CESAREAN SECTION Tayebeh gharibi Faculty of nursing&midwifery.

CESAREAN SECTIONCESAREAN SECTIONTayebeh gharibi Tayebeh gharibi

Faculty of nursing&midwiferyFaculty of nursing&midwifery

TYPES OF CSTYPES OF CS

Lower segment CSLower segment CS Classical CSClassical CS

Indications for classical incision:Indications for classical incision: Transverse lie with SROMTransverse lie with SROM Structural abnormality that makes lower Structural abnormality that makes lower

segment approach difficultsegment approach difficult Constriction ring with neglected labourConstriction ring with neglected labour Fibroids in the lower segmentFibroids in the lower segment Ant PP & abnormally vascular lower segmentAnt PP & abnormally vascular lower segment Mother dead & rapid delivery is requiredMother dead & rapid delivery is required Very preterm fetus in breech presVery preterm fetus in breech pres

INDICATIONS FOR ELECTIVE CSINDICATIONS FOR ELECTIVE CS

Known CPDKnown CPD Fetal macrosomia Fetal macrosomia > >

4500 gm4500 gm Placenta previaPlacenta previa VV fistula repairVV fistula repair HIVHIV Active herpesActive herpes Repeat CSRepeat CS

Uterine surgery eg. Uterine surgery eg. Hystrotomy, Hystrotomy, myomectomymyomectomy

Severe IUGRSevere IUGR Breech Breech Multiple pregnancyMultiple pregnancy Transverse lieTransverse lie Ca of the Cx/ TR Ca of the Cx/ TR

obstructing the birth obstructing the birth canalcanal

INDICATIONS FOR EMERGRENCY CSINDICATIONS FOR EMERGRENCY CS

Abruptio placntaeAbruptio placntae Fetal distressFetal distress Failure to progress in the first stage of labourFailure to progress in the first stage of labour Cord prolapseCord prolapse Obstructed labourObstructed labour Failed inductionFailed induction Malpresentation Malpresentation brow, face, shoulder & brow, face, shoulder &

compound presentations, breechcompound presentations, breech Compromised fetus 2ry to DM, HPT, Compromised fetus 2ry to DM, HPT,

isoimmunization isoimmunization

مادری مادری اندیکاسیونهای اندیکاسیونهای

دائمی دائمی سرکالژ سرکالژ لگن لگن دفرمیته دفرمیته رحمی انسزیون رحمی گسیختگی انسزیون گسیختگی میومکتومی میومکتومی سابقه سابقه ژنیتال انسدادی های ژنیتال توده انسدادی های توده سرویکس مهاجم سرویکس سرطان مهاجم سرطان ریوی یا قلبی ریوی بیماری یا قلبی بیماری مغزی مغزی انوریسم انوریسم مرگ هنگام سزارین مرگ زایمان هنگام سزارین زایمان همزمان شکمی داخل جراحی مستلزم که همزمان ضایعاتی شکمی داخل جراحی مستلزم که ضایعاتی

هستندهستند

جنینی مادری جنینی اندیکاسیونهای مادری اندیکاسیونهای

لگنی سری تناسب لگنی عدم سری تناسب عدم ابزاری واژینال زایمان خوردن ابزاری شکست واژینال زایمان خوردن شکست ودکولمان پرویا ودکولمان پالسنتا پرویا پالسنتا

جنینی جنینی اندیکاسیونهای اندیکاسیونهای

بخش غیراطمینان بخش وضعیت غیراطمینان وضعیت غیرطبیعی غیرطبیعی نمایش نمایشماکروزومیماکروزومی مادرزادی مادرزادی ناهنجاری ناهنجاری بندناف عروق داپلر غیرطبیعی بندناف نتیجه عروق داپلر غیرطبیعی نتیجهترومبوسیتوپنیترومبوسیتوپنی قبلی نوزادان زایمانی ترومای قبلی سابقه نوزادان زایمانی ترومای سابقه

نوزادان نوزادان موربیدیتی موربیدیتی

شایعترین پوست شایعترین پارگی پوست پارگی

سفالوهماتومسفالوهماتوم

جمجمه جمجمه شکستگی شکستگی

فاسیال عصب فاسیال فلج عصب فلج

بیشترین . ابزاری واژینال زایمان شکست از پس بیشترین . سزارین ابزاری واژینال زایمان شکست از پس سزاریناسیب اسیب میزان میزان

الکتیو سزارین در آسیب میزان الکتیو کمترین سزارین در آسیب میزان کمترین

TIMING OF ELECTIVE CSTIMING OF ELECTIVE CS

For maternal interest For maternal interest no choice no choice For fetal interest For fetal interest consider maturity & fetal consider maturity & fetal

conditioncondition Usually at 38 wks Usually at 38 wks

Before Emergency CSBefore Emergency CS

Explain to the Pt & husband & obtain consent Explain to the Pt & husband & obtain consent

Inform anesthetist, OR staff, pedInform anesthetist, OR staff, ped

100% oxygen mask in case of fetal distress100% oxygen mask in case of fetal distress

Sodium citrate Sodium citrate 330 ml , metoclopramide 10 mg 0 ml , metoclopramide 10 mg IVIV

Transfer to the theatre, IV , take blood for Hb, Transfer to the theatre, IV , take blood for Hb, x-match 2 U of bloodx-match 2 U of blood

Preferable to use spinal or epidural anaethesiaPreferable to use spinal or epidural anaethesia

Catheterize the bladder Catheterize the bladder Tilt the mother 15 Tilt the mother 15 º by using wedgeº by using wedge Prophylactic Ab Prophylactic Ab ↓↓ incidence of infection↓↓ incidence of infection Inform ped if the mother had opiates in the last 4 Inform ped if the mother had opiates in the last 4

hrshrs Halothane should not be used Halothane should not be used uterine relaxation uterine relaxation

& bleeding& bleeding

COMPLICATIONSCOMPLICATIONS

INTRAOPERATIVEINTRAOPERATIVE Bleeding & the need for bl transfusionBleeding & the need for bl transfusion HysterectomyHysterectomy Complications of anaesthesiaComplications of anaesthesia Damage to the bladder, ureter, colon , retained Damage to the bladder, ureter, colon , retained

placental tissueplacental tissue Fetal injuryFetal injuryPOSTOPERATIVE POSTOPERATIVE Gaseous distensionGaseous distension Paralytic ileusParalytic ileus Wound dehiscence & infectionWound dehiscence & infection Infectins Infectins UTI, pulmonary UTI, pulmonary DVT & pulmonary embolismDVT & pulmonary embolism DeathDeath Vesico uterine fistulaVesico uterine fistula

POSTNATAL CAREPOSTNATAL CARE

V/S & blood loss must be moniteredV/S & blood loss must be monitered Uterine fundus palpated Uterine fundus palpated Effective parentral analgesicsEffective parentral analgesics Deep breathing & coughing encouragedDeep breathing & coughing encouraged Early mobilizationEarly mobilization Fluid therapy &dietFluid therapy &diet Bladder & bowel functionBladder & bowel function Wound careWound care LabLab Breast careBreast care Prophylaxis for thrombembolismProphylaxis for thrombembolism

MODE OF DELIVERY IN NEXT MODE OF DELIVERY IN NEXT PREGNANCYPREGNANCY

CRITERIA FOR VBACCRITERIA FOR VBAC Pt must agree to the procedurePt must agree to the procedure A low transverse uterine incisionA low transverse uterine incision Non recurrent cause of the previous CSNon recurrent cause of the previous CS No macrosomia, malposition, multiple No macrosomia, malposition, multiple

gestation, breechgestation, breechContraindicationContraindication Previous classical CSPrevious classical CS 2 or more previous CS2 or more previous CS Previous other uterine surgeryPrevious other uterine surgery Hx of scar ruptureHx of scar rupture Placentaprevia or transverse liePlacentaprevia or transverse lie

CONDUCT OF LABOURCONDUCT OF LABOUR

Similar to the conduct of normal labourSimilar to the conduct of normal labour

Observe forObserve for ProgressProgress Fetal wellbeingFetal wellbeing Maternal well beingMaternal well being Cx may be ripenedCx may be ripened Labour may be agumented Labour may be agumented Epidural & other analgesics may be usedEpidural & other analgesics may be used HOSPITAL SHOULD PROVIDE BLOOD , HOSPITAL SHOULD PROVIDE BLOOD ,

OPERATING ROOM 24 HRS, NEONATAL OPERATING ROOM 24 HRS, NEONATAL RESUSCITATION, NURSING ANAESTHESIA RESUSCITATION, NURSING ANAESTHESIA &SURGICAL PERSONNEL CAN START CS &SURGICAL PERSONNEL CAN START CS WITHIN 30 MIN WITHIN 30 MIN

SCAR RUPTURESCAR RUPTURE

O.2-1.5% for LSCSO.2-1.5% for LSCS 4-9% for classical4-9% for classical

INDICATIONS OF SCAR RUPTUREINDICATIONS OF SCAR RUPTURE Fetal distressFetal distress Ease of fetal palpationEase of fetal palpation Cessation of contractionsCessation of contractions Elevation of presenting partElevation of presenting part Scar painScar pain Bleeding / shockBleeding / shock

ABNORMAL ABNORMAL LABOUR/DYSTOCIA/FAILURE TO LABOUR/DYSTOCIA/FAILURE TO

PROGRESS IN LABOURPROGRESS IN LABOUR

CAUSESCAUSES

1-Abnormalities of the pasage 1-Abnormalities of the pasage

Alteration in the shape of the pelvisAlteration in the shape of the pelvis Mass occupying the birth canalMass occupying the birth canal

ABNORMAL ABNORMAL LABOUR/DYSTOCIA/FAILURE TO LABOUR/DYSTOCIA/FAILURE TO

PROGRESS IN LABOURPROGRESS IN LABOUR2-Abnormalities in the passenger2-Abnormalities in the passenger Abnormal lie Abnormal lie Abnormal presentationAbnormal presentation

occiput-postrior, occiput-transverseocciput-postrior, occiput-transverse

browbrow

faceface

breechbreech Macrosomia , perinatal mortality 5* higher Macrosomia , perinatal mortality 5* higher

than N Wtthan N Wt Congenital malformationCongenital malformation Multiple gestationMultiple gestation

ABNORMAL ABNORMAL LABOUR/DYSTOCIA/FAILURE TO LABOUR/DYSTOCIA/FAILURE TO

PROGRESS IN LABOURPROGRESS IN LABOUR3-Abnormalities in the powers3-Abnormalities in the powers Ineffective uterine activityIneffective uterine activity Lack of voluntary expulsive efforts in the 2Lack of voluntary expulsive efforts in the 2ndnd

stagestage

DYSTOCIA IS THE MOST COMMON INDICATION DYSTOCIA IS THE MOST COMMON INDICATION FOR CSFOR CS