Cesarean Section
Apr 01, 2015
Cesarean Section
Definition
CS is an attempt to deliver a fetus, placenta and membrane after 28 weeks of gestation, through an incision on the abdominal wall and the intact uterus
Removal of a fetus outside the uterus (abdominal pregnancy) or through a ruptured uterus or before 28 weeks is then not a CS.
Objective
1. To reduce infant and maternal morbidity
2. To reduce infant and maternal mortality
Indications
A. Based on urgency Absolute or Relative Emergency or Elective B. Based on prognosis
– Maternal indication– Fetal indication– Combined
C. General indications, based on certain clinical situation or diagnosis
General indications based on diagnosis
Fetopelvic or cephalo pelvic disproportion
Obstruction of birth canal Uterine disfunction Malposition or malpresentation Maternal diseases Scarred uterus or anomaly of the uterus Cancer of the cervix
Fetal indications (I)
Fetal distress Malpresentation or malposition Failed vacuum or forceps Expensive child Cord prolapsed Placental insufficiency (IUGR)
Fetal indications (II)
Incompatibility of rhesus Post term pregnancy Genital herpes Diabetes mellitus Elderly primigravida (>35 th) Poor obstetric history Giant fetus (> 4000 grams)
Maternal indication (Fetus already died)
Total placenta previa Severe PE or Eclampsia, failed
induction Threatened Uterine Rupture,
transverse lie
Combined indications
Placenta previa Abruptio placenta, alive fetus Severe Preeclampsia /Eclampsia FPD/CPD Threatened Uterine Rupture (Over
stimulation)
Contraindications
Severe chorioamnionitis Very poor fetal prognosis, exp:
extremely premature, severe congenital anomaly.
Fetal death, except in case of placenta previa
No adequate facilities for surgical procedure
Types of Cesarean Section Based on incision
– 1. Classical or corporal (vertical incision)– 2. Low segment (horizontal incision)
Based on time– 1. Emergency CS– 2. Elective CS
Other– 1. Extraperitoneal CS– 2. Cesarean hysterectomy
Clasic CS, Indications (1)
1. Difficult to reach the LUS
2. Transverse lie
3. Fetal distress
4. Placenta previa, anterior implantation
5. Followed by sterilization
Classic CS, Advantages
1. Faster
2. Easier
Classic CS, Disadvantages
1. Bleeding may be more profuse
2. Difficult to luxate fetal head
3. Reperitonisation is incomplete
4. Risk of rupture during future
pregnancy
Low segment CS, Indications
–Longitudinal lie
–No problem with the LUS
–Future pregnancy is expected
Low segment CS (Advantages)
Less bleeding Incision to placenta is avoided Easy to luxate fetal head Easy to close (suture) Good reperitonization Risk of rupture in the next pregnancy
is minimal
Low segment CS (Disadvantages)
– Takes more time
– Bleeding may be more severe, if the incision runs too laterally
– Injury to the bladder may happen, if the incision is too low
– During repeated CS, post laparotomy, or post infection, LUS may be too difficult to identify
Cesarean histerectomy (1)
Definition: Cesarean section followed by hysterectomy
Indications:– Uncontrolled bleeding– Placenta acreta, increta dan percreta– Multiple mioma– Cervical or ovarial ca– Unrepairable uterine rupture– Infection
Cesarean histerectomy(2)
Complications– Morbidity and mortality is higher:
Takes more time Trauma to gut and bladder is higher More bleeding
Psychological effects– No menstruation– Becomes steril
Complication of CS
Bleeding (Atonia, Too large incision) Infection (Incision site, peritonitis) Trombophlebitis Trauma (Gut, Bladder, Baby) Ileus Complications due to anesthesia and
surgical action
Delivery after CS
Once cesarean always cesarean Trial of vaginal delivery
– Labor will progress easily– No significant complication to mother
and baby
Contraindications to vaginal delivery:
– Repeated cesarean section
– Vertical incision
– Absolut indication for CS
– Malposition and mal presentation
– Maternal diseases (DM, Toxaemia)
– Fetal distress, expenssive child etc.
Maternal Death due to CS
10-30 cases per 100.000Causes
– Bleeding
– Infection
– Anesthesia
– Pulmonary emboli
– Heart and renal failure due to prolonged hipotension
Maternal Death due to CS (Risk Factor)
– Elderly women
– Grandemulti gravida
– Obesity
– PROM
– Maternal diseases
– Complicated pregnancy
– Low social economic condition
Infant Mortality
Theoretically it is not higherPractically it is higher, because:
– Complication of pregnancy
– Misdetermination of age
– Fetal distress
Preparation for CS
– Hemoglobin min. 10 g/dL
– Heart, lung, electrolyte, liver and kidney, are
normal
– Fast 6-8 hours
– Match Blood, 250-500 ml
– Antacid (30 ml) 1 hour before
– Ampicillin 1 gram iv, 15-30 minutes before
operation
Monitoring post operation Stop oral feeding until peristaltics is good Ivfd: Dextrose 5% and Na Cl 3:1 Closed monitoring of vital sign and fluids
balance Antibiotics: Ampicillin 3 X 1000 mg and
Gentamycin 2 X 80 mg for 3 days Vitamin Mobilisation on day 2 Removal of suture on day 7 Discharge on day 8.