq)% Hkosr~ rnFkZa iz;Ru% dj.kh;% A III) i) d½ rO;r~ ii) d½ oSKkfudk% iii) ?k½ fofo/kS% iv) d½ o`{kk%

3) I) i) [k½ fuokZ.ke~ ii) d½ eks{k% iii) d½ /keZ% iv) ?k½ dkeuk%

II) i) /keZ & vFkZ & dke =hu~ iq:”kkFkkZu~ lfUr A ii) ;nk euq”;% ekukieku;ks% leku% fr”Bfr] ;nk l%jkxa }s”ka pkfrØkekfr rnk eks{ka izIuksfr A III) i) [k½ Y;i~ ii) x½ f=fo/k&nq%[ksH;% iii)d½ ‘kkUrk% iv) ?k½ eks{k% 4) I) i) xqgk% ii) ckS/nfHk{kw.kka iii)egkRekcq/nL; iv) iHpxqgk% II) i) xqgkuke~ izos’k}kjkf.k mR—“VkfHk% dyk—frfHk% fo’ks”kr% vy³~—rkfu n`’;UrsA ii) lk/kuk;k% vfrfjDrle;s rs J)kHkkosu fu”B;k p egkRekcq)L; fofo/ktUek/kkfjrS% fp=S%

f’kYidykfHk% p xqgkuke~ vUrHkkZxku~ vy³~dqoZfUr LeA



III i) x½ vtUrkxqgk% ii) xqgkuke~ Ñrs iii) x½ dyk;k% iv) ?k½ /kkfeZdh 5) I) i) ijk’kjL; ii) l% ¼egf”kZ %O;kl%½ iii) ,dfLeu~ }his iv) egkHkkjrdkys II) i) fonq”kka erefLr ;r~ egf”kZ.kk O;klsu iwoZ îqjk.klafgrk* uke xzUFkks jfpr%A ii) osnkuka ladyua d`”.k}Sik;usu @ egf”kZ O;klsu d`re~ A III) i) x½ vusdkfu ii) [k½ egf”kZ% O;kl% iii) [k½ —“.k% iv) ?k½ fonq”kka —rs 6) I) i) d½ fo|k ii) d½ fo|;k iii)?k½ lalkjs iv) x½ fo|k/kuk; II) i) ßfd mfpre~ vfLr fda p vuqfpre~Þ bfr fo|;k Kk;rs A

ii) fo|k/kue~ mRrea /kua orZrs A

III) i) d½ vdrZO;e~ ii)d½ tuk% iii)[k½ tkuhe% iv) [k½ ,o 7) I) i) ?k½ lIr ii) x½ ukjk;.kkorkj:is.k iii) d½ JhjkepUnzL; iv) x½ prqfoZ’kfr&lkglzh&lafgrk II) i) jkek;.ks ^cky&v;ks/;k&vj.;&fdf”dU/kk&lqUnj&;q)&mRrj* bfr lIrdk.Mkfu fo|Urs A

ii) nsof”kZukjnL; izsj.k;k czg~e.k% opusu p vkfndfouk bna dkO;a fojfpre~ A

III) i) [k½ okYehfd% ii) d½ vklhr~ iii)x½ ikoue~ iv) x½ vr,o 8) I) i) [k½ tyfcUno% ii) x½ O;FkkdFkkJo.kk; II) i) o`{kL; dk”Biz;ksx% bU/kuk;] dkxZni=k;] Hkou fuekZ.kk; p Hkofr A ii) o`{kL; ‘kjhjs oz.kk% Nsnusu tkrk% A

III) i) ?k½ dqr% ii) d½ rIr% iii) x½ nzqek; iv) d½ fujkfJrk% 9) I) i) lSfudkuke~ ii) Lons’kL;¼vesjhdkns’kL;½ iii) fo’kkya [k.Ma iv) vkdk’kkr~ II) i) v’okjkgs Lons’kL; ¼vesfjdkns’kL;½ jk”Vªifr% okf’kaXVu% vklhr~ A

III) i) iqu% + vfi ii) fo’kkya iii) nwjr% iv) ,dnk 10) I) i) lE;x~ Kkua ii) uhpk tuk% iii) ln~xq.kS% iv) dk”Blaxsu II) lRlaxfr% dj.kh;k dqlaxfr% p R;tuh;kA

III) i) [k½ vf/kxPNfUr ii) [k½ lRlaxfr% iii) [k½ lRlaxfr%@dqlaxfr% iv) d½ uhpk% 11) I) i) /kkSE;uke~ _”ks% ii) {ks=e~ iii) fut’kjhje~ iv) vk:f.k% II) vk#.ks% LoHkko% fouez% ân;’p ljy% vklhr~ A

III) i) [k½ f’k”;% ii) ?k½ vk:.k;s iii) x½ Loh—R; iv) d½ m|eh 12) I) i) HkkSfrda ii) iz;Ruk% II) ekuflda lq[ka rq drZO;ijk;.ksu] ijksidkjs.k] lRlaxR;k] Hkxon~Hktusu] lR;su lso;k p izkIrqa

‘kD;rs A

III) i) lq[ke~ ii) yV~ iii) ‘kd~ iv) lek/ks;% 13)I) i) m|eh ii) lq[ke~ iii) ekufld ihMke~ iv) HkrZ̀gfj.kk

22


II) HkrZ̀gfj.kk dfouk vfi dfFkre~ & ^^losZ xq.kk% dk†pue~ vkJ;fUrA**

III) i) [k½ bu~ ii) [k½ feyfr iii) d½ m|esu iv) x½ m|eh Practice Exercise 1) I) i) ioZrsH;% ii) nwf”kra iii) dy’kku~ iv) izf.kuka

II) i) u|k% izFkekoLFkk izikr% A

ii) if{k.kka dyjoS% rVk% xqHtk;ekuk% HkofUr A

iii) HkkstuL; vof’k”Va tuk% tys ikr;fUr A

iv) ioZrsH;% fuxZrk;k % u|k% tya LoPNa ‘khrya e/kqja p Hkofr A

III) i) u|S ii) xqHtk;ekuk% iii) mifj iv) fL=;%

IV) u|% thoue~

2) I) i) f}rh;L; ii) l%¼izFke%fHk{kqd%½ iii) ,da iv) Ñi.k%

II) i) izFke% fHk{kqd%,dL; r.MqyL; nkua nnkfr A ii) f}rh;% fHk{kqd% ,dL; r.MqyL; —rs r.Mqykdkja Lo.kZd.ka nnkfr A III) i) fHk{kqdL; ii) f}rh; fHk{kqdk; iii) izFke % fHk{kqd% iv) f}rh;% fHk{kqd%

IV) Ñi.k% fHk{kqd%

3) I) i) jktdh;% ii) iBuL; iii) ‘krizfr’kre~ iv) ijg~;%

II) i) okf”kZdksRlos eq[;kfrfFk% uxjL; jkT;iky% vklhr~ A

ii) eq[;kfrFkkS vkxrs Nk=k%ok|;U=k.kka /ofuuk Lokxre~ vdqoZu~ A

III) i) Js”Bk ii) fo|k + vky;% iii) iqjLdkjku~ iv) Nk=k%

IV) vLekda fo|ky;%

4) I) i) in/ofua ii) fu/kZusH;% iii),dfLeu~ dVs iv) ‘khrL;

II) i) dEcyku~ pk.kD;L; dqVhjs LFkkfiroUr% A

ii) pkSjk% pk.kD;L; ikn;ks% ifrRok {kek;kpuke~ vdqoZu~ A

iii) pUnzxqIrL; vkns’ksu dEcykuka forj.ka fu/kZusH;% dj.kh;e~ vklhr~ A

iv) pk.kD;L; vkn’kZ pfj=a n`”V~ok pkSjk% ureLrdk% vHkou~ A

III) i) izkokjdk% ii) dEcysH;% iii) vge~ iv) ureLrdk%

IV) pk.kD;L; egkurk

5) I) i) fr:Ddqjy~ ii) Hkkjro”kZL; iii) ú iv) ekSuozre~

II) i) LekjdL; Hkwrys fof’k”Va /;kuefUnje~ vfLr A

ii) dU;kdqekjh rfeyukMqizns’ks izns’ks vfLr A

iii) v= =;% leqnzk.kka l³~xe% vfLr A

iv) leqnzrhjkr~ izfLFkrk ukSdk izFkea fr:oYyqojL; izfreka izfrxPNfr A

III) i) ;U=pkfyr;k ii) vUrs iii) losZ iv) LFkkue~

IV) rkfeyukMqizns’k%



6) I) i) U;k;k/kh’kL; ii) ftàk;k% iii)y{k:I;dk.kka iv) thoua

II) i) /kfud% U;k;LFkkua efyua drqZe~ bPNfr Le A

ii) U;k;k/kh’k% /kfud% y{k:I;dkf.k x`gs LFkkif;Rok bfr n`”V~ok Øq)% vHkor~ A

III) i) /kfudL; ii) nqyZaHkk% iii) /kfudkH;ka iv) U;k;k/kh’k%

IV) U;k;fiz; % U;k;k/kh’k%

7) I) i) f’kfFkykfu ii) lagfr% iii) mnja iv) fLFkjkS

II) i) lokZf.k vXkfu fefyRok dk;Ze~ R;DroUr% A

ii) mnjL; —Ik;k vXkfu ‘kfDr;qDrkfu HkofUr A

III) i) o;a ii) ‘kjhjkMªx+sH;% iii) mnje~ iv) fLFkjkS

IV) mnjL; egRoa

8) I) i) {ks=s”kq ii) ihroL=kf.k iii) e/kqjkf.k iv) losZ

II) i) tuS%ohj jliw.kkZ% ns’kHkfDr HkkoHkfjrk% dfork% iB~;Urs A

ii) olUrksRlo% ek?keklL; ‘kqDyi{kL; i†pE;ka frFkkS v;e~ mRlo% eU;rs A

III) i) d½ mRlo% ii) [k½ v/;;ue~ iii) d½ tusH;% iv) x½ vkxPNfUr ok

IV) olUriHpeh

Home Work Exercise 1) I) i) dU;kdqekjh ii) lw;ksZn;L;

II) i) LokehfoosdkuUn% leqnztys fLFkrk;ke~ ,dL;ka c`gr~&f’kyk;ke~ mifo”V% =hf.k fnukfu /;kueXu% tkr% A

ii) v= vkxR; lk/kdk% /;kua lk/kuka p —Rok thoua lQya dqoZfUr A

III) i) [k½ foosdkuUndsUnze~ ii) ?k½ f{kIrkuke~ 2) I) i) vkradokn% ii) jDrfofyIr%

II) i) vkradoknL; chtkjksi.kk; euksfodkjs.k xzLrk% LokfFkZu%p tuk% mRrjnkf;u% lfUr A

III) i) x½ vesfjdkns’k% ii) d½ xq#rek

iii) [k½ iz;Ru% iv) d½ fujkdj.kk;

IV½ vkradokn%

3) I) i) mRrj ii) egklkxj%

II) i) xXk] ;equk ‘krnzq%] foik’kk pUnzHkkxk izHk`r;% u|% HkkjrHkwfea fl†pfUr A

III) i) [k½ u|% ii) [k½ unhuke~ iii) x½ iz{kky;fr iv) ?k½ u|%

IV½ fgeky;L; egRRoa

4) I) i) cgo% ii) vUrjk”Vªh;% iii) vifjiDokuke~ iv) inkFkkZu~

II) i) o;a losZ”kka ns’kkuka jktuSfrda] lkekftda] lkaL—frda p :ia Kkrqa leFkkZ% L;ke~ A

ii) vifjiDokuke~~ inkFkkZuka izkfIr% vfuok;kZ vfLr A

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III) i) [k½ vifjiDok% ii) [k½ cgqopue~ iii) d½ vfuok;kZ

iv) d½ lqyHke~

5) I) i) y?kqnhi% ii) lk;Mªdkys iii) lw;Za iv) vU/kdkjs

II) i) y?kqnhi% lfou;a fuosfnroku~ & ^^Hkxou~! vya fpUr;kA ;|fi ee izdk’k% {kh.k% rFkkfi tukuka lsok;ke~ vga ;Fkk’kfDr Lothoua leiZf;”;kfi dk;kZf.k p lk/kf;”;kfeA**

ii) Hkxoku~ lw;Z% fpfUrr% vHkor~ ^êf; xrs laiw.kZ% lalkj% vU/kdkjs fueXu% Hkfo”;fr A yksdkuka O;ogkj% dFka pfy”;fr\ eka fouk losZ thok% nq%[ke~ vuqHkfo”;fUr A**

III) i) x½ lw;kZ; ii) d½ laiw.kZ% iii) x½ {kh.k% iv) d½ nq%[ke~

6) I) i) QyL; ii) y{;ghue~ iii) ijksidkjs.k iv) y{;e~

II) i) vLekda y{;a mPpa ijfgrdkjda p Hkosr~ A

ii) QyL; fpUrka vxzs xeue~ ,o vLekda drZO;e~ A

III) i) d½ y{;k; ii) [k½ tuk% iii) d½ mRlkgiw.kZe~ iv) [k½ ,o

7) I) i) T;s”Bkuka ii) ekSue~ iii) eu% iv) vfu;fU=rk

II) i) euq”;L; egku~ ‘k=q% Øks/k% A

ii) Øq)% tu% xq#u~ vfi fuUnfr viHkk”k.ka djksfr] ts”Bkuka fgropukfu vfi u J`.kksfr A

III) i) [k½ iqLrdL; ii) d½ lko/kkuk% iii) x½ o;e~ iv) [k½ loZnk

8) I) i) nsoHkk”kk ii) vUue~ iii) Hkk”kk iv) Hkk”kk

II) i) vLekda /keZ% vLekdfefrgkl% vLekda Hkwra Hkfo”;†p loZ lqlfUufgrefLrA

ii) laL—rHkk”kk nsoHkk”kk] izk;% lokZlka Hkkjrh;Hkk”kk.kka tuuh] izknsf’kd&Hkk”kk†p izk.kHkwrk bfr A

III) i) x½ laL—rHkk”kk;S ii) d½ ekrk

iii) [k½ izkf.ku% iv) d½ Hkfo”;e~

CESSF L U UT - Universal Tutorials · Volume Universal Tutorials – X CBSE – Sanskrit mRrjkf.k ¼ljko ijh{kk½ ----- 182 6. lk/kqo`fRra lekpjsr~ ----- 184

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