CONSERVING DJIBOUTI’S PRIORITY LAND ANIMALS A SEMINAR AND CONSERVATION WORKSHOP CERD, DJIBOUTI, 25-29 March 2012 Final RepoRt
CONSERVING DJIBOUTI’S PRIORITY LAND ANIMALSA SEMINAR AND CONSERVATION WORKSHOP
CERD, DJIBOUTI, 25-29 March 2012
Final RepoRt
A contribution of the IUCN SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group.
IUCN encourages meetings, workshops and other fora for the consideration and analysis of issues related to conservation, and believes that reports of these meetings are most useful when broadly disseminated. The opinions and views expressed by the authors may not necessarily reflect the formal policies of IUCN, its Commissions, its Secretariat or its members.
The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, terri-tory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Report editor groupAbdirahman Ahmed, HOARECAbdoulkader Ahmed Aouled, MHUEAhmed Ali Mohamed, EVAAlain Laurent, TER-RESAman Mohamed Aman, MHUEArnaud Desbiez, CBSG BrasilBaptiste Mulot, ZooParc de Beauval and Association ABCRBertrand Lafrance, DECANBengt Holst, CBSG EuropeCathy Gibault, Parc Zoologique de ThoiryDavid Mallon, IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist GroupEric Ruivo, ZooParc de Beauval and Association ABCRHoussein A. Rayaleh, Djibouti NatureKristin Leus, CBSG EuropePatricia Moehlman, IUCN SSC Equid Specialist GroupPhil McGowan, IUCN SSC Galliform Specialist Group, WPA
Layout and cover graphic:Mikkel Stelvig, Copenhagen Zoo
Holst, B., A. Ahmed, A. A. Aouled, A. A. Mohamed, A. Laurent, A. M. Aman, A. Desbiez, B. Mulot, B. Lafrance, C. Gibault, D. Mallon, E. Ruivo, H. A. Rayaleh, K. Leus, P. Moehlmann, P. McGowan (eds.). 2013: Conserving Djibouti’s Priority Land Animals – a Seminar and Conservation Workshop. Final Report. IUCN SSC.
CONSERVING DJIBOUTI’S PRIORITY LAND ANIMALSA SEMINAR AND CONSERVATION WORKSHOP
CERD, DJIBOUTI, 25-29 March 2012
Final RepoRt
4
Contents
Executive summary 6Invitation Letter
Introduction and organisation 9Introduction
Strategic planning process
Strategic Planning Results 17The workshop and the preceding seminar
Vision and long term goals per Species
Status of selected species
Threats and obstacles for selected taxa
Objectives and actions 27Rural land use
Legislation
Research
Education
Species specific actions
References 53
Appendix 57Appendix 1 - Seminar programme
Appendix 2 - Workshop organisation
Appendix 3 - Workshop programme
Appendix 4 - GIS maps for selected species
Appendix 5 - List of participants
Appendix 6 - List of acronyms
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exeCutive summary
The conservation planning workshop was conducted on invitation from the Minister of Housing, Urbanism and Environment of Djibouti with the overall purpose of developing a conservation action plan for selected land animals of Djibouti as well as generating awareness of the need for nature conservation in Djibouti in general. The workshop was preceded by a one-day seminar which served to provide an overview of conservation issues for Djibouti and the Horn of Africa in general, and of the conservation status of, and threats to, the Djiboutian land animals that were the subject of the workshop in particular: Djibouti francolin, Somali wild ass, Grevy zebra, gerenuk, beira, beisa oryx, Soemmering’s and Pelzeln’s gazelles, Salt’s dik-dik, leopard and cheetah. Furthermore the workshop format was adapted to fit the format described in the “IUCN Strategic Planning for Species Conservation Handbook” (2008).
The main organization behind the workshop was a partnership between the government of Djibouti represented by the Ministry of Housing, Urbanism and Environment, CBSG (Europe and Brasil networks), the IUCN SSC Species Conservation Planning Sub-committee, The IUCN Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office (ESARO),the IUCN SSC Equid, Antelope and Galliform Specialist Groups, Association DECAN (DECouvrir et Aider la Nature), The World Pheasant Association, Association Beauval Conservation et Recherche, and ZooParc de Beauval. The main goal of the workshop was to gather, systematize and discuss all available data and information relevant for the conservation of land animals of Djibouti (status in the wild, distribution, threats, available habitat, ecological factors, socioeconomic aspects etc.), to refer this information to existing conservation action plans and use this information to establish research, management and conservation priorities for the area with a focus on the selected land animal species listed above.
In accordance with the approach described in the SSC handbook for Strategic Planning for Species Conservation the workshop started by developing a vision for Djibouti’s natural heritage as a whole, and long term general goals were developed in species specific working groups per taxon or species of interest. The identified working groups were:
• Birds• Predators• Antelopes• Equids
Each of these groups, started by discussing the list of species to be included or removed from their group. They then brainstormed about the existing threats to the respective taxa. Threats were then presented in plenary session and were then grouped into themes resulting in four main areas:
• Rural land use• Legislation and protected areas• Research • Education and awareness
Working groups were formed based on these themes, and each of these working groups developed objectives and actions for their respective fields. These were then finally listed in four tables, and responsibilities, time frames, criteria of success and estimated costs were added where possible. The identified objectives within the four themes were:
Rural land use:
Objective 1 : Land use planning : through the populations’ vision of their territory, plan the use and accessibility of land by involving other stakeholders (participatory approach)
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Objective 2: Water: increase the amount of water available for humans and natural resources and manage water wiselyObjective 3: Plant Resources: Combat deforestation and work for reforestationObjective 4: Competition between wildlife and livestock /disease transmission / hybridisation: Control livestock movement, if necessary by creating protected areas and establish epidemiological monitoring of livestockObjective 5: Erosion: strengthen the actions of restoration and protection of plant resources by vigorous actions (e.g. selection of appropriate local plant species, soil surface management)Objective 6: Pollution: Improve waste management and control pollution due to human activities through the enforcement of existing laws.Objective 7: Stray dogs: elimination of stray dogs by appropriate means without risk for wildlife and livestock (sterilization + elimination)
Legislation and protected areas:
Objective 1 : To implement the status of existing protected areas Objective 2 : Mobilization of financial and human resources to manage the network of protected area Objective 3 : To create a network of protected areas representative of Djibouti’s ecosystemsObjective 4 : To address illegal logging of fauna and floraObjective 5 : Review and update the laws relating to biodiversity
Research:
Objective 1: Establish a sub-department of ecology at the university
bjective 2: Establish a governmental department of ecology for terrestrial ecosystems.Objective 3: To prioritise and organise research on important
species and their ecosystems.Objective 4: Provide basic training in ecology for the field workers.Objective 5: There is need for funds to support ecological research and data collection. Objective 6: To finance the establishment of training and professionalization in Ecology (University, Department of Ecology of terrestrial ecosystems, basic training, etc.). Education and awareness:
Objective 1: the population is aware of the ecological and economic values of the Djiboutian biodiversity + Objective 2: the population is aware of its role for the preservation of the ecological balanceObjective 3: The people are aware of the environmental legislationObjective 4: The environmental awareness is integrated in an adequate way and put into practice in school curriculaObjective 5: There is an initial training of teachers in environmental education fieldObjective 6: The iconic species of Djibouti are valued and a source of pride, the predators are toleratedObjective 7: People adopt sustainable good practicesObjective 8: The population has information and opportunities to set up economic alternatives in the traffic
Each step of the process was presented in plenary so that all participants had the chance to provide insight in groups where they were not present. Finally on the last day the participants regrouped into taxon specific groups to ensure that any taxon specific priorities that were not yet covered would not be overlooked. During the closing session participants had a lively discussion on ways to move forward and implement the action plan. Alongside with the various workshops the participants also developed updated GIS species distribution maps.
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The workshop was extremely successful thanks to the incredibly hard work and dedication of all the participants, the sizeable commitment of all the relevant ministries and the impeccable hosting and organisation. The results of the workshop can be expected to indeed provide a good basis for achieving the vision that was identified during the workshop, namely that “Djibouti’s rich natural heritage, particularly species of global, regional and national importance and their ecosystems, are conserved and their resilience enhanced, thus serving as a model for sustainable development in the Horn of Africa”.
Invitation Letter
introduCtion and organisation
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Introduction
The conservation planning workshop was conducted on invitation from the Minister of Housing, Urbanism and Environment of Djibouti with the overall purpose of developing a conservation action plan for selected land animals of Djibouti as well as generating awareness of the need for nature conservation in Djibouti in general. The workshop was preceded by a one-day seminar which served to provide an overview of conservation issues for Djibouti and the Horn of Africa in general, and of the conservation status of, and threats to, the Djiboutian land animals that were the subject of the workshop in particular: Djibouti francolin (Francolinus ochropectus ), Somali wild ass (Equus africanus somaliensis), Grevy zebra (Equus grevyi), gerenuk (Litocranius walleri), beira (Dorcatragus megalotis), beisa oryx (Oryx beisa), Soemmering’s (Nanger soemmerringii) and Pelzeln’s gazelles (Gazella dorcas pelzelni), Salt’s dik-dik (Madoqua saltiana), leopard (Panthera pardus)and cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). The criteria used for the selection of these species were the following :
• The existence of a conservation, education or research program in Djibouti for the species (Somali Wild Ass, Grevy Zebra, Beisa oryx, Cheetah, Leopard, Djiboutian Francolin)
• The existence of protected areas for the species (Gerenuk, Beira antelope, Pelzen’s gazelle, Salt’s dick-dik)
• The cultural, economical, political or social impact of the species for Djibouti (Soemmering gazelle, Beira antelope, Djiboutian Francolin, Grevy zebra)
Furthermore the workshop format was adapted to fit the format described in the “IUCN Strategic Planning for Species Conservation Handbook” (2008).
The main organization behind the workshop was a partnership between the government of Djibouti represented by the Ministry of Housing, Urbanism and Environment, CBSG (Europe and Brasil networks), the IUCN SSC Species Conservation Planning Sub-committee, The IUCN Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office (ESARO),the IUCN SSC Equid, Antelope and Galliform Specialist Groups, Association DECAN (DECouvrir et Aider la Nature), The World Pheasant Association, Association Beauval Conservation et Recherche, and ZooParc de Beauval. Facilkitators from CBSG Europe, CBSG Brasil and HOAREC were responsible for the facilitation of the workshop, and CBSG Europe was together with CBSG Brasil responsible for the production of the workshop materials, mostly based on the book of Alain Laurent “Djibouti, Les mammifères d’hier à aujourd’hui pour demain”, as well as the final workshop report, following review and sign-off by the relevant Djiboutian authorities, the SSC Species Conservation Planning Sub-Committee, and the SSC Specialist Groups that were involved: Equid, Antelopeand Galliform, as well as the World Pheasant Association.
The main goal of the workshop was to gather, systematize and discuss all available data and information relevant for the conservation of land animals of Djibouti (status in the wild, distribution, threats, available habitat, ecological factors, socioeconomic aspects etc.), to refer this information to existing conservation action plans and use this information to establish research, management and conservation priorities for the area with a focus on the selected land animal species listed above. No species action plans were developed during the workshop. But elements of such action plans can be extracted from the present theme based action plan.
Simultaneous translation (French – English) was available at the seminar and sequential translation during the plenary sessions of the workshop. In the working groups we relied on local translation (bi-lingual participants translating where
11Final Report - Conserving Djibouti’s Priority Land Animals - 2012
necessary). Three of the facilitators were French and English speaking.
Full details of the workshop organization and organizing partners can be found in Appendix 2. The workshop programme is presented in Appendix 3.
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Strategic planning process
IUCN SSC Species Conservation Strategies:In 2008 the Species Survival Commission (SSC) of IUCN published the document Strategic Planning for Species Conservation: A Handbook (IUCN SSC 2008). This document provides guidance to IUCN SSC Specialist Groups and other conservation actors on when and how to prepare and promote Species Conservation Strategies (SCSs) (be it range-wide, regional, or national; single or multiple species) that are inclusive of all relevant parties and result in rigorously tested and realistic actions that can be monitored, evaluated and adapted. This guidance includes advice on how to conduct a thorough status review; how to develop, through broad consultation with stakeholders, a vision and goals for the conservation of a species or species group; how to set objectives to help achieve the vision and goals; and how to address those objectives through geographically and thematically specific actions.
The general IUCN SSC SCS process was adapted for the purpose of this workshop in order to take into account the specific situation of planning for a larger number of species, of different taxonomic groups, living in partially different habitats and affected by partially different threats, whereby some species were not or no longer present in Djibouti. The adapted SCS step process used for this workshop can be found in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Components and process used during the workshop
Status review based on the seminar and the expertise of the participants: On the day prior to the workshop a one day seminar was held at the University of Djibouti, open to not only the workshop participants but also the press and other stakeholders and interested parties.. The main goal of the seminar was to provide an update and overview of the status and importance of the biodiversity of Djibouti in a national as well as regional and global context, of the current and proposed protected areas in Djibouti, the drivers of change in the status of Djibouti land animals, environmental education initiatives in the Horn of Africa, and the conservation status of those land animal species selected for special focus during the workshop. Together with published material in the briefing book available as a pdf, this served to give all participants a general overview of the “state of affairs” at the beginning of the workshop.Throughout the workshop, participants were asked to contribute knowledge on the current distribution of the species
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by drawing on printed maps (Figure 3) and liaising with a GIS expert in order to digitise the maps (Appendix 4).
Figure 3: Gathering information on the current distribution of the selected species in DjiboutiThe full programme of the seminar can be found in Appendix 1, and the status of the selected species is described in the chapter Strategic Planning Results.
Vision:The vision development was one for the conservation of biodiversity in Djibouti in general. Following a brief presentation to explain the definition and purpose of a vision, the participants were divided in three arbitrary groups. With the help of a facilitator, they were asked to brainstorm elements they felt should be included in a vision statement for biodiversity conservation in Djibouti. The work of the three groups was presented in plenary and discussed, following
which a small drafting group produced a first draft of the vision statement, which was again presented in plenary until adopted. The adopted vision can be found in the chapter: Strategic Planning Results.
Long term goals:For this part of the workshop the participants were divided in four taxon specific groups:
• Birds• Predators• Antelopes• Equids
Each group was asked to:1. Revise the list of species within their group and decide if
changes or additions should be made to the initial species selection for this workshop.
2. Develop a long term goal for each species.
• Keeping the vision in mind, the participants were asked to “translate” this vision into a long term goal for each species. This goal needed to be a short statement that is more specific, measurable and operational than a vision. It needed to describe the desired future state for that species in Djibouti, taking into account the role of the Djiboutian population(s) for the species as a whole,
• the importance (ecological, cultural, socio-economic etc) of the species for Djibouti
• and any visions or goals that may have already been established for some of the species in previous conservation strategies (for Djibouti or range wide).
This was felt to be an important component of the workshop, particularly because the situations differed
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so significantly between species: for some the population in Djibouti was important for the survival of the species as a whole, for others the Djibouti population was only a small fraction of the world or regional population, but for various reasons important for Djibouti, and for some species that were not/no longer present in Djibouti differing opinions existed at the start of the workshop on what should be the long term goal for those species.
The long term goals of the selected taxa are presented in the chapter: Strategic Planning Results.
Threat analysis (Figure 4):The taxonomic themed working groups were asked to define the main threats to the species and their habitats, as well as other problems or obstacles that might impede reaching the goal set for each species. They were asked to be as specific as possible (e.g. where is this threat/problem an issue? Why? Who is involved? Etc). They were then asked to summarise each threat/problem in a few key words on a card to attach to the wall and to indicate on the card if the issue was specific for a particular habitat or location or species within their taxonomic group. Each working group had cards of different colour in order to be able to identify from which taxonomic group the issue arose when later on all the cards were mixed. Each group presented the result of their work in plenary and the cards were stuck on a wall taxa by taxa. During the lunch break a small group reorganised all the cards across taxe into four different themes that emerged from the issues presented. The result of this was presented in plenary for approval. The themes identified were (taxa problems could be linked with one or more of these themes):
• Rural land use• Legislation and protected areas• Research • Education and awareness
Figure 4: Upper left: Threats and problems identified by the Equid working grup; Middle: Issues grouped under the theme “Rural land use”; Lower left: participants discussing the result of the grouping of issues in themes; Right: Unique issues.
In addition to these, some issues were left aside as issues that were either outside the sphere of influence of this workshop (e.g. climate change and drought) or needed to be dealt with in a more general manner (e.g. overall lack of financing). Furthermore, some issue were so specific or unique that they could not be grouped under one of the identified themes. These were picked up again later in the workshop when the working groups switched back from theme based groups to taxonomic based groups, so that if needed extra objectives and actions could be developed for these issues specifically.
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The threats and obstacles identified by the taxon working groups and used by the theme based working groups to identify objectives and actions are listed in the following chapter (Strategic Planning Results).
Objectives and actions:The participants were first divided into groups corresponding to the four threat themes identified and were asked to first develop objectives (=solutions) for each of the threats/problems identified and then actions needed to achieve each of the objectives set. The following format for recording actions was suggested:
Action Time-frame
Responsible parties
Collaborators Indicators of success
Costs
Objective 1: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Action 1.1 xxxxxxxxxxxAction 1.2 xxxxxxxxxxx
In order to ensure that by this process no species specific objectives or actions were lost the participants were thereafter asked to re-distribute themselves over the taxonomic based working groups and to:
- develop objectives and actions for any of the outstanding threats/problems that were unique and more species specific
- scan the objectives and actions developed in the threat based groups to check if comments or whole objectives needed to be added in order to ensure sufficient progress towards the long term goals set for the species/taxa
Due to time pressure no prioritisation of the actions was done
during the workshop. The actions, however, give an idea of how to achieve the objectives, and it will thus be a first action of the implementing part before implementing this action plan to make this prioritisation.
strategiC Planning results
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The workshop and the preceding seminar
The participation and commitment of Djiboutians in the meeting was remarkable, not only concerning funding for several activities, but also concerning the provision of necessary logistics, and notably the presence of four ministers at the opening ceremony, and two ministers at the closing session. The workshop was attended by more than 60 people (35 of them from Djibouti) and the preceding seminar was attended by around 150 people. A full list of workshop participants is presented in appendix 6.
Vision and long term goals per Species
VisionLe riche patrimoine naturel de Djibouti, particulièrement les espèces d’importance globale, régionale et nationale et leurs écosystèmes, sont conservés et leurs résiliences (capacités d’adaptation) renforcées, servant ainsi de modèle de développement durable pour la Corne de l’Afrique.
Djibouti’s rich natural heritage, particularly species of global, regional and national importance and their ecosystems, are conserved and their resilience enhanced, thus serving as a model for sustainable development in the Horn of Africa.
Long term goals
Djibouti francolin (Francolinus ochropectus):(based on Djibouti francolin conservation strategy, World Pheasant Association and Djibouti Nature. 2010)
The Djibouti francolin’s future is secure in its native range and it is valued in Djibouti as a source of national pride.
Notes from workshop:The bird working group discussed the potential need to include other species (in addition to the Djibouti francolin) in the workshop process. There is very variable knowledge about Djibouti’s bird species, and what is known is not easily accessible. Available information includes Directory of Important Bird Areas, 4th National Report to CBD and The Djibouti Francolin Action Plan. There are two candidates that stand out as avian priorities: there is one endemic species, the Djibouti Francolin, that is Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List and the species is on the priority list in Djibouti’s 4th national report to CBD and is an Important Bird Area trigger species. A broad suite of migratory species is also listed, including four national priority species: Steppe Eagle Aquila clanga, Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca, Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus and Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni, which are all listed in 4th national report). Djibouti is home to one of the most important migration bottlenecks in Africa: Welch and Welch 1992, cited in Important Bird Area directory (BirdLife International 2001). The final priority is a Near-threatened Red Sea endemic (White-eyed Gull Ichthyaetus leucophthalmus) for which Djibouti holds about 5% of the global breeding population. No specific long term goal was set for this latter species, but the most important threats for this species were included in the threat analysis.
Migratory birds: Flyway maintained.
Notes from workshop:See notes for the Francolin.
Predators: In Djibouti, the rural communities tolerate the presence of predators.
Notes from workshop:
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The group first listed the emblematic species of predators in Djibouti and discussed the meaning of the word “predator”. The level of priority of each species was then debated, based on the level of conflicts with humans, the distribution area and the status of the population (endangered or not).Four species were identified as top priority species: leopard / cheetah / serval, as threatened species and hyenas as a threatening taxon.The two species of hyenas (striped and spotted) are included in the term “hyenas”: same distribution, same behaviours.The status of cheetah and serval will need to be investigated as some participants consider both species to be extinct in Djibouti and others assert that there still is a small population.
A first long term goal was identified as: To rehabilitate the criteria of usefulness of predators, to strive for a harmonious coexistence, source of equitable development. This goal was later on transformed into a more general one that also became the final goal: “In Djibouti, the rural communities tolerate the presence of predators.”Based on this, one vision per species could then be defined as follows:
Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus):The conditions that are needed to ensure the return and survival of the cheetah are fulfilled.
Leopard (Panthera pardus):The Leopard status is acknowledged, its habitat and population are improved.
Serval (Leptailurus serval):The information on the serval population is available, its status is determined, conservation actions are identified.
Striped Hyena (Hyena hyena) and spotted Hyena (Crocuta
crocuta):The status of the population of the 2 species of Hyenas is stabilized and in balance with its environment.
Equids :Notes from workshop: The discussion started with a debate about the Grevy’s zebra and whether or not it should be included on the list of important species for Djibouti.
Some participants wanted the Grevy’s zebra to be included in the discussions because they considered it a model species for environmental and social development. They stated that there were historic observations of Grevy’s Zebra in Djibouti and that Grevy’s zebra is a symbolic species for local communities for the return of the grass and that it would thus be an appropriate ‘catalyst’ for environmental conservation
Other participants stated that there is no scientific documentation/hard evidence that the Grevy’s zebra occurred historically in Djibouti and that it could thus not be a model for environmental and social development in Djibouti. They stated that it has been extinct for a long time (~3000 years) and the nearest current and historic populations are located in Ethiopia approximately 400 km to the southwest of Djibouti. Furthermore they stated that the Grevy’s zebra is not adapted to the climate and the geography of Djibouti. Hence, it should be removed from the list of priority species for conservation in Djibouti .
There was agreement on the following:The priority for action needs to be given to a species that has a long-term and possibly current presence in Djibouti and realistically could be conserved, especially when considering the energy, time and money spent as well as the chance of survival.The African wild ass serves this purpose and should thus be the
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priority equid for the conservation of biodiversity in Djibouti. It has a historic and current presence in Djibouti, is well adapted to the habitat and climate, and realistically its population in Djibouti can be conserved and enhanced. It exists in Djibouti or just across the border in Ethiopia. It may exist with the Beisa oryx on the Gamarre Plateau and hence it would be an optimum conservation opportunity to create a protected area between Ethiopia and Djibouti.Once the African wild ass has an improved conservation status and its habitat has been restored, then the case of the Grevy’s zebra might be considered. Some of the participants thought that it was unlikely that the Grevy’s zebra could survive in the wild in Djibouti due to its biological, physiological and ecological requirements whereas others thought it would be possible after a thorough restoration of the potential habitat.In conclusion, the African wild ass is considered the priority equid for the conservation of biodiversity in Djibouti. It is well adapted to the habitat and climate and realistically its population in Djibouti can be conserved and enhanced. The former status of the Grevy’s Zebra in Djibouti is uncertain, and further research is needed to establish whether or not this species was ever present in Djibouti. Based on the results of this further research it should be considered whether or not to develop plans for the reintroduction of the species. Based on these initial thoughts the following long term goals for the two species were identified:
Wild Ass (Equus africanus somaliensis): Restoration of natural habitat with local community participation to sustain a viable population of African Wild Ass that will benefit other wild species, local people and provide an ecological and economic benefit for Djibouti.
Grevy’s zebra (Equus grevyi): Restoration of natural habitat and promotion of sustainable
management of critical resources (water, forage) by the local communities which in the long term could facilitate the restoration of Grevy’s zebra if deemed appropriate.
Antelopes:Overall, except for beisa oryx, the status of gazelles and antelopes is not satisfactory, without being critical at present. Populations are maintained, but one can see everywhere a reduction in range and numbers. This reduction is marked in the case of dik-diks gerenuk, and beira.The beisa oryx population is in permanent danger of disappearing from the national territory, due to disturbance and regular poaching.The survival of the Djiboutian population of beira is also threatened is also threatened but in the medium-term. The causes are deforestation and overgrazing. Only Pelzeln’s gazelle, and to a lesser extent Soemmerring’s gazelle, have widely distributed populations and significant numbers, in the order of a thousand individuals for the first species and several hundred for the second.
Beisa oryx (Oryx beisa): A population of Beisa oryx protected where it currently exists and consider the restoration of the species in its former range if possible.
Notes from workshop:The Beisa Oryx is very rare in Djibouti (no more than 30 specimens), occuring mainly in the Plateau du Gammaré, and crossing the border to Ethiopia very frequently. The species was considered very important by all the Djiboutians present at the workshop. It was found that it was too expensive and too difficult to reintroduce or translocate additional specimens but, as the species is declining in almost its range, Djibouti could play an important role in its protection providing that a protected area is created in the Plateau du Gammaré. This will
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also enable the natural return of more specimens from Ethiopia. This protected area would also be important for other species such as Somali wild ass and Rϋppell vultures.
Beira (Dorcatragus megalotis): Halt the decline and restore the populations and the ecosystem of Beira with benefit to the local communities.
Notes from workshop:This species is endemic to the Horn of Africa. There is a local population of 150 to 200 specimens in Djibouti in the region of Ali Sabieh. Most of what is known about this rare species in recent years comes from studies in Djibouti by Nina Giotto, and the Djiboutian population has obviously an important potential for research. There is already a protected area for the species near Assamo in the South of Djibouti. This protected area should be increased and local communities should benefit from this through eco-tourism activities.
Klippspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus): Maintain and where possible to improve the status of the various sub-populations of klipspringer.
Notes from workshop:Klippspringers occur North of Tadjoura and Adailou. The number of specimens in Djibouti is not known. They coexist with domestic cattle without real problems.
Soemmerring’s Gazelle (Nanger soemmerringii): Ensure protection of existing populations.
Notes from workshop:The Soemmering’s Gazelle is a very important species for Djibouti as it is endemic to the Horn of Africa and with a very little distribution: East of Ethiopia, Somaliland at the border with Djibouti and still common in Djibouti especially in the
Grand Bara, the Petit Bara, and also in the North. This species is in conflict with human interests because it uproots the grass.
Gerenuk (Litocranius walleri): Maintain and improve the status of the current populations and use these for development of ecotourism and conservation awareness.
Notes from workshop:There is a protected area for the species in Djibouti (Djalelo). The number of specimens in Djibouti is not known but the species seems quite common. This species has a strong impact on tourism and conservation education due to the fact that it occurs near the big capital city of Djibouti, and also because it has unique biological and adaptation features.
Pelzeln Gazelle (Gazella dorcas pelzelni): Maintain the current status of the populations.
Notes from workshop:Very common species in Djibouti. Occurs almost everywhere.
Salt’s Dik-dik (Madoqua saltiana): Maintain the current status of the populations.
Notes from workshop:Very common species in Djibouti. Occurs almost everywhere.
Greater Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros chora):Create the necessary conditions for its return to Djibouti
Notes from workshop:Probably extinct from Djibouti. It is necessary to verify its
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present status in the country.
Lesser Kudu (Ammelaphus imberbis imberbis) :Create the necessary conditions for its return to Djibouti
Notes from workshop:Probably extinct from Djibouti. It is necessary to verify its present status in the country.
Status of selected species
Based on the presentations at the preceding seminar and the participant input during the workshop the status of the selected species can be summarised as shown below. The distribution maps produced during the workshop can be found in Appendix 4, and the participants volunteering for being the species contact persons are listed in appendix 7.
Antelopes:
Beisa Oryx (Oryx beisa) :The beisa Oryx is very rare in Djibouti (no more than 30 specimens), occuring mainly in the Plateau du Gammaré, and crossing the border to Ethiopia very frequently.
Beira (Dorcatragus megalotis) :IUCN Status : VU (C1). Survival under threat.This classification is perfectly appropriate to Djibouti. In its current area of distribution (1990s), a mountain zone of about 400 km2 south of the town of Ali-Sabieh, 7 out of 13 massifs are certainly occupied. 4 massifs near to Ali-Sabieh, Ali-Adde and Assamo are no longer occupied.
The population in Djibouti is estimated at 100-150, with a
density 100 times less than that of small livestock, principally goats. The main threat is large scale cutting down of acacias for charcoal . Acavias (A. etbaica) are essential for the beira population.
Klippspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus)This species is limited to the mountain massifs of the north of the country : Goda, Dadar, Mabla. The population overall is being maintained, but long-term survival of the species is conditional on the permanent availability of food resources which are subject to strong human pressure in the higher altitude zones : wood, branches, roots, fruit, bark, flowers (acacias) etc.
Soemmering’s Gazelle (Nanger soemmeringii) :It is a very important species for Djibouti as it is endemic to the horn of Africa and with a very restricted distribution: East of Ethiopia, Somaliland at the border with Djibouti and still common in Djibouti especially in the Grand Bara, the Petit Bara, and also in the North. This species is in conflict with local human interests because it uproots the grass.
Gerenuk (Litocranius walleri) :There is a protected area for the species in Djibouti (Djalelo). The number of specimens in Djibouti is not known but the species seems to be quite common.This species has a strong impact on tourism and conservation education due to the fact that it occurs near the big capital city of Djibouti, and also because it has unique biological and adaptation features.
Pelzeln’s Gazelle (Gazella dorcas pelzelni):Very common species in Djibouti. Occurs almost everywhere.
Salt’s Dik-Dik (Madoqua saltiana):Very common species in Djibouti. Occurs almost everywhere.
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Greater Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros chora):Probably extinct from Djibouti.
Lesser Kudu (Ammelaphus imberbis imberbis):Probably extinct from Djibouti.
Equids :
Somali wild ass (Equus africanus somaliensis): Red List Assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) Red List Criteria:C2a(i)The historical distribution of the wild ass, based on documented specimens and scientific observations collected in the 19th and 20th centuries, was along the northeast coast of Djibouti and near Lake Abbe in the south-western part of Djibouti.The distribution of the African wild ass indicates that the physiological adaptations of this species to arid conditions, including a labile body temperature, an ability to reduce evaporative water loss when dehydrated and a tolerance for a loss of 30% of its body weight are critical factors in this species ability to exist in very hot arid environments (Bauer et al 1994)
Recent surveys indicate that the Somali wild ass may still be present in the Gamarre Plateau area and definitely exists in this area on the Ethiopian side of the border. Grevy’s Zebra (Equus grevyi):Red List Assessment: Endangered (EN) Red List Criteria: A2ac; C2a(i)The Grevy’s zebra is not present in Djibouti today. A possible earlier presence of Grevy’s zebra was reported by three observations of ‘zebras’ from the same author, Jules Borelli, during his geographical, meteorological, ethnographic and linguistic surveys in 1886. Borelli’s observations alone are vague and do not specifically refer to Grevy’s zebra. Other historic records (Yalden et al 1996) indicate that the closest
24 Final Report - Conserving Djibouti’s Priority Land Animals - 2012
occurrence of Grevy’s zebra was in Ethiopia near the Awash River at least 150 km from the border of Djibouti. Furthermore numerous reliable expeditions in Djibouti did not report the presence of Grevy’s zebra. Research on the ecological, climatic and historic geographical distribution of the African wild ass and the Grevy’s zebra documented significant differences in their resource requirements and historic ranges. Essentially, Grevy’s zebra ranges had significantly higher rainfall and NDVI (primary productivity) and lower temperatures than the African wild ass ranges (Bauer et al 1994). This could indicate a low probability of a former or present existence of the Grevy’s Zebra in Djibouti today taking the resource requirements, tolerance of high temperatures and availability of water into consideration. However, research is continuing to identify other observations and references of Grevy’s zebra presence in Djibouti in the past.
Threats and obstacles for selected taxa
Listed below are the main threats to the species or their habitat as well as other problems or obstacles that might impede reaching the goal set for each taxa. The identified threats/obstacles were written on differently coloured paper sheets taxa by taxa in order to be able to refer them to the relevant taxa after having been reorganised into thematic groups. The colours of the cards on the photographs thus indicate which taxon based working group identified the threat/obstacle:
• Birds (pink)• Predators (yellow)• Antelopes (orange)• Equids (blue)
Rural land use- Overgrazing- Competition with livestock
- Disease transmission by livestock- Unbalancing of ecosystems - Lack of access to water- Deforestation, wood collection- Sedentarisation – conflict between pastoral practices
and sedentaristion- Migration of domestic animals under human control
Habitat degradation (water, grazing)- Stray dogs around settlements- Pollution (garbage) around settlements and roads
Legislation, law enforcement and protected areas- Lack of proctected areas for the Somali wild ass- Weak law legislation and law enforcement for
protected areas and for environmental laws in general)
- Poor coordination between government and other agencies and local communities
- Lack of eco activities- Increase in roads- Modernisation; progress; urbanisation
Research - Lack of scientific studies- Lack of knowledge about livelihoods and culture in
key areas- Lack of ecological data- Lack of suitably trained people- Limited capacity
Education and awareness
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- Lack of awareness of the richness / importance / value – economic and ecological – of biodiversity (certain species are unknown)
o destabilisation of the food chaino disturbance of the ecological balance
- Lack of awareness of the impact of human actions on the environment and the ecological processes
o wood cuttingo overgrazingo sand collectiono pollution
- Lack of access to information about good practices- Poaching- Snaring / poisoning- Diabolisation of predators- Animal traffic and trade- Lack of integration of environmental awareness in the
School curricula- Lack of training of teachers- Lack of accept of predators- Insufficient value of emblematic species- Traditions that are harmful to biodiversity
Issues very specific to one taxon- Sand extraction in the wadis and plains (on specific
sites)- Disease of Juniper trees (important for the Francolin)
[dealt with in the specific action plan for the Francolin]- Activities of refugies (around refugee camps)
(particularly affects the Beisa)- Military maneuvres in the areas concerned- Human disturbance (of island nesting birds)- Introduced predators (of island nesting birds)- Hybridisation (of Somali wild ass with domestic
donkeys)
General issues and issues outside of the scope of this workshop- Climate change- Drought- Erosion- Lack of finances
objeCtives and aCtions
28 Final Report - Conserving Djibouti’s Priority Land Animals - 2012
objeCtives and aCtions
The threats and obstacles listed above were used by the theme based working groups to develop objectives (i.e. solutions) and actions (to reach the objectives). In the following table the identified objectives and actions are listed for the selected themes, but unprioritised. Due to time pressure no prioritisation of the actions was done during the workshop. It will thus be a first action of the implementing part before implementing this action plan to make this prioritisation. The actions, however, give an idea of how to achieve the objectives. Furthermore it should be noted that some actions need to be elaborated further in order to become operational. This goes especially for actions relating to specific species where the development of more specific species conservation action plans are recommended.
Rural land use
Overall objective: re-balance sedentary way of life with sustainable use and fair distribution of natural resources.
Points to be taken into consideration:The action plan defined by the group is complex and difficult to implement. It is not realistic to envisage it for the whole country. The group proposes to select three to five sites representing major types of agriculture, forestry and pastoralism in the country.In all activities, taking into account the specific requirements of the conservation of the key species involved is a constant and a methodological imperative.The identification of income-generating activities is also a methodological imperative. It is important that a governmental budget is guaranteed for the duration of the plan. A cross-disciplinary fund is proposed.Prosopis is considered here as an important factor in the of loss of plant and animal biodiversity .The issue of hybridization of the wild ass with domestic ass is a critical for the conservation of the wild ass. It justifies the creation of a specific protected area (Gamarré / Dakka).
Objective 1 : Land use planning : through the populations’ vision of their territory, plan the use and accessibility of land by involving other stakeholders (participatory approach)
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS COSTS
29Final Report - Conserving Djibouti’s Priority Land Animals - 2012
1.1 - Identify selection criteria (flagship species, existence of protected area, etc.) for the identification of the 3-5 sites mentioned in 1.2.
2012 Ministry of Environment Multidisciplinary workshop identified by the Ministry of Environment
Criteria selected 500
1.2 - Selection of 3 to 5 driver sites to implement the Action Plan - North, Central, Southern
2012 National and regional authorities
Opinion of the Panel: importance of consulting with CSOs
Sites are selected 0
1.3 - Analyse and evaluate the Francolin project in Goda
2013 National and regional authorities,
CSOs, NGOs, international experts
Project has been analysed and evaluated and results have been published
Included in Action 1.4
1.4 - Develop a specific action plan for each of the selected sites, taking account of: analyses of other existing and past projects, consultations, agreements, inventoris, problems, income generating activities, organisation, indicators of success, budget, etc..
2013 National and regional authorities
CSOs, NGOs, international experts
Action Plan available and valid. The action plan includes all sub-objectives and takes into account conservation requirements related to the key species considered.
Min 100.000
1.5 - Implementation of action plans
2020 National and regional authorities,
CSOs, NGOs, international experts
Evaluation-monitoring according to criteria of Action 1.3
10 - 15 million according to Action 1.3
1.6 – Evaluation, capitalisation and national and international distribution of action plan achievements
2020 National and regional authorities,
CSOs, NGOs, international experts
An international conference organized 50 000
Objective 2:Water: increase the amount of water available for humans and natural resources and manage water wisely
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS COSTS
2.1 - Develop inventory of existing water resources
2013 Ministry of Energy and Water, CERD
Inventory published Included in the global budget
2.2 - Identify existing problems through a participatory approach
2013 Ministry of Energy and Water, CERD
Local authorities andlocal community representatives
Minutes of meetings are produced, and problems are identified
Idem
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2.3 - Identify potentially additional studies
2013-2014
Ministry of Energy and Water, CERD
National expertise (CERD) and / or external
Additional studies are identified and project proposals approved
Idem
2.4 - Develop a specific action plan, including evaluation criteria, on the management of water resources , taking into account the behaviour of the predators
2014 Ministry of Energy and Water
CERD A water management action plan approved by the Ministry. This plan is a component of the general action plan (Objective 1)
Idem
2.5 - Implement the action plan and evaluate its implementation
2020 National and regional authorities,
CSOs, NGOs, international experts
The plan has been implemented and evaluated according to Action 2.4 criteria
Idem
Objective 3: Plant Resources: Combat deforestation and work for reforestation
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES
COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS COSTS
3.1 - Update the existing inventory of plant resources (pastures, woods) and analyse ongoing and completed projects related to plant resources
2012 Ministry of Agriculture and Environment
CERD, University Inventory published and approved by the relevant ministries?
Idem
3.2 - Identify existing problems in forest conservation through a participatory approach
2012 Ministry of Agriculture and Environment
Local authorities and local community representatives
Minutes of meetings are produced, and problems are identified
Idem
3.3 - Identify potentially additional studies required
2013 Ministry of Agriculture and Environment
National or international experts
Additional studies are identified and described as project proposals
Idem
3.4 - Develop a specific action plan, including evaluation criteria, on the management of plant resources: grazing, timber, firewood /charcoal, sustainable local customs etc.
2013 Ministry of Agriculture and Environment, Home Office
An action plan has been developed Idem
3.5 - Eradicate and / or prevent the etablishment of Prosopis in selected areas
2013-2020
Ministry of Environment
Local communities and local authorities
Absence of Prosopis confirmed Idem
3.6 - Implement the action plan and evaluate after the implementation
2013-2020
Ministry Agriculture ADDS
Evaluation-monitoring according to Action Plan criteria
Idem
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Obective 4: Competition between wildlife and livestock /disease transmission / hybridisation: Control livestock movement, if necessary by creating protected areas and establish epidemiological monitoring of livestock
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES
COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS COSTS
4.1 - Identify competition problems between livestock and wildlife and develop an action plan of how to decrease these problems (issues of herd mobility and settlement)
2013 Directorate of Livestock CERD, University, local and international expertise
Action plan is produced Idem
4.2 - Create a protected area in the region of Gamarré for wild ass and beisa oryx (community protected area issue)
2013 Ministry of Environment ,
Local authorities Government decree published Idem
4.3 - Develop training courses for local people in intensive agropastoralism (Livestock issue) and conduct training sessions
2015 Ministry Agriculture, Directorate of Livestock
Local expertise, international expertise
Traing course is developed, and at least one training session has been conducted. Evaluation report available.
Idem
4.4 – Conduct basic veterinary monitoring of livestock herds and conduct in situ training of veterinary assistants.
2013 Directorate of Livestock, Sub-regional offices the training esssions are developed, and at least one session has been conducted
Idem
4.5 – Organise an interactive workshop to find a solution to the loss of cattle and camels due to predation by leopards.
2013 Ministry of Environment
DECAN, Regional authorities
Consensus on one or different methods to protect the livestock and one their experimentation
1.500 to 2.000 €
Goal 5: Erosion: strengthen the actions of restoration and protection of plant resources by vigorous actions (e.g. selection of appropriate local plant species, soil surface management)
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES
COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS COSTS
5.1 –Establish current state of affairs and identify and analyse current and completed projects of relevance for the goal
2013 Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Universities and Research
CERD, University, local expertise, international expertise
Technical report produced and approved by the Ministry of Environment
Idem
5.2 - Conduct specific studies on the native plants most effective in terms of erosion control (linked to the mapping project of CERD)
2013 Ministry of Environment.,
CERD, University, local expertise, international expertise
Technical report produced and approved by the Ministry of Environment
Idem
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5.3 - Develop an action plan, including evaluation criteria
2013 Agriculture Ministry, Ministry of Environment
CERD, University, local expertise, international expertise
Action plan produced and approved by the Mi nistry of Environment/Ministry of Agriculture
Idem
5.4 - Implement the action plan and evaluate the implementation
2013-2020
Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Environment
Local communities Soils restored with vegetation Idem
Objective 6: Pollution: Improve waste management and control pollution due to human activities through the enforcement of existing laws.
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES
COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS COSTS
6.1 – Establish the state of affairs and identify and analyse current and completed projects of relevance for the goal
2014 Ministry of Environment.,
CERD, University, Home Office, international expertise, trade Ministry
Technical report produced and approved by the Ministry of Environment
Idem
6.2 - Develop an action plan, including criteria of evaluation
2014 Ministry of Environment
Home Office, local populations, trade Ministry
Action plan produced and validated Idem
6.3 - Implement the action plan and evaluate the implementation
2014-2020
Ministry of Environment,
Home Office, local populations, trade Ministry
Environment healthy and waste treated Idem
Sub-Action: Provide information to local communities about the existing legislation and its application; strengthen and train agencies (police, justice, technical departments).
2015 Ministry of Env, Home Office, local associations, local authorities
People informed, training conducted and evaluation report available
Idem
Sub-Action: Recycling and waste separation
2020 Ministry of Environment, CERD, Home Office, trade Ministry
No more waste dumping Idem
Objective 7:Stray dogs: elimination of stray dogs by appropriate means without risk for wildlife and livestock (sterilization + elimination)
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES
COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS COSTS
7.1 -Analyse current situation and make use of international experiences
2015 Directorate of livestock Technical report produced and approved by the Directorate of Livestock
Idem
33Final Report - Conserving Djibouti’s Priority Land Animals - 2012
7.2 - Define and implement the most appropriate measures (analysis of the issue of dog importation)
2016 Directorate of livestock, Home Office, local authorities
No more stray dogs idem
LegislationProtected Areas and LegislationPreamble:
- The time parameter is closely related to finance. In this table, the dates of implementation are given assuming that funds are acquired.
- Priority sites for existing critical species: Forest Day and Mabla (francolin, panther,oréotrague) Assamo (beira, Panther), Djallelo (Gerenuk)
- The priority levels are highlighted in yellow.
Objective 1 : To implement the status of existing protected areas (Level 1)
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS
COSTS
1.1 - Organize consultation workshops with local communities affected by each protected area in order to ensure local influence
Department of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, regional prefects, Regional Council,
Local NGOs, National Union of Women
Workshops conducted and and reports published
1.2 - Define the boundaries of each protected area
2012 -2013 Department of Environment, regional prefects, Regional Council
NGOs Limits defined and published, and maps produced
1.3 - Put up signs to indicate borders of protected areas
2013 - 2014 Department of Environment, Ministry of Research
Signs in place and borders clearly indicated
1.4 - To develop management plans for each PA
2013 -2014 Department of Environment NOGs Management plans developed and published
1.5 - Identify and recruit necessary staff for each PA
2013 ….. Department of Environment, regional prefects,
Local communities Necessary staff positions identifiedd and recruited
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1.6 - Restore sensitive ecosystems in existing PAs (eg Day)
2012 - 2016 Department of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture,
Research Department, NGOs Sensitive ecosystems defined, and plans for possible restoration developed and implemented
1.7 - Optimize the local benefit of each protected area
2012 - 2016 Department of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture,
Research Department, NGOs
Objective 2 : Mobilization of financial and human resources to manage the network of protected area (Level 1)
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS
COSTS
2.1 - Create an institution at ministerial level responsible for protected areas
2012 - 2016 Department of Environment
2.2 - Make funds available for the running of PAs
2012 - 2016 Department of Environment
2.3 – Apply for external funding (WB, FFEM, EU) for ???
2012 - 2016 Department of Environment
Objective 3 : To create a network of protected areas representative of Djibouti’s ecosystems (Level 2)
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS
COSTS
3.1 - Update the National Monograph * t
2012 - 2016 Department of environment and Ministry of Agriculture
National and international NGOs, CERD?
3.2 - Select potential PA sites according to ecosystem criteria and priority species (Gamarré: oryx, wild ass, Soemmering’s gazelle, Rüppell’s vulture, serval?)
2012 - 2016 Department of environment and Ministry of Agriculture
National and international NGOs, CERD?
3.3 – Develop management plans for each protected area
2012 - 2016 Department of environment and Ministry of Agriculture
National and international NGOs
3.4 – Include the selected PAs in the IUCN list of Protected Areas
2012 - 2016 Department of environment
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Objective 4 : To address illegal logging of fauna and flora (Level 1)
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS
COSTS
4.1 – Establish an environmental police force to controle wildlife trafficking
2012 - 2016 Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Defense, Finance Ministry
National and international NGOs
4.2 – Enforce existing environmental laws and educate local communities in order to stop poaching on all fauna and flora, in particular the key species, on sites where this occurs
2012 - 2016 Department of environment and Agriculture Ministry
Regional prefects, regional councils.
4.3 – Develop and conduct training opportunities for police, customs officers, veterinarians, ecoguards of Forêt du Day etc. in legislation, animal care and species identification
2012 - 2016 Department of environment and Agriculture Ministry, Home Office, Ministry of Defense,
National and international NGOs
4.4 – Raise awareness about the consequences of illegal off-take through media, direct education, community structures etc.
2012 - 2016 Department of environment and Agriculture Ministry, Ministry of Education,
National and international NGOs, local communities
Objective 5 : Review and update the laws relating to biodiversity (Level 2)
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS
COSTS
5.1 – Organize a national workshop for the harmonization of national and international laws
2012 - 2016 Department of environment and Agriculture Ministry, Ministry of Justice
National and international NGOs
5.2 - Harmonize national legislation with international conventions (CITES, CMS, Ramsar,AEWA, Jeddah Convention, OIE)
2012 - 2016 Department of environment and Agriculture Ministry, Ministry of Justice,
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5.3 – Prepare and publish a manual for all stakeholders (police, ecoguards ...) on regulations relating to biodiversity conservation and
2012 - 2016 Department of environment and Agriculture Ministry, Ministry of Justice
National and international NGOs
* Published in 2000 and developed during development of the National Strategy for Biodiversity
Research
Objective 1: Establish a sub-department of ecology at the university
ACTION TIME FRAME RESPONSIBLE PARTIES COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS
COSTS
1.1 - Regulation for the creation of a sub-department of ecology
2012-2014 Ministry of Higher education and research
Gazetting of the establishment of the sub-department in the “Journal Officiel”
Hours worked
1.2 - Hire 2 resource persons (2 Phd lecturers, animal ecology and plant ecology)
2012-2014 Ministry of higher education and research, Ministry of finance, Ministry of employment.
Persons are identified and contracts are signed by the parties
50000$/year
1.3 - Identify and purchase necessary equipment for field work
2012-2014 Ministry of Higher education and research
Subdepartment of Ecology?
The identified equipment is purchased and made available
300000$
1.4 - Identify and purchase necessary equipment for teaching
2012-2014 Ministry of Higher education and research
Sub-department of Ecology?
The identified equipment is purchased and made available
100000$
1.5 - Provide funds for field work identified in objective 3.
2012-2014 Ministry of Higher education and research
5000$
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1.6 - Provide funding for students to be involved in the field work by the ministry of environment
2012- Ministry of environment and/or Ministry of Higher education and research
X number of paid students are active in the field
15000$/year
1.7 - Provide tuition fee awards to encourage students to enroll in ecology
2012- Ministry of Higher education and research
Scholarships have been established
1000$
Objective 2: Establish a department of ecology for terrestrial ecosystems in the Ministry.
ACTION TIME FRAME RESPONSIBLE PARTIES COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS
COSTS
2.1 - Regulation for the creation of a department of ecology in the Ministry
2012-2014 Ministry of environment and/or Ministry of Higher education and research
Gazetting of the establishment of the sub-department in official journall
Travel time
2.2 - Hire 2 resources persons (2 Phd lecturers, animal ecologist and ecosystems ecologist)
2012-2014 Ministry of environment and/or Ministry of Higher education and research, Ministry of finances, Ministry of employement
Persons are identified and contracts are signed by the parties
50000$/year
2.3 - Identify and purchase necessary equipment for field work
2012-2014 Ministry of environment and/or Ministry of Higher education and research
Sub-department of terrestrial Ecosystems?
The identified equipment is purchased and made available
300000$
2.4 - Provide funds for field work identified in objective 3
2012-2014 Ministry of environment and/or Ministry of Higher education and research
20000$
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Objective 3: To prioritise and organise research on important species and their ecosystems.
ACTION TIME FRAME RESPONSIBLE PARTIES COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS
COSTS
3.1 - Analyse all ecosystems in Djibouti to determine presence/absence of endemic and/or threatened plant and animal species in order to prioritize where protected areas are needed.
2012-2015?Ministry of environment, Ministry of agriculture, Ministry of water and energy, Ministry of higher education and research, Ministry of economy,
Home Office, NGOs Report with findings, including maps, is prepared.
300000$
3.2 - Ecosystem analysis of priority areas for protection in order to provide information for the development of management plans, this will include soil, vegetation, herbivores, birds, predators and socio-economic status of local people
2 years each Ministry of environment, Ministry of agriculture, Ministry of water and energy, Ministry of higher education and research, Ministry of economy,
Home Office, NGOs Priority areas are analysed and reports are available???
100000$
3.3 - Prepare and conduct action planning workshops for all stakeholders involved in/affected by the development of action plans for endemic and/or threatened plant and animal- species
After having conducted 3.2 (4 days per Action Plan)
Ministry of Environment Ministry of agriculture, Ministry of water and energy, Ministry of higher education and research, Ministry of economy
Workshops are conducted and workshop reports are published
15000$/WS
3.4 - Analyse alternative sources of livelihood and income for local communities in designated protected areas
1 year each after implementation of action step 3.2
Ministry of environment, Ministry of agriculture, Ministry of water and energy, Ministry of higher education and research, Ministry of economy
Home Office, NGOs Report with identification and prioritisation of alternative sources of income is published
50000$
3.5 - Conduct a feasibility study for a transboundary protected area in Gamari for the restoration of the Beisa Oryx and African Wild Ass and to contribute to the conservation of vultures and migratory birds
2013 Ministry of Environment + Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority
Relevant research personel
The study is carried out and the results are published in a report approved by the authorities on both sides of the border
40000$
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3.6 - Create a central data base and library for all information on ecosystems, protected areas, GIS mapping, population census, historical and research documents.
2012 Ministry of environment The database and the library are established and made available to relevant parties
100000$
Objective 4: Provide basic training in ecology for the field workers.
ACTION TIME FRAME RESPONSIBLE PARTIES COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS
COSTS
4.1 - Develop and conduct on an annual basis short intensive practical training courses for rangers and ecoscouts. Duration: 1 month
2013 Ministry of environment and/or Ministry of Higher education and research
The training courses ase developed and made available to rangers and ecoscouts
15000$/course
4.2 - Develop and conduct on an annual basis open training courses for specialists and local people in land use management. Duration: 2 weeks.
2013 Ministry of agriculture, Ministry of environment
The training courses are developed and made available to specialists and local people
4.3 - Finance one year of diploma courses in wildlife ecology and management
1 year Ministry of higher Education? University 10 Students graduates 10000$/student
4.4 - Develop and conduct a one week short basic training course on an annual basis for customs, police and veterinarians in the identification and apprehension of illegal wildlife trade, CITES etc..
2013 Home office, Ministry of finances, Ministry of agriculture, Ministry of environment
The training course is made available to customs police and veterinarians
Objective 5: There is need for funds to support ecological research and data collection. Objective 6: To finance the establishment of training and professionalization in Ecology (University, Department of Ecology of terrestrial ecosystems, basic training, etc..).
40 Final Report - Conserving Djibouti’s Priority Land Animals - 2012
Education
PRIORITY 1 : INFORMATION
Objective 1: the population is aware of the ecological and economic values of the Djiboutian biodiversity + Objective 2: the population is aware of its role for the preservation of the ecological balance
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES
COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS
COSTS THEME(S) ADDRESSED
TARGET AUDIENCE(S)
1.1 - Formalize a national annual week of environment
2012 - … Ministry of Environment
financial Partners experts civil society
Week formalized and held at least once
Ecological and economic values of biodiversity; consequences of human activities on nature; environmental laws
Civil society
1.2 - Distribute the movie about the francolin in 4 languages (French, Affar, Somali, Arabic)
2012-2013
Djibouti Nature; Zoo Landau
Movie shown in villages, schools, on TV
~ 8.000 € Francolin protection Everyone that has access to TV
1.3 - Work with the religious leaders in order to get the biodiversity theme included in the sermons on Friday
2012 Ministry of Environment Ministry of Religious affairs
Religious leaders? Theme of biodiversity discussed in the sermons at least one Friday every month
None Ecological and economic values of biodiversity; Consequences of human activities on nature environmental laws
Everyone participating in the sermon
1.4 - Integrate ecology into the culture of the rural communities through songs, poems, sketches
2013 Ministry of Environment
Regional authorities, Local community leaders?
Ecology is mentioned in the communities communication and cultural expression
Ecological and economic values of biodiversity Consequences of human activities on nature environmental laws
Rural communities
1.5 - Organize round tables on the ecological and economic values of biodiversity
2013
Ministry of Environment
Ministry of University Education and Research
ONGs, DECAN
Round tables have been conducted in at least x communities
Ecological and economic values of biodiversity
Civil society
41Final Report - Conserving Djibouti’s Priority Land Animals - 2012
1.6 - Organize a expert platform to raise awareness among the decision makers (men and women)
2013 Ministry of Environment
NGOs, DECAN A platform is established and awareness activities have been started
Low : cost included in the expertise missions costs
Ecological and economic values of biodiversity; Consequences of human activities on nature; environmental laws
Politicians, religious leaders, traditional leaders, local authorities, leaders of associations, uniformed men
1.7 - Develop a TV and radio spot of on ecology in 4 languages (French, Affar, Somali, Arabic) to be broadcast interspersed between the daily television news, and/or into the show “religion and society”.
2014 Ministry of Environement
NGOs, medias (RTD, La Nation, ...)
The TV spot has been developed and has been sent at least once
8.000 € Ecological and economic values of biodiversity; Consequences of human activities on nature; environmental laws
Everyone that has access to TV or radio
1.8 - Produce television documentaries as a series on the symbolic species of Djibouti in 4 languages (French, Affar, Somali, Arabic), based on the example of the francolin movie
2015 Ministry of Environment
NGOs, medias (RTD, La Nation, ...)
The documentaries have been produced and have been shown on a known TV channel at least once
20.000 € Information about the status of flagship species
Everyone that has access to TV
PRIORITY 1 : INFORMATION
Objective 3: The people are aware of the environmental legislation
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES
COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS
COSTS THEME(S) ADDRESSED
TARGET AUDIENCE(S)
3.1 - Mobilize the students in faculty of law to raise awareness with regard to environmental legislation
2013 Ministry of Environment
Ministry of University Education and Research, Ministry of Justice
At least 2 students in Law commit themselves to this objective
None Environmental Laws Students in law, possibly advocates
42 Final Report - Conserving Djibouti’s Priority Land Animals - 2012
PRIORITY 2 : TRAINING (EDUCATION)
Objective 4: The environmental awareness is integrated in an adequate way and put into practice in school curricula
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES
COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS
COSTS THEME(S) ADDRESSED
TARGET AUDIENCE(S)
4.1 - Promote environmental education to the Ministries of Education and Higher Education and Research
2013-2014
Ministry of Environment
NGO activist for environmental causes
Awareness meetings / workshops are held with the Ministry of Education and the participation ofthe faculty
None Integration of environmental issues in the school programmes
Students in law, possibly advocates
4.2 - Develop a list with already existing environmental education materials
2012 Ministry of Education
CRIPEN CFPEN Experts
A list of materials is produced and a sample of each material is available for evaluation
None Ecological and economic values of biodiversity; Consequences of human activities on nature; environmental laws
Schools
4.3 - Identify the essential (main) needs regarding environmental education materials for the different regions of Djibouti
2012-2013
Ministry of Education
Inspectorate of the Ministry of Education,CRIPEN CFPEN Experts
A list of requirements is in place
2.000 € Ecological and economic values of biodiversity; Consequences of human activities on nature; environmental laws
Schools
4.4 - Identify resources persons / institutions to help with the production of the necessary environmental education materials
2012-2013 Ministry of
EducationRegional Inspectorate of the Ministry of EducationCRIPENCFPENExperts
People are identified and have accepted to participate
None Ecological and economic values of biodiversity; Consequences of human activities on nature; environmental laws
4.5 - Prepare textbooks and media adapted for ecology and environmental education
2013-2014
Ministry of Education
CRIPEN Textbooks have been produced and are spread in schools
>100.000 € Schools
43Final Report - Conserving Djibouti’s Priority Land Animals - 2012
4.6 - Develop and implement the concept of environmental clubs in schools
2013-2014
Ministry of Environment
Already existing environmental clubs,NGOs, Teachers,Parents
At least x environmental clubs have been developed and are active
5.000 € Ecological and economic values of biodiversity; Consequences of human activities on nature
Schools
4.7 - Organize school outings / excursions, for example to DECAN, to learn about conservation
2012 Ministry of Education
DECAN, other NGOs At least 30 excursions with focus on environmental issues are conducted on a yearly basis
<15.000 € Ecological and economic values of biodiversity; Consequences of human activities on nature
Schools
4.8 - Organize competitions, games, extracurricular events on the themes of environment and biodiversity
2013 Ministry of Environment
Environmental clubsDECAN, other NGOs, Schools
At least 5 different kinds of events have been developed and conducted during the academic year
10.000 € Ecological and economic values of biodiversity; Consequences of human activities on nature
Schools
PRIORITY 2 : TRAINING (EDUCATION)
Objective 5: There is an initial professional training of teachers in environmental education field
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES
COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS
COSTS THEME(S) ADDRESSED
TARGET AUDIENCE(S)
5.1 - Organise practical training sessions for the managers of the Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Education
2013-2014
DECAN ExpertsNGOs
The officials of the two departments have internship
2.000 € per session
Ecological and economic values of biodiversity; Consequences of human activities on nature environmental laws
Officials from the Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Education
5.2 - Include modules on environment and biodiversity in the training of the trainers
2014-2015
Ministry of Education
Modules are created and added
Ecological and economic values of biodiversity; Consequences of human activities on nature; environmental laws
Teachers + others to define
44 Final Report - Conserving Djibouti’s Priority Land Animals - 2012
5.3 - Train and strengthen the conservation capacities of the organizations of the civil society, the veterinarian technicians and assistants in the regions
2013 Ministry of Environment
Ministry of AgricultureExperts NGOs
2 training courses have been held for each target audience with a positive evaluation
Ecological and economic values of biodiversity; Consequences of human activities on nature; environmental laws
Associations, local communities, local government, community structures, regional technicians and veterinary assistants ...
PRIORITY 3: SPECIES PROMOTION
Objective 6: The iconic species of Djibouti are valued and a source of pride, the predators are tolerated
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES
COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS
COSTS THEME(S) ADDRESSED
TARGET AUDIENCE(S)
6.1 - Produce postcards, postage stamps, huge posters, leaflets, notebooks and stickers of symbolic species, to post in tourist offices, travel agencies abroad, the airport, military posts, embassies and consulates, socio-professional centres etc
2012-2013
Ministry of Environment
Tourist offices Communication media are produced and widely distributed
50.000 € Flagship species of Djibouti
Djiboutians and tourists
6.2 - Organize workshops to raise awareness on the role of predators for biodiversity
2013-2014
DECAN Experts NGOsEnvironment and Agriculture
At least 2 workshops have been conducted in the different regions
5.000 € Role of predator in the ecological balance
BreedersTeachers
6.3 - Create a regional logo / flag with the image of an iconic animal, reflecting the region (Assamo – Beira / Adaïlou – Klipspringer / Day - Francolin…)
2013 Ministry of Environment
PrefecturesRegional authoritiesTourist OfficesDECANexperts
Each region has developed and adopted its logo
10.000 € Flagship species of Djibouti
Djiboutians, Tourists
45Final Report - Conserving Djibouti’s Priority Land Animals - 2012
6.4 - Develop partnerships with private companies for the promotion of one of the Djiboutian symbolic species
2014 Ministry of Environment
Chamber of CommerceNGOs
At least one partnership per iconic species has been developed
Flagship species of Djibouti
Private companies
6.5 - Initiate showings of documentaries on the symbolic species of the country in each region and in hotels
2015 Ministry of Environment
Regional authorities,Tourist officesNGOsHotels
Each region shows the documentary at least once a year in each of its schools and at least 2 hotels of Djibouti (town) show it
Low Flagship species of Djibouti
Civil society and tourists
6.6 - Develop opportunities for eco-tourism (see also 8.4)
2014 Ministry of Environment
Regional authorities,Tourist officesNGOs
One éco-tourism activity is provided in each region and is available by tourist offices
5.000 € per activity
Flagship species of Djibouti
Tourists (foreigners)
PRIORITY 4: BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE
Objective 7: People adopt sustainable good practices
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES
COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS
COSTS THEME(S) ADDRESSED
TARGET AUDIENCE(S)
7.1 - Organize practical activities of environmental protection in close collaboration with the local communities (protection of shrubs, fights anti-erosion...)
2012-2014
Ministry of Environment
NGOs At least 4 practical activities have been developed and implemented
Low Good sustainable practices
Local communities
7.2 – Revive and revise the traditional and ancestral practices in sustainable land use, ...
2012-2014
Ministry of Environment
Ministry of AgricultureNGOs
The emergence of at least one traditional practice is noticed
Low Good ancestral practices
Local communities
7.3 - Develop a system of recognition (/award) of the community having the best practices ( annual or biannual “competition”)
2015 Ministry of Environment
NGOs Award(s) have been established and granted at least once
Good sustainable practices
Local communities
46 Final Report - Conserving Djibouti’s Priority Land Animals - 2012
PRIORITY 4: BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE
Objective 8: The population has information and opportunities to set up economic alternatives in the traffic
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES
COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS
COSTS THEME(S) ADDRESSED
TARGET AUDIENCE(S)
8.1 - Promote development of a variety of alternative income activities via meetings and trainings in villages (agro-pastoralism, agriculture, handicrafts, ecotourism)
2013-2017…
Ministry of Environment
Ministry of AgricultureNGOs
The sources of income are diversified in rural societies, the over-grazing phenomenon decreases and the vegetal cover increases
5.000 € Alternative activities
Local communities
8.2 - Develop an array of best practices via inter-regional or inter-villages meetings (model EVA/Djibouti Nature)
2013-2017…
EVA and DECAN MinistriesRegional authoritiesNGOs
Inter-village meetings are held
500 € per meeting
Alternative activities
Local communities
8.3 - Support and supervise new initiatives (see 8.1)
2015-… Ministry of Environment
Financial Partners Funds are available for new initiatives
Alternative activities
Local communities
8.4 - Make the villages aware of the potential benefits of eco-tourism activities
2015-… Ministry of Environment
Tourist officesNGOs
More villages get involved in eco-tourist activities
Ecotourism Local communities
47Final Report - Conserving Djibouti’s Priority Land Animals - 2012
Species specific actions
In the following table the species specific action points extracted from the tables above are listed taxa by taxa and with reference to the objectives listed above:
Birds:
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS
COSTS
1.3 - Analyse and evaluate the Francolin project in Goda
2013 National and regional authorities,
CSOs, NGOs, international experts
Project has been analysed and evaluated and results have been published
Included in Action 1.4
1.3 - Analyse and evaluate the Francolin project in Goda
2013 National and regional authorities,
CSOs, NGOs, international experts
Project has been analysed and evaluated and results have been published
Included in Action 1.4
3.2 - Select potential PA sites according to ecosystem criteria and priority species (Gamarré: oryx, wild ass, Soemmering’s gazelle, Rüppell’s vulture, serval?)
2012 - 2016
Department of environment and Ministry of Agriculture
National and international NGOs, CERD?
3.5 - Conduct a feasibility study for a transboundary protected area in Gamari for the restoration of the Beisa Oryx and African Wild Ass and to contribute to the conservation of vultures and migratory birds
2013 Ministry of Environment + Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority
Relevant research personel The study is carried out and the results are published in a report approved by the authorities on both sides of the border
40000$
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES
COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS
COSTS THEME(S) ADDRESSED
TARGET AUDIENCE(S)
1.2 - Distribute the movie about the francolin in 4 languages (French, Affar, Somali, Arabic)
2012-2013
Djibouti Nature; Zoo Landau
Movie shown in villages, schools, on TV
~ 8.000 €
Francolin protection
Everyone that has access to TV
6.3 - Create a regional logo / flag with the image of an iconic animal, reflecting the region (Assamo – Beira / Adaïlou – Klipspringer / Day - Francolin…)
2013 Ministry of Environment
PrefecturesRegional authoritiesTourist OfficesDECANexperts
Each region has developed and adopted its logo
10.000 € Flagship species of Djibouti
Djiboutians, Tourists
48 Final Report - Conserving Djibouti’s Priority Land Animals - 2012
6.4 - Develop partnerships with private companies for the promotion of one of the Djiboutian symbolic species
2014 Ministry of Environment
Chamber of CommerceNGOs
At least one partnership per iconic species has been developed
Flagship species of Djibouti
Private companies
6.5 - Initiate showings of documentaries on the symbolic species of the country in each region and in hotels
2015 Ministry of Environment
Regional authorities,Tourist officesNGOsHotels
Each region shows the documentary at least once a year in each of its schools and at least 2 hotels of Djibouti (town) show it
Low Flagship species of Djibouti
Civil society and tourists
Antelopes:
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS COSTS
3.5 - Conduct a feasibility study for a transboundary protected area in Gamari for the restoration of the Beisa Oryx and African Wild Ass and to contribute to the conservation of vultures and migratory birds
2013 Ministry of Environment + Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority
Relevant research personel
The study is carried out and the results are published in a report approved by the authorities on both sides of the border
40000$
4.2 - Create a protected area in the region of Gamarré for wild ass and beisa oryx (community protected area issue)
2013 Ministry of Environment , Local authorities Government decree published Idem
1.6 - Restore sensitive ecosystems in existing PAs (eg Day)
2012 - 2016
Department of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture,
Research Department,NGOs
Sensitive ecosystems defined, and plans for possible restoration developed and implemented
3.2 - Select potential PA sites according to ecosystem criteria and priority species (Gamarré: oryx, wild ass, Soemmering’s gazelle, Rüppell’s vulture, serval?)
2012 - 2016
Department of environment and Ministry of Agriculture
National and international NGOs, CERD?
3.5 - Conduct a feasibility study for a transboundary protected area in Gamari for the restoration of the Beisa Oryx and African Wild Ass and to contribute to the conservation of vultures and migratory birds
2013 Ministry of Environment + Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority
Relevant research personel
The study is carried out and the results are published in a report approved by the authorities on both sides of the border
40000$
49Final Report - Conserving Djibouti’s Priority Land Animals - 2012
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES
COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS
COSTS THEME(S) ADDRESSED
TARGET AUDIENCE(S)
1.8 - Produce television documentaries as a series on the symbolic species of Djibouti in 4 languages (French, Affar, Somali, Arabic), based on the example of the francolin movie
2015 Ministry of Environment
NGOs, medias (RTD, La Nation, ...)
The documentaries have been produced and have been shown on a known TV channel at least once
20.000 € Information about the status of flagship species
Everyone that has access to TV
6.3 - Create a regional logo / flag with the image of an iconic animal, reflecting the region (Assamo – Beira / Adaïlou – Klipspringer / Day - Francolin…)
2013 Ministry of Environment
PrefecturesRegional authoritiesTourist OfficesDECANexperts
Each region has developed and adopted its logo
10.000 € Flagship species of Djibouti
Djiboutians, Tourists
6.4 - Develop partnerships with private companies for the promotion of one of the Djiboutian symbolic species
2014 Ministry of Environment
Chamber of CommerceNGOs
At least one partnership per iconic species has been developed
Flagship species of Djibouti
Private companies
6.5 - Initiate showings of documentaries on the symbolic species of the country in each region and in hotels
2015 Ministry of Environment
Regional authorities,Tourist officesNGOsHotels
Each region shows the documentary at least once a year in each of its schools and at least 2 hotels of Djibouti (town) show it
Low Flagship species of Djibouti
Civil society and tourists
Equids:
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS
COSTS
3.5 - Conduct a feasibility study for a transboundary protected area in Gamari for the restoration of the Beisa Oryx and African Wild Ass and to contribute to the conservation of vultures and migratory birds
2013 Ministry of Environment + Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority
Relevant research personel The study is carried out and the results are published in a report approved by the authorities on both sides of the border
40000$
1.6 - Restore sensitive ecosystems in existing PAs (eg Day)
2012 - 2016
Department of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture,
Research Department,NGOs
Sensitive ecosystems defined, and plans for possible restoration developed and implemented
50 Final Report - Conserving Djibouti’s Priority Land Animals - 2012
3.2 - Select potential PA sites according to ecosystem criteria and priority species (Gamarré: oryx, wild ass, Soemmering’s gazelle, Rüppell’s vulture, serval?)
2012 - 2016
Department of environment and Ministry of Agriculture
National and international NGOs, CERD?
3.5 - Conduct a feasibility study for a transboundary protected area in Gamari for the restoration of the Beisa Oryx and African Wild Ass and to contribute to the conservation of vultures and migratory birds
2013 Ministry of Environment + Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority
Relevant research personel The study is carried out and the results are published in a report approved by the authorities on both sides of the border
40000$
3.6 - To continue research on the historical occurrence of Grevy’s zebra in Djibouti, and if confirmed, consider the feasibility of a reintroduction’.
2013 onward
Ministry of Environment Relevant research personnelIUCN SSC Equid Specialist Group
Researc is conducted and analysed with regard to a potential reintroduction of Grevy’s zebra.
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES
COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS
COSTS THEME(S) ADDRESSED
TARGET AUDIENCE(S)
1.8 - Produce television documentaries as a series on the symbolic species of Djibouti in 4 languages (French, Affar, Somali, Arabic), based on the example of the francolin movie
2015 Ministry of Environment
NGOs, medias (RTD, La Nation, ...)
The documentaries have been produced and have been shown on a known TV channel at least once
20.000 € Information about the status of flagship species
Everyone that has access to TV
6.4 - Develop partnerships with private companies for the promotion of one of the Djiboutian symbolic species
2014 Ministry of Environment
Chamber of CommerceNGOs
At least one partnership per iconic species has been developed
Flagship species of Djibouti
Private companies
6.5 - Initiate showings of documentaries on the symbolic species of the country in each region and in hotels
2015 Ministry of Environment
Regional authorities,Tourist officesNGOsHotels
Each region shows the documentary at least once a year in each of its schools and at least 2 hotels of Djibouti (town) show it
Low Flagship species of Djibouti
Civil society and tourists
51Final Report - Conserving Djibouti’s Priority Land Animals - 2012
Predators:
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS
COSTS
1.6 - Restore sensitive ecosystems in existing PAs (eg Day)
2012 - 2016
Department of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture,
Research Department,NGOs
Sensitive ecosystems defined, and plans for possible restoration developed and implemented
3.2 - Select potential PA sites according to ecosystem criteria and priority species (Gamarré: oryx, wild ass, Soemmering’s gazelle, Rüppell’s vulture, serval?)
2012 - 2016
Department of environment and Ministry of Agriculture
National and international NGOs, CERD?
ACTION TIME FRAME
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES
COLLABORATORS INDICATOR OF SUCCESS
COSTS THEME(S) ADDRESSED
TARGET AUDIENCE(S)
1.8 - Produce television documentaries as a series on the symbolic species of Djibouti in 4 languages (French, Affar, Somali, Arabic), based on the example of the francolin movie
2015 Ministry of Environment
NGOs, medias (RTD, La Nation, ...)
The documentaries have been produced and have been shown on a known TV channel at least once
20.000 € Information about the status of flagship species
Everyone that has access to TV
6.2 - Organize workshops to raise awareness on the role of predators for biodiversity
2013-2014
DECAN Experts NGOsEnvironment and Agriculture
At least 2 workshops have been conducted in the different regions
5.000 € Role of predator in the ecological balance
BreedersTeachers
6.3 - Create a regional logo / flag with the image of an iconic animal, reflecting the region (Assamo – Beira / Adaïlou – Klipspringer / Day - Francolin…)
2013 Ministry of Environment
PrefecturesRegional authoritiesTourist OfficesDECANexperts
Each region has developed and adopted its logo
10.000 € Flagship species of Djibouti
Djiboutians, Tourists
6.4 - Develop partnerships with private companies for the promotion of one of the Djiboutian symbolic species
2014 Ministry of Environment
Chamber of CommerceNGOs
At least one partnership per iconic species has been developed
Flagship species of Djibouti
Private companies
6.5 - Initiate showings of documentaries on the symbolic species of the country in each region and in hotels
2015 Ministry of Environment
Regional authorities,Tourist officesNGOsHotels
Each region shows the documentary at least once a year in each of its schools and at least 2 hotels of Djibouti (town) show it
Low Flagship species of Djibouti
Civil society and tourists
referenCes
54 Final Report - Conserving Djibouti’s Priority Land Animals - 2012
referenCes
Bauer, I. E., McMorrow, J. and Yalden, D.W. 1994. The Historic Ranges of Three Equid Species in North-East Africa: A Quantitative Comparison of Environmental Tolerances. Journal of Biogeography 21: 169-182.
CBSG (IUCN SSC). 2012. Conserving Djibouti’s Priority Land Animals: Briefing Book
Gentry, A. 2006. Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic reference. 2005. D.E. Wilson & D.M. Reeder (Eds.), Ed. 3, 2 vols., 2142 pp. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4. A nomenclatural review., Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature3, 215-219
Gouvernement de Djibouti. 2000. Monographie Nationale de la Diversité Biologique de Djibouti. Direction de l’Environnement, Ministère de l’Habitat, de l’Urbanisme, de l’Environnement et de l’Aménagement du Territoire, Djibouti, 265 pages.
Gouvernement de Djibouti. 2000. STRATÉGIE ET PROGRAMME D’ACTION NATIONAL POUR LA DIVERSITÉ BIOLOGIQUE. Direction de l’Environnement, Ministère de l’Habitat, de l’Urbanisme, de l’Environnement et de l’Aménagement du Territoire, Djibouti.
Groves, C.P., 2002, Taxonomy of the Living Equidae, Equids: Zebras, Asses and Horses. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, Patricia D. Moehlman, 108-112, IUCN, Gland
Grubb, P. 2005. Order Perissodactyla, Mammal Species of the World, D.E. Wilson;D.M. Reeder, 629-636, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
IUCN SSC. 2008. Strategic Planning for Species Conservation: A Handbook. Version 1.0. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Species Survival Commission. 104pp.http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/scshandbook_2_12_08_compressed.pdf
Kebede, F. 1999. Ecology and conservation of the African wild ass (Equus africanus) in the Danakil, Ethiopia, , M.Sc. thesis, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
Kebede, F., Berhanu, L. and Moehlman, P. D. 2007. Distribution and Population Status of the African Wild Ass (Equus africanus) in Ethiopia. Report to Saint Louis Zoo
Klingel, H. 1974. Social Organization and behaviour of the Grevy’s zebra, Z. fur Tierpsychologie36, 36-70
Klingel, H. 1977. Observations on social organization and behavior of African and Asiatic wild asses (Equus africanus and E.
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hemionus), Z. Tierpsychol.44, 323-331
Laurent, A. & Laurent, D. 2002. Djibouti au rythme du vivant : les mammifères d’hier à aujourd’hui pour demain, édition Beira. CFP, Toulouse, 240 pp.
Moehlman, P.D. 2002. Status and action plan for the African wild ass (Equus africanus), Equids: Zebras, Asses and Horses. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, Patricia D. Moehlman, 2-10, IUCN, Gland
Moehlman, P.D., Kebede, F. and Yohannes, H. 1998. The African wild ass (Equus africanus): Conservation status in the Horn of Africa, Applied Animal Behavior Science 60 (2,3), 115-124
Moehlman, P.D., Kebede, F. and Yohannes, H. in press. Equus africanus, The Mammals of Africa. Volume 5. Carnivores, Pangolins, Rhinos and Equids, Kingdon, J.S. and Hoffmann, M., , Academic Press, Amsterdam
Oakenfull, A., Yohannes, H., Kebede, F., Swinburne, J., Binns, M. and Moehlman, P.D. 2002. Conservation Genetics of African Wild Asses. Final report for the Zoological Societies of Chicago and San Diego. November 2002
Rowen, M. and Ginsberg, J.R. 1992. Grevy’s zebra (Equus grevyi Oustalet), Zebras, Asses, and Horses: an Action Plan for the Conservation of Wild Equids, Duncan, P., 10-12, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland
Rubenstein, D.I. 1986. Life history and social organization in arid adapted ungulates, Ecological Aspects of social evolution, D.I. Rubenstein and R.W. Wrangham, 282-302, Princeton University Press, Princeton
Teclai, R. 2006. Conservation of the African wild Ass (Equus africanus) on Messir Plateau (Asa-ila), Eritrea: The role of forage availability and diurnal activity pattern during the wet season and beginning of the dry season. MSc thesis, University of Kent.
Williams, S.D. 2002. Status and Action Plan for Grevy’s Zebra (Equus grevyi), Equids: Zebras, Asses, and Horses. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, Moehlman, P.D., 11-27, IUCN, Gland
World Pheasant Association and Djibouti Nature. 2010. Djibouti francolin conservation strategy. Unpublished report of the World Pheasant Association, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK and Djibouti Nature, Djibouti.
Yalden, D. W., M. J. Largen, D. Kock, and J. C. Hillman. 1996. Catalogue of the mammals of Ethiopia and Eritrea. 7. Revised checklist, zoogeography and conservation, Tropical Zoology1, 73-164
aPPendix
Appendix 1 - Seminar programme
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Appendix 2 - Workshop organisation
HostMinistry of Housing, Urbanism and Environment, Djibouti
Planning CommitteeEric Bairrão Ruivo, ZooParc de Beauval and Association ABCRBertrand Lafrance, (Association DECAN)Bengt Holst, IUCN SSC CBSG EuropeKristin Leus, IUCN SSC CBSG EuropeMark Stanley Price, IUCN SSC Species Conservation Planning Sub-committee (SCPSC)IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist GroupIUCN SSC Equid Specialist GroupIUCN SSC Galliform Specialist GroupWorld Pheasant Organisation (WPA)
Workshop Design and ReportBengt Holst, IUCN SSC CBSG EuropeKristin Leus, IUCN SSC CBSG EuropeArnaud Desbiez, IUCN SSC CBSG BrasilEric Bairrão Ruivo, ZooParc de Beauval and Association ABCRMark Stanley Price, IUCN SSC Species Conservation Planning Sub-committee (SCPSC)Equid, Antelope and Galliform Specialist GroupsWorld Pheasant Association
Report editor groupAbdirahman Ahmed, HOARECAbdoulkader Ahmed Aouled, MHUEAhmed Ali Mohamed, EVAAlain Laurent, TER-RESAman Mohamed Aman, MHUEArnaud Desbiez, CBSG BrasilBaptiste Mulot, ZooParc de Beauval and Association ABCRBertrand Lafrance, DECANBengt Holst, CBSG Europe
Cathy Gibault, Parc Zoologique de ThoiryDavid Mallon, IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist GroupEric Ruivo, ZooParc de Beauval and Association ABCRHoussein A. Rayaleh, Djibouti NatureKristin Leus, CBSG EuropePatricia Moehlman, IUCN SSC Equid Specialist GroupPhil McGowan, IUCN SSC Galliform Specialist Group, WPA
SponsorsMinistry of Housing, Urbanism and Environment, DjiboutiZooParc de BeauvalAssociation Beauval Conservation & RechercheFota Wildlife ParkZoo La PalmyreLa Boissière du DoréZoological Society of LondonParc Zoologique CERZACopenhagen ZooAAB (Atelier Artistique du Béton)Association DECANAntelope Specialist groupEquid Specialist groupGalliform Specialist GroupIUCN SSC Species Conservation Planning Sub-committee (SCPSC)
Ministry of Housing, Urbanism and Environment of DjiboutiThe Ministry was created about ten years ago and employs several biologists. The Ministry has published a number of documents about Djiboutian biodiversity and has produced several conservation action plans. The present Minister is M. Hassan Omar Mohamed with Secretary General M. Dini Omar and Director of Environment M. Houssein Rirache Robleh.
ZooParc de BeauvalZooParc de Beauval is one of the most important zoos in France, not only by the richness, rarity and diversity of its animal collection (5,000 animals from 500 different species) but also for its commitment towards conservation and research and for its strong cooperation within the global zoo community and with other conservation organisations.
Association Beauval Conservation and RechercheTo better perform its role in favour of sustainable development of human populations, the conservation and protection of species and ecosystems, as well as in the field of research, ZooParc de Beauval in 2008 created a non-profit Association - Beauval Conservation and Recherche (ABCR) - exclusively dedicated to the development, management and support of conservation and research programmes all over the world. In 2009 ABCR developed a conservation education programme in Djibouti named “Back to Africa” with the purpose of re-establishing populations of antelope and Equid species that are native to Djiboutian wildlife, but now more or less extinct in Djibouti. The success of this programme led to the development of a new broader integrated conservation programme named PICODE (Integrated Conservation Programme for Development) which is now the main programme of ABCR.
Association DECANThis local association was created in 2001. DECAN means DECouvrir et Aider la Nature (Discover and Help Nature). The association is concerned with protection of nature and was initially created to stop animal traffic, especially cheetahs. DECAN has developed educational and breeding programmes for a number of species saved from trafficking and animals donated by European zoos thanks to ABCR. Each year, DECAN teaches ecology to thousands of pupils coming from Djiboutian schools. DECAN is now in charge of 2 protected areas in the countryside and a third one near the capital. DECAN’s activities are based on volunteers only. DECAN receives 10-15 students from Europe every year and has generated several paid jobs for the local people.
CBSG – Conservation Breeding Specialist GroupWith 550 volunteer members, the IUCN SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (CBSG) is one of the largest Specialist Groups comprising the Species Survival Commission (SSC). CBSG has over 15 years of experience developing, testing and applying scientifically based tools and processes for risk assessment and decision-making in the context of species management. These tools, based on small populations and conservation biology, human demography, and the dynamics of social learning are used in intensive, problem-solving workshops to produce realistic and achievable recommendations for both in-situ and ex-situ population management. CBSG’s workshopprocesses provide an objective environment, expert knowledge, and neutral facilitation tosupport the exchange of information across diverse stakeholder groups in order to reach some agreement on the important issues facing both humans and wildlife. With this understanding, meaningful and practical management recommendations can be made.
IUCN SSC Species Conservation Planning Sub-committee (SCPSC)This sub-committee exists to promote effective planning for the conservation of species. It does this through encouraging and assisting development of species planning events, while promoting the use and adaptation of the methods in the SSC Handbook for Strategic Planning for Species Conservation. It works mainly with the family of 120 SSC Specialist Groups and aims to gather as much experience as possible of planning across the full range of plant and animal taxa. The subcommittee works closely with CBSG, in the development of tools for cost-effective species planning.
ASG - IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist GroupThe Antelope Specialist Group has lead responsibility within IUCN for 98 species of antelopes and closely-related species. It provides technical advice to IUCN on all aspects of antelope conservation, liaises with CITES and CMS and compiles regular assessments of species status for the IUCN Red List. ASG has been involved in strategic planning for antelopes for more than 25 years.
ESG – IUCN SSC Equid Specialist GroupThe IUCN SSC Equid Specialist Group is a world-wide, science based network of experts on equid behaviour, ecology, physiology, population dynamics, population genetics, management and conservation. The ESG actively supports and initiates programmes for research, training, monitoring, management and conservation of the world’s seven wild equid species and their habitats. It is responsible for providing species assessments for the IUCN Red list of Threatened Species. The ESG facilitates strategic planning for wild equid conservation, produces action plans and policy guidelines and provides information to CITES.
GSG – IUCN SSC Galliform Specialist Group
WPA – World Pheasant OrganisationThe World Pheasant Association (WPA) is a registered charity (271203) founded in 1975 which aims to develop and promote the conservation of all the species within the order of the Galliformes, otherwise known as the gamebirds of the world. Apart from pheasants, this also includes partridges, grouse, quail, francolins, megapodes and cracids, some of which are the most beautiful, yet threatened, birds in the world.
Appendix 3 - Workshop programme
26 MAR MORNING Registration for the workshop at CERD Welcome to the workshop Presentation of participants Introduction to workshop format Development of vision for biodiversity conservation in Djibouti Grouping of prioritized taxa
LUNCH AFTERNOON Taxonomic based working groups: Develop long term goals per species Plenary: working group reports
27 MAR MORNING Taxonomic based working groups: Identify and prioritize problems/threats to conservation of the taxa
Plenary: working group reports
LUNCH + Development of theme based working groups
AFTERNOON Theme based working groups: Develop and prioritise objectives to address problems/threats and achieve the vision
28 MAR MORNING Plenum: working group reports Working Groups: develop actions to accomplish goals/objectives
LUNCH
AFTERNOON Theme based working Groups: Develop actions
Plenary: Working Group reports
29 MAR MORNING Plenary: Working Group reports
Taxon based working groups: check if any taxon specific objectives and actions are missing Final presentation and closing ceremony LUNCH
AFTERNOON Visit to DECAN
EVENING Farewell dinner and social evening at Sheraton Hotel
Appendix 4 - GIS maps for selected species
Important Bird Areas in Djibouti
Beira
The current distribution of the beira population is limited to the mountainous region south of Ali-Sabieh. Because of pressure from wood-cutting and grazing density and presence itself fluctuate. The Djibouti population is continuous with that in Ethiopia in the Aysha region.
Beisa Oryx
The beisa oryx population in Djibouti is limited to the border area with Ethiopia, principally the Gammaré Plateau). This population has survived for decades despite regular poaching and disturbance, including in the region close to the Somali border. Occasional occurrence in other border areas is not excluded.
Salt’s Dikdik
The distribution of Salt’s dik-dik is geographically very wide, but restricted to wadi edges, drainage lines and valleys on one hand, and vegetated massifs on the other (Goda, Mabla). The population is certainly declining in numerous areas that are overgrazed or invaded by Prosopis.
Somali Wild Ass and Grevy’s Zebra
Recent surveys indicate that the Somali wild ass may still be present in the Gamarre Plateau area and definitely exists in this area on the Ethiopian side of the border. The shown observations of the Grevy’s zebra are anecdotal and are discussed further in the text.
Pelzeln’s Gazelle
Pelzeln’s gazelle is very widely distributed in Djibouti in all habitats and at all altitudes. It is regularly poached but without real impact on the overall population.
Soemmering’s Gazelle
The distribution of Soemmerring’s gazelle is still to be precisely defined, taking into account the mobility of groups. The species seems to be in a slow decline in certain sectors (Grand Bara and Petit Bara).
Gerenuk
The gerenuk is confined to the southern part of Djibouti. Yhe north-west extent of its range remains to be confirmed. It is the gazelle with the lowest numbers and moreover it seems sensitive to repeated disturbance and especially, deforestation.
Greater Kudu
It seems that greater kudu has been formally absent from Djibouti for several decades, even if iit is sporadically present near the southern border. In the first half of the 20th century it was noted in Goda, on Mount Arrey, and maybe on Mabla.
Predators
Appendix 5 - List of participants
Name Institution EmailAbdi Daher Halas Ministère de l’Education - CRIPEN /Abdisalam Ahmed Hassan Conseil Régional d’Ali-Sabieh [email protected]
[email protected] Ahmed HOAREC [email protected] Ahmed Aouled MHUE [email protected] Guelleh Miguil Conseil Régional d’Arta [email protected] Oudoum Abdallah MHUE [email protected] Youssouf ADIM [email protected] Ahmed Farah DECAN /Aboubaker Mohamed Hida Préfecture d’Arta /Aden Ali Mahamade Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et de la Coopération [email protected] Ali Mohamed EVA [email protected]ïcha Hassan Check-Moussa Ministère de la Promotion de la Femme [email protected] Laurent TER_RES [email protected] Dabale Mohamed ADPED [email protected] Mahoumed Maki Préfecture d’Obocq /Ali Mohamed Ali Conseil Régional d’Obocq /Ali Mouhoumed Darar INTRE-AID [email protected] Omar Ali Association des Jeunes Marins Civils /Aloïta Amid Aloïta Association des éleveurs du Goda (Day) /Aman Mohamed Aman MHUE [email protected] Desbiez CBSG Brasil [email protected] Desmoulins ZooParc de Beauval/ABCR [email protected] Mulot ZooParc de Beauval [email protected] Holst CBSG Europe/Copenhagen Zoo [email protected] Lafrance DECAN [email protected] Gibault Parc Zoologique de Thoiry [email protected]ène Jaffrezic DECAN [email protected] Barreau Société Ornithologique de France [email protected] Osman Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche – CERD [email protected] Obsieh Aouled Personne ressource Assamo/Jardinier /
David Mallon IUCN Antelope Specialist Group [email protected] Bairraõ Ruivo ZooParc de Beauval/ABCR [email protected] Kebede IUCN – Equid Specialist Group [email protected] Mohamed Ahmed Ministère de l’Intérieur et de la Décentralisation [email protected] Omar Abdillahi Ministère de l’Education – CFPEN [email protected] Houmed Hamadou ADIM [email protected] Ali Houmed DECAN [email protected] Mohamed Omar Conseil Régional de Tadjoura / Houssein A. Rayaleh Djibouti Nature [email protected] Rirache Robleh MHUE [email protected] Djama Ismaël Ministère de l’Agriculture, Pêche, Elevage et Ressources Halieutiques [email protected] Bexi Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche – Université [email protected] Ismael Nour MHUE [email protected] Roux Ministère de l’Energie, Eau et chargé des Ressources Naturelles [email protected] Heckel IUCN – Antelope Specialist Group/ZooLandau [email protected] Leus CBSG Europe/Copenhagen Zoo kristin@cbsgeuropeLeo Niskanen IUCN - ESARO [email protected] Houmed Personne ressource Adaïlou/Enseignant [email protected] Houmed Ahmed ACVA [email protected] Clouet Société Ornithologique de France [email protected] Ali Houmed Préfecture de Tadjoura /Mohamed Houmed Abass Préfecture d’Ali-Sabieh [email protected] Ibrahim Abdillahi Personne ressource Djalelo/Directeur d’école /Mohamed Taher Abdallah MHUE [email protected] A. Dorani DECAN [email protected] Salem Mohamed Ministère de l’Energie, Eau et chargé des Ressources Naturelles [email protected] Moehlmann IUCN – Equid Specialist Group [email protected]
[email protected] McGowan IUCN – Galliforme Specialist Group/World Pheasant Association [email protected] Ali Abdi Personne ressource Hol-hol/Institutrice [email protected] Mahamoud Adar Ministère de l’Agriculture, Pêche, Elevage et Ressources Halieutiques [email protected]
Appendix 6 - List of acronymsABCR: Association Beauval Conservation et Recherche
ACVA: Association Communautaire du Village d’Ardo
ADIM: Association Développement Intégré Mablas-Tadjourah
ADPED: Association de Protection de l’Environnement du Day
ASG: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group
CBSG: IUCN SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist group
CERD : Centre d’Etude et de Recherche de Djibouti
CFPEN : Centre de Formation des Personnels de l´Education Nationale
CRIPEN : Centre de Recherche, d’Information et de Production de l’Éducation Nationale
DECAN: DECouvrir et Aider la Nature
ESARO: IUCN Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office
ESG: IUCN SSC Equid Specialist Group
EVA: Ecologie du Village Association
GIS: Geographic Information System
GSG: IUCN SSC Galliform Specialist group
HOAREC: Horn of Africa Regional Environment Centre
IUCN: The International Union for Conservation of Nature
MAECI: Mininistère des affaires etrangères et de la cooperation internationale
MEERN: Ministère de l’énergie et de l´eau chargé des ressources naturelles
MHUE: Ministère de l´habitat, de l´urbanisme et de l´environnement
NGO: Non-governmental organisation
SCPSC: IUCN SSC Species Conservation Planning Sub Committee
SSC: Species Survival Commission
TER_RES: Territoires Responsables
WPA: World Pheasant Association
MAF: Ministry of agriculture and Fisheries