CHARACTERISTICS IN STANDARD EN14411 European standard EN 14411 establishes a set of physico-chemical characteristics that need to be taken into account in ceramic tile as a function of the tile’s intended use as flooring or wall cladding, and for interior or exterior applications. In this sense, standard EN 14411 does not differ from the one it replaces, except for the inclusion of some new characteristics or modification of the requirements, test method or classification of results envisaged in EN 67-087-85. Chart 1presents these characteristics, the new characteristics or in-depth modifications being displayed in red. The physico-chemical characteristics of ceramic tile, the obligatory or voluntary nature of their consideration, and the minimum requirable values for each product group have been summarised in Chart 2(parts I, II, and II). The dimensional tolerances envisaged for each product group are presented in Chart 3(length and width) and in Chart 4(thickness, straightness of sides, rectangularity, and flatness). reviews these characteristics and notes their effect on tile installation and durability. Another interpretation of the foregoing charts may be made in relation to the relative effect of the features they describe on tile installationand tiling durability. In Chart 5(parts I, II, III, and IV), we have included a number of new charts, in which the last column notes the connection between these features and the tile installation mode and/or effect on durability. Physico-chemical characteristics 1 Characteristics in standard EN 14411
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European standard EN 14411 establishes a set of physico-chemical
characteristics that need to be taken into account in ceramic tile as a function of the
tile’s intended use as flooring or wall cladding, and for interior or exterior applications.
In this sense, standard EN 14411 does not differ from the one it replaces, except for the
inclusion of some new characteristics or modification of the requirements, test methodor classification of results envisaged in EN 67-087-85. Chart 1 presents these
characteristics, the new characteristics or in-depth modifications being displayed in red.
The physico-chemical characteristics of ceramic tile, the obligatory or voluntary
nature of their consideration, and the minimum requirable values for each product group
have been summarised in Chart 2 (parts I, II, and II). The dimensional tolerances
envisaged for each product group are presented in Chart 3 (length and width) and in
Chart 4 (thickness, straightness of sides, rectangularity, and flatness). reviews thesecharacteristics and notes their effect on tile installation and durability.
Another interpretation of the foregoing charts may be made in relation to the
relative effect of the features they describe on tile installation and tiling durability. In
Chart 5 (parts I, II, III, and IV), we have included a number of new charts, in which the
last column notes the connection between these features and the tile installation mode
THE CLASSIFICATION OBTAINED THE MANUFACTURER SHALL STATE THE
CLASSIFICATION OBTAINED
• To high concentrations TEST METHOD AVAILABLE TEST METHOD AVAILABLE
• To household chemicalsand swimming pool salts
• In GL tiles
• In UGL tiles (4)
ISO 10545-13
ClassesA, B, and C
MINIMUM CLASS B (slightly impaired appearance) GB MINIMUM CLASS B (slightly impaired appearance) UB
MINIMUM CLASS B (slightly impaired appearance) GB MINIMUM CLASS B (slightly impaired appearance) UB
LEAD AND CADMIUM RELEASE
ISO 10545-15 mg/dm2
TEST METHOD AVAILABLE TEST METHOD AVAILABLE
(0) This is not applied to tiles with breaking load F≥3000 N(1) For GL tiles intended for flooring, EN 14411 refers the user to Annex N (of an informative character) to suggest the surface abrasion resistance class according to level of traffic and
abrasive material involved [The section on resistance to surface abrasion, tile classification according to Annex N of EN 14411, may be consulted](2) EN 14411 refers the user to Annex P (of an informative character) on the recommendation of levels according to intended tile use, with a view to clarifying the lack of definition involved in
this table by the indication ‘Test method available’ as sole ‘requirement’ for the corresponding product group(3) EN 14411 warns that some decorative effects trend to craze. If the manufacturer states this ‘effect’, the tile need not pass the test(4) If the colour, understood as shade or hue, ‘differs slightly’, chemical attack has not occurred (5) If the average water absorption capacity exceeds 20%, the manufacturer shall state the value. The minimum individual value of each tile shall not be below 9%(6) For BIII tiles, the standard proposes certain minimum values for the modulus of rupture according to nominal tile thickness: 12 N/mm2 for tiles with e≥7.5 mm and 15 N/mm2 for e<7.5 mm
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICSENVISAGED IN STANDARD EN 14411
R EFERENCE IN EXPRESSION OFCHARACTERISTIC TEST METHOD
EN 14411 R ESULTS EFFECT ON TILE INSTALLATION AND/OR DURABILITY
R ESISTANCE TO DEEP
ABRASION
(UGL tiles)ISO 10545-6
Compulsory for all typesof UGL tiles intended for
flooringmm
3
► Linked to the mechanical strength of the ceramic body. The smaller theremoved volume in mm3, the greater the toughness
► It identifies UGL ceramic tile resistance to impairment of appearance bymechanical action (scratching and abrasion)
R ESISTANCE TO
SURFACE ABRASION
(GL tiles)ISO 10545-7
Compulsory for all typesof GL tiles intended for
flooring
To be stated:Class:
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5
Number of cycles:
100, 150, 600,...6000, 12000
►
Linked to the mechanical resistance to impairment of appearance (surfaceabrasion of GL ceramic tiles intended for flooring
► Together with scratch resistance, loss of gloss, and stain resistance after thevisible stage of surface abrasion, it helps select the tile for the intendedlocation and foreseeable type of traffic
SCRATCH R ESISTANCE EN 67-101-92 Not envisaged
Mohs scale
from 1 to 10
► Provides information on the resistance to impairment of appearance bygouging or scratching of GL ceramic tiles intended for flooring
►
Should be taken into account when a tile is to be selected for flooring witha low level of traffic (hardness 4) or intermediate or high level of traffic(minimum hardness 6)
LOSS OF GLOSS ISO 2813 Not envisagedAdimensional
number
►
Provides information on gloss loss by surface abrasion in GL tiles. In UGL tiles, the mirror gloss achieved by mechanical polishing is lost (>15) with
surface abrasion of 600 cycles► Gloss loss above 15 involves visually perceivable surface deterioration,
based on the contrasting, altered surface
IMPACT R ESISTANCE ISO 10545-5Voluntary for the
manufacturer
Adimensionalnumber from 0 to 1
(Coefficient ofrestitution)
►
Provides information on ceramic tile performance (especially GL tiles)when impacted by blunt objects. Interesting information for thespecifications writer and designer.
► In UGL tiles it may be of interest to know the result of the heavy impact test ( Annexe 7 of Cahier 2998 of the French CSTB)
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICSENVISAGED IN STANDARD EN 14411
R EFERENCE IN EXPRESSION OFCHARACTERISTIC TEST METHOD
EN 14411 R ESULTS EFFECT ON TILE INSTALLATION AND/OR DURABILITY
R ESISTANCE TO
R OLLING ACTION
Annexe 6 ,Cahier 2898
CSTB (France) Not envisaged
Passes or does not
pass the test
► Characteristic related to UGL ceramic tiles intended for flooring subject tolive loads (rolling actions)
► Competence of the designer or specifications writer for industrial flooringor publicly trafficked architecture
FROST R ESISTANCE ISO 10545-12
►
Compulsory for AIa,AIb, BIa and BIb
► Voluntary for theremaining groups
►
BIa and BIb shall pass the test
► For AIa, AIb stateresult
►
Fundamental characteristic of ceramic tiles intended for exteriors inclimates with frost risk
► Selection of tiles that at least pass the test or, for greater safety, tiles AIa or
BIa in exteriors with greater risk (areas Y and Z) according to NBE-CT-79
CRAZING R ESISTANCE ISO 10545-11Compulsory for all GL
tilesPasses or does not
pass the test
►
Passing the test does not assure absence of delayed crazing, which isrelated to the coefficient of moisture expansion, dimensional stability ofthe fixing background, and tile installation technique
CHEMICAL R ESISTANCE ISO 10545-13Compulsory or voluntarydepending on type of tile
and test
Codes in PDF onChemical
resistance (I)
►
Linked to the chemical resistance to impairment of appearance as a result
of attack by products that alter the ceramic tile surface (discoloration, lossof gloss and/or surface corrosion)
► Knowing the resistance to chemical attack of a wall tile or floor tile helpsselect a tile for an intended use
STAIN R ESISTANCE ISO 10545-14
► Compulsory for GL tiles
► Voluntary for UGL tiles
Classes
5, 4, 3, 2, 1
► Linked to tile cleanability before the tile installation►
Related to performance with time of tiles intended for flooring, in regard totheir cleanability after processes of mechanical and/or chemical aggression
LEAD AND CADMIUM
R ELEASE ISO 10545-15
Voluntary for themanufacturer
mg/dm2 ►
Characteristic only to be envisaged for GL tiles that will be in directcontact with food. In this case, they shall bear the CЄ mark
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICSENVISAGED IN STANDARD EN 14411
CHARACTERISTIC TEST METHOD R EFERENCE IN
EN 14411
EXPRESSION OF
R ESULTS EFFECT ON TILE INSTALLATION AND/OR DURABILITY
ISO/DIS 10545-17 Not envisagedCOF. CLASS 2
COF. CLASS 1
SLIP R ESISTANCE
UNE-ENV 12633 Not envisagedCLASSES
[2]
3, 2, 1
► Essential characteristic for evaluating safety in regard to the slip risk oftiles intended for flooring
► Greater or lesser slip resistance shall be assessed as a function of slip risk(presence of water and/or substances that foster slipping)
►
There are also national standards that delimit the anti-slip capacity ofceramic tiles, and tables that relate that capacity to the type of flooring(location and traffic)
[2] According to document SUA 1 of the new Spanish Technical Building Code