Central & West Asia and North Africa: Where Wheat Improvement Matters

Mahmoud El Solh

Director General International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas

Central & West Asia and North Africa:

Where Wheat Improvement Matters

Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security Wheat Science, prospects and Perspective

CENEB-CIMMYT, Cd. Obregon, Mexico

27 March, 2014

Outline 1. Why Wheat Matters in CWANA?

2. Main drivers of increased Wheat Productivity in the past;

3. Current challenges facing Wheat Production in CWANA;

4. The role of ICARDA in generating and promoting Wheat Technologies in collaboration with Partners;

5. Bridging the Yield Gap and the Impact of Improved Wheat Technologies in Selected Countries;

6. Partnerships, Future Emphasis/Looking Ahead.

Wheat is the staple food crop of strategic importance in the region;

The region is home to almost a billion people;

Wheat in CWANA covers about 54 million ha which is ~ 50% of the wheat production area in the developing world;

The highest wheat per capita consumption is in Morocco (220 kg per capita per year)

Lifting wheat subsidies led to social unrest and riots in Egypt, Morocco, Jordan and other countries;

Except for Kazakhstan, Syria (before 2011), and Turkey all CWANA countries are wheat importers;

Egypt is the largest wheat importer (imports up to 10 million tons)

CWANA

1. Why Wheat Matters in CWANA?

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Barley Maize Rice Wheat CWANA Population

CWANA Population & Consumption of Major Field Crops

Wheat = 37% of total food supply (calories) in MENA

Average annual per capita consumption:

• North Africa (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) = 174 kg

• Middle East = 158kg

• Total MENA = 166kg

• World average = 66kg

Currently, the region imports more than half its wheat needs, at an increasing cost

Wheat: the staple food

in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region

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CWANA, with average area of 54 million ha, covers 50% of the wheat production area in the developing world

CWANA Wheat Area, Production and Yield

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Average net wheat imports (million tons)

in CWANA Countries (2005-2011)

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ANNUAL FOOD PRICE INDICES 1990-2011 (2002-

2004=100) Food Price Index

Meat Price Index

Dairy Price Index

Cereals Price Index

Oils Price Index

Sugar Price Index

Source: FAO 2011. http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/en/

Global changes in prices indices of major foods

including wheat

Crop Prospects and Food Situation, April 2008 FAO.

Impact of food price increases on balance trade

In CWANA countries

Impact of the Food Crisis Most CWANA countries are moving from food self reliance to self sufficiency

Adoption of input responsive semi-dwarf widely adapted wheat varieties (Dr Norman Borlaug varieties);

Adoption and application of inputs (fertilizer, irrigation water, herbicides, etc.);

International Wheat Improvement Network and Capacity Development (CIMMYT and ICARDA);

Increase in international prices of wheat;

Favorable policy environment and government subsidies;

And to a lesser extent change in wheat area;

2. Main Drivers of Increased Wheat Yield in the Past

Water scarcity and more frequent

drought;

Soil degradation;

Reduced supply and increasing

cost of inputs e.g. fertilizers, fuel

etc.;

Climate Change & Global warming;

Emerging pests and diseases;

Increasing demand for energy

(biofuel);

Increasing world population:

8 billion in 2030 ; 9.2 billion in 2050

Tends in Wheat Production Area and Yield in the World & CWANA, 1961-2010

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CWANA Yield (t/ha) World Yield (t/ha)

3. Current challenges for increasing wheat production

in CWANA

Relative change of mean annual precipitation 1980/1999 to 2080/2099, scenario A1b, average of 21 GCMs (compiled by GIS Unit ICARDA, based on partial maps in Christensen et al., 2007)

Relative change of mean annual precipitation

1980/1999 to 2080/2099

Abiotic stresses

• Drought

• Heat

• Cold

• Salinity

• Pre-harvest loses including sprouting

• Lodging

Biotic stresses • Yellow rust

• Stem rust

• Leaf rust

• Fusarium

• Septoria

• Tan spot

• Common bunt

• Root rots

• Hessian Fly

• Russian Wheat Aphid

• Sunn Pest

• Weeds

Major Production constraints in CWANA Countries

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Production

Area

Yield

Effect of drought on wheat production in Morocco

Production loss of cultivar Achtar : 100,000 ton Monetary: $ 30 m US dollars

Estimated Yield loss in Gereck : 40% Monetary loss : > $52 m US dollars Syria: Cham 8, Cham 6 : 30-80 % yield loss Ethiopia : Attila (Kubsa): 40-70% yield loss

Recurrence of Stripe/Yellow Rust in CWANA

4. The role of ICARDA in generating and promoting

Wheat Technologies in collaboration with Partners

Conservation and use of genetic diversity of crops and wild relatives of importance to dry areas;

Crop genetic improvement: through plant breeding/biotechnology and improved crop management of winter cereals, food legumes and forage crops;

Plant protection through resistance/tolerance to biotic stresses and IPM practices;

Enhancing water productivity and integrated sustainable water management; Diversification and sustainable intensification of production systems;

Resilience of production systems in marginal lands of dry areas;

Conservation agriculture: conservations of soil moisture and reducing cost of production and energy use;

Social, economic and policy research and institutional innovations and support;

Capacity development & networking.

36 Years of Experience in Basic and Applied Research

in Non-Tropical Dry Areas

• High yield potential and broad adaptation;

• Durable resistance/tolerance to major diseases and insect pests;

• Tolerance to Drought, heat, cold and salinity;

• Grain quality;

• Capacity building of NARS and Networking

ICARDA Wheat Genetic Improvement Program

Objectives

Taxon Number of accessions

Wheat 37,816

Barley 28,999

Wild Cereals/Wheat wild relatives 8242

Faba bean 12,585

Lentil 10,889

Chickpea 14,544

Wild Lens and Cicer 929

Forage legumes 31,719

Forage and range species 7611

Total 153,334

ICARDA Gene Bank Holdings

• Classification and targeting major environments;

• Shuttle breeding;

• Biotechnological Tools including Marker assisted selection;

• Mining desirable genes and the use of wide crosses involving wild relatives (Synthetics) for desirable traits;

• Screening for durable resistance/tolerance to diseases and insect pests in hot spots;

• Multi-location testing;

Approaches to increase wheat breeding efficiency

Syria Tel Hadya*

Lebanon Terbol

Morocco Merchouch

Egypt Sids Ethiopia

Kulumsa

Turkey Ankara Izmir

Sudan Wad-

Medani

ICARDA’s Key Locations for Wheat Shuttle Breeding Terbol (Lebanon): Adaptation, yield potential, seed multiplication, off-season rust, international nurseries. Merchouch (Morocco): Rainfed wheat, drought tolerance, insect resistance, virology. Kulumsa (Ethiopia): Stem Rust(Ug99), Stripe Rust, Fusarium, Septoria. Sids (Egypt): High input irrigated wheat, yield potential, earliness. Wad-Medani (Sudan): Heat tolerance, earliness (short season wheat). Ankara (Turkey): International Winter Wheat Program (IWWP). Izmir (Turkey): Wheat rusts with emphasis on stripe/yellow rust, international Trap Rusts Nurseries.

* Activities currently suspended in Tel Hadya, Syria

FIGS - Focused Identification of Germplasm Strategy Link environmental data to collection sites

Adapted from diagram by

D T F Endresen (NGB)

Choose accessions from that

environments that would

impose a selection pressure

for a given trait:

e.g.: for heat tolerance, select

material from environments

where there is a high

selection pressure

Gene Mining Using FIGS

Sunn pest – first time in bread wheat

RWA resistance – new genes inditified

Hessian fly - resistance to US bio-type

Powdery mildew – 2 new functional genes

Salinity – 20% of salinity set showed resistance compared to

only 3% of core set

Drought – FIGS accessions performed better than core set

FIGS Results: Success Verified & Impact

About 732 wheat landraces and wild

relatives have been identified through

FIGs approach and were screened for

resistance to Stripe Rust and

Septoria for two years (2011-2012).

As shown in this Figure: 9 genotypes

of T. monococcum; 12 genotypes of T.

timopheevii; 94 genotypes of T.

turgidum and 15 genotypes of T.

aestivum have been identified with

high level of resistance to both Stripe

Rust and Septoria diseases.

These genotypes are being used in the

pre-breeding program for gene

pyramiding.

Triticum aestivum ,

15

Triticum timophee

vii , 12

Triticum turgidum,

94

Triticum monococcum 9

Wheat accessions with high of combined resistance

to Stripe Rust and Septoria, 2011-2012.

Y irr; Y RF; YR; * < 0.01

Source: Tadesse, 2013

Association mapping for Yield Potential, Drought

Tolerance and Stripe Rust Resistnce

Synthetics have exponentially increased genetic diversity in wheat

• Increased yield under drought and favorable

irrigated conditions ; • Multiple disease resistance

• Leaf, stem, and yellow rusts • Yellow Leaf Spot (= tan spot) resistance • Nematode resistance • Septoria leaf blotch resistance • Insect pests tolerance e.g. Sunn pest, Russian Wheat apphids

• Tolerance abiotic Stresses • Drought tolerance • Heat tolerance • Salinity tolerance • Pre-harvest sprouting tolerance

After introducing a novel DD genome (Ae. tauschii), now work starting on using novel AABB genome (T. dicoccoides and T. dicoccum) in new synthetics.

Contribution of Synthetic Wheat

(Syria) (Syria) (Lebanon)

Source: Ogbonnaya et al. 2010

Grain Yield of Synthetic Bread Wheat Genotypes

against recurrent parent , Cham 6.

Parent Variety Yield t/ha % recurrent

parent

Cham 6*2/SW2 1.6 147

Cham 6*2/SW2 1.5 138

Cham-6 1.10 100

Attila-7 1.3 -

Yield of “synthetic derivatives” compared to parents under drought stress. (Tel Hadya 2008 -- 211 mm)

Wheat crossed with wild relatives: Synthetic wheat, tolerance to excessive drought

T. boeoticum

T. urartu

T. dicoccoides

yellow rust resistance

leaf rust resistance

earliness

high productive tillering

spike productivity

plant productivity

plant height

drought tolerance

Sunn pest resistance

Russian wheat aphid resistance

Septoria tritici resistance

Ae. speltoides

probably different from Yr15

New sources for desirable traits for wheat

through wide crosses with wild relatives

Durable Resistance/Tolerance to Insect Pests & Diseases and Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Hessian Fly

Resistant Variety

Hessian fly causes economic damage in

North Africa

Resistant lines

Resistance/Tolerance to Hessian Fly in Wheat

Effects > 15 million ha in West

and Central Asia & Eastern

Europe;

Sunn pest injects enzyme that

decomposes grain gluten, vital

for bread baking;

If 2-3% of a grain lot is infested,

entire wheat lot is ruined with

respect to baking quality

IPM: Sunn Pest in wheat

• Hand collection of Sunn pest in overwintering sites

• Use of insect-killing fungi in overwintering sites

• Enhancement and conservation of egg parasitoids/predators

• Genetic resistance at early vegetative stage

Sunn Pest IPM Options in wheat

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Evolution of area sprayed against Sunn Pest in Syria

Heavy yellow

rust infestation

wheat in West

Asia in 2010

Black stem rust

(Ug 99)

infestation in

Ethiopia &

Kenya

Surveillance & Resistance to Rust Diseases

ICARDA

Distribution of Regional Rust Trap Nurseries in 80 locations in 32 countries, 2009/10

Released varieties resistances

to black stem and yellow rust

in Ethiopia

Resistances to new races of

yellow rust in West Asia

in 2010

Resistance to Rust Diseases in Wheat

ICARDA implemented regional and bilateral projects with focus to promote the development and dissemination of wheat varieties resistant to Stripe and Black Stem (Ug99) Rusts: • USAID Famine Fund (Egypt, Ethiopia,

Pakistan) • Three bilateral projects in Ethiopia

(USAID), Iraq (USAID) and Pakistan (USDA)

Fast track testing and

release

Accelerated seed

multiplication

Popularization /demonstration

Scaling-out of technologies

Strengthening NARS Capacity

Farmers

Fast Track Variety Release and Accelerated Seed Multiplication

and Delivery of Rust Resistant Varieties

1. Wheat rust resistant varieties released by Egypt (2), Ethiopia (8)

and Pakistan (9)

2. Amount of certified seed of rust resistant varieties produced by NARS (in collaboration with CIMMYT and ICARDA) and distributed;

• Egypt: 15,725 MT sufficient to plant 9% of wheat area, 2011/12; • Ethiopia: 27,000 MT sufficient to plant 10% wheat area, 2012/13; • Pakistan: 42,750 MT sufficient to plant 5% of wheat area,

2011/12

3. Popularization and promotion of rust resistant varieties reaching close to 5,000 farmers every year

4. Farmer-based seed production in rainfed areas of Pakistan (6 districts planted 17.22 ha of 7 varieties and produced 56.18 MT at an average profit of $348/ha)

USAID Famine Fund (2009-12): Egypt, Ethiopia and Pakistan

Both formal and informal approaches used in accelerated seed production and distribution of rust resistant varieties developed by NARS in collaboration both CIMMYT and ICARDA with public-private partnership: • NARS (federal and regional) produced about 6,021 MT seed of rust resistant

wheat varieties and successfully distributed for different purposes;

• About 815 MT seed distributed directly to farmers which was planted on 5,660 ha producing 18,718 MT potentially sufficient to plant 127,377 ha;

• About 19,877 farmers (7.3% women) reached benefitting 119,262 HH members through on-farm seed production, technology scaling-out and emergency seed relief;

• Farmer seed associations and public and private sector produced a combined 5526 MT seed for further seed multiplication;

• Public and private sector distributed a combined 85,943 MT seed of rust

resistant varieties sufficient to plant 572,956 ha of wheat area in 2012/13.

Rapid Deployment of Rust Resistant Varieties (2011/12-): Ethiopia

USAID Seed Production Project:

Field Inspection

USAID Seed Production Project: Farmers’ Day

Wheat Productivity Enhancement Program (2011-): Pakistan

• 2600 MT seed of promising lines/new varieties produced under pre- and post release seed multiplication (148 MT of exclusively Ug99 resistant lines/varieties) and provided to public and/or private seed companies;

• 284 MT seed was produced with farmers in dryland areas of Punjab and KPK with average net returns from seed activities of $337/ha;

• 494 MT seed produced from popularization and demonstration of new rust resistant (164.8 MT exclusively Ug99 resistant varieties) with net return of $227/ha.

HSAD strengthening wheat seed system (2013-14): Iraq

• A total of 5904 MT seed of high yielding and stress tolerant wheat varieties were multiplied by NARS and large-scale seed producers:

• 1.31 MT seed of pre-release (11 promising lines) ; • 2200 MT breeder and foundation seed (13 varieties) produced by

NARS with resistance to yellow rust; • 3703 MT registered and certified seed (6 varieties) produced by

seed companies with resistance to yellow rusts.

Enhancing Wheat Productivity in Pakistan and Iraq

Varietal Releases, Yield Potential & Desirable Traits

1977 - 2013 Recent years

Crop Developing

Countries

Industrialized

Countries

All

Countries

Barley 186 31 11

Durum Wheat 111 14 9

Bread Wheat 230 6 6

Chickpea 110 31 2

Faba Bean 54 6 3

Lentil 101 16 5

Forages 31 2 1

Peas 9 0 0

Sub-Total 814 106 37

Total 920 37

Estimated Net Benefit = about US $850 m / year

Improvement Varieties Released by NARS Partners

Using ICARDA Germplasm

376

High yield potential Tolerance to abiotic stresses:

- Drought - Heat - Cold - Salinity Resistance/tolerance to biotic stresses

- Diseases - Insect pests - Parasitic weeds

Desirable Traits of Varieties Released

Variety

Name Type Cross/Pedigree

Year of

Release Country

SIDS-13 SBW KAUZ//TSI/SNB 2010 Egypt

HOGGANA SBW PYN/BAU//MILAN (= ETBW 5780 2011 Ethiopia

SHORIMA SBW UTQE96/3/PYN/BAU//MILAN 2011 Ethiopia

HULUKA SBW UTQE96/3/PYN/BAU//MILAN 2011 Ethiopia

KARIM SBW T.AEST/SPRW//CA8055/3/BACANORA86 2011 Iran

GOUMRIA-3 SBW VEE#7/KAUZ 2013 Sudan

GIZIL BUGDA FWW SAULESKU41/SADOVO1 2009 Azerbaijan

CHUMON FWW CADET/6/YUMAI13/5/NAI60/3/14.53/ODIN//CI13441/CANON 2012 Tajikistan

TACICAR FWW OR F1.158/FDL//BLO/3/SHI4414/CROW 2012 Tajikistan

BUNIYODKOR FWW DORADE-5//KS82117/MLT 2012 Uzbekistan

RIJAW FWW PATO/CAL/3/7C//BB/CNO/5/CAL//CNO/SN64/4/CNO//BAD/C

HR/3/KL../6/SABALAN 2011 Iran

HUMA

FWW PYN/PARUS/3/VPM/MOS83-11-4-8//PEW/4/BLUGIL 2011 Uzbekistan

MUKYE

DW STJ3//BCR/LKS4/3/TER-3 2012

Ethiopia

ACHOURI

DW MRF1/STJ2//GDR2/MGNL1 2012 Algeria

BANI SUEF 4

DW IANZEN 1 2008 Egypt

Recently released wheat cultivars by NARSs

in collaboration with ICARDA

Hessian Fly Resistant

Genotype Yield (t/ha)

% of Arrehane (Check)

KAUZ/PASTOR/3/ALTAR 84/AEGILOPS SQUARROSA (TAUS)//OPATA 6.93 131

TINAMOU-3/BANA-4 6.59 125 NESSER/SERI/3/SHUHA-2//NS732/HER 6.51 123 MUNIA//CHEN/ALTAR 84/3/CHEN/AEGILOPS SQUARROSA (TAUS)//BCN/4/MARCHOUCH-8 6.37 121 NESSER/SERI//TEVEE-1/SHUHA-6 6.33 120 KAUZ/PASTOR/3/ALTAR 84/AEGILOPS SQUARROSA (TAUS)//OPATA

6.32 120 YEBROUD'S'//DOVE'S'/SERI/3/SAFI-1 6.17 117 SHUHA-4/FLORKWA-4//HUBARA-3 6.07 115 KAUZ/PASTOR/3/ALTAR 84/AEGILOPS SQUARROSA (TAUS)//OPATA

6.05 115 TEVEE-1/SHUHA-6//MASSIRA 5.99 114 CHILERO-1/STAR'S'//SHUHA-2/FOW-2 5.93 112 NESSER/SERI/3/SHUHA-2//NS732/HER 5.92 112 NESSER/SERI//TEVEE-1/SHUHA-6 5.92 112 MUNIA//CHEN/ALTAR 84/3/CHEN/AEGILOPS SQUARROSA (TAUS)//BCN/4/MARCHOUCH-8 5.87 111 KAUZ/PASTOR/3/ALTAR 84/AEGILOPS SQUARROSA (TAUS)//OPATA

5.70 108 QIMMA-12/PASTOR-6//QIMMA-12 5.65 107 KARAWAN-1/TALLO 3//REGRAG-1 5.64 107 ALTAR 84/AE.SQUARROSA (219)//SERI/3/MASSIRA 5.63 107 ALTAR 84/AE.SQUARROSA (219)//SERI/3/MASSIRA 5.62 107 KARAWAN-1/TALLO 3//JADIDA-2 5.58 106

Arrehane (check) 5.27 100

Potential of Synthetics derived Spring Bread Wheat Genotypes,

Yield, Drought Tolerance and Hessian Fly Resistance

Rianfed, Merchouch, Morocco, 2013

NAME PEDIGREE Yield (t/ha) ATTILA/3*BCN//FLAG-2 ICW06-00784-21AP/0KUL-0DZ/0AP-

0DZ/0AP-5AP-0AP 11.1 FLAG-3/ICARDA-SRRL-5 ICW06-00858-7AP/0KUL-0DZ/0AP-

0DZ/0AP-5AP-0AP 10.6 FLAG-6/ICARDA-SRRL-6 ICW06-00859-19AP/0KUL-0DZ/0AP-

0DZ/0AP-2AP-0AP 10.3 SERI 82/SHUHA'S'//GRU90-204782/3/MUNIA/CHTO//MILAN

AISBW05-0252-1AP-0AP-0AP-1AP -0SD 10.2

KAUZ'S'/SERI/4/CHEN/AEGILOPS SQUARROSA (TAUS)//FCT/3/STAR

AISBW05-0259-11AP-0AP-0AP-4AP -0SD 10.0

KATILA-15//MNCH/3*BCN ICW05-0481-2AP-0AP-0AP-1AP -0SD 9.9 SERI 82/SHUHA'S'//GRU90-204782/3/MUNIA/CHTO//MILAN

AISBW05-0252-1AP-0AP-0AP-3AP-0AP 9.9

SERI.1B*2/3/KAUZ*2/BOW//KAUZ/4/KAUZ/FLORKWA-1 AISBW05-0390-7AP-0AP-0AP-1AP -0SD 9.8 KAUZ'S'/SERI/4/CHEN/AEGILOPS SQUARROSA (TAUS)//FCT/3/STAR

AISBW05-0259-4AP-0AP-0AP-1AP -0SD 9.8

KAUZ'S'/SERI/3/KAUZ//KAUZ/STAR AISBW05-0088-1AP-0AP-0AP-3AP -0SD 9.6 ATTILA 50Y//ATTILA/BCN/3/STAR*3/MUSK-3 AISBW05-0043-10AP-0AP-0AP-7AP-0AP

9.6 DEBEIRA/4/KAUZ//ALTAR 84/AOS/3/KAUZ ICW05-0597-2AP-0AP-0AP-4AP-0AP 9.5 KASYON/GENARO 81//TEVEE-1/../4/CHEN/AEGILOPS SQUARROSA (TAUS)//BCN/3/KAUZ

AISBW05-0112-12AP-0AP-0AP-2AP -0SD 9.5

DEBEIRA/4/KAUZ//ALTAR 84/AOS/3/KAUZ ICW05-0597-8AP-0AP-0AP-1AP -0SD 9.5 KAUZ/AA//KAUZ/3/KAPSW/SHUHA-17 AISBW05-0321-4AP-0AP-0AP-1AP -0SD 9.4 BOUSHODA-1/4/SHUHA-2/3/BOW'S'/NKT'S'//TEVEE'S' ICW05-0521-3AP-0AP-0AP-2AP -0SD 9.4 KAUZ//MON/CROW?S?/4/SERI.1B//KAUZ/HEVO/3/AMAD ICW05-0534-22AP-0AP-0AP-1AP -0SD 9.4 ATTILA 50Y//ATTILA/BCN/3/STAR*3/MUSK-3 AISBW05-0043-10AP-0AP-0AP-5AP-0AP

9.3 KAUZ//MON/CROW?S?/3/VEE/PJN//2*KAUZ ICW05-0512-20AP-0AP-0AP-1AP -0SD 9.3 DEBIRA 9.3 MISR-1 9.7 SIDS-12 9.3

Yield Potential of Heat Tolerance Elite Spring Bread Wheat

Genotypes, Sids-Egypt, 2013

Yield potential of newly developed durum genotypes

at ICARDA durum breeding program

0

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Miki1 Ouaserl Ouasloukos Ouaserl Aghrass2 Amedakul1 Haurani (Landrace) Korifla (Impr)

Kg/ha

Yield Potential of recently developed Durum Wheat

genotypes at ICARDA

5. Bridging the Yield Gap and Impact of Improved Wheat Technologies

Actual farm yields of wheat in the CWANA region are far below their potential.

Evidence shows that productivity can be increased substantially;

If production of wheat is to exceed population growth rates, yields must increase further.

Limited scope for expansion in area

Future increases in production must come from sustainable intensification of wheat-based production system.

Wheat Productivity in CWANA Region

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6. Wheat Yield Gap Analysis in Selected Countries

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ExperimentalStation Yield

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Actual FarmYield

Yield Gap II

Yield Gap I Biological constraints • Variety • Water • Weeds • Diseases and insect pests • Soil Fertility • Soil Problems e.g. salinity

Socioeconomic constraints • Input availability • Costs and returns • Credit • Prices • Tradition and altitudes • Knowledge • Input availability • Institutions and Policies

Ton

s/h

a

Example, Wheat in Tunisia

Bridging the Yield Gap in Wheat

Progressive Farmers Yield

Traditional Farmers Yield

Experimental Station Yield

Morocco Syria

(rainfed) Gap Analysis Settat-Berrechid

(rainfed)

Tadla

(irrigated)

Gap 1 (kg/ha) 1028 2115 1655

Gap 2 (kg/ha) 2228 3825 2520

Gap 1 (%) 88% 45% 82%

Gap 2 (%) 192% 82% 125%

Gap 1 = difference between average farmers’ yield and research

station/on-farm demonstration yield

Gap 2 = difference between average farmers’ yield and simulated

potential yield

Wheat yield gap analysis: Morocco and Syria

Gaps between national average yields and progressive farmers yields

Wheat Yield Gap in Syria

Formerly a wheat importer, the country (before the unfortunate developments that started in 2011) was self-sufficient, and even an exporter of wheat (1-2 million tons) in reasonable good rainy seasons.

Between 1991 and 2004 wheat production rose from 2.1 million to 4.5 million tons, with a combination of new high-yielding varieties (1/3), supplemental irrigation technology (1/3) and more inputs (1/3) with supportive government policies.

Impact of Bridging the Yield Gap in Syria

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Area Needed Precipitation

Actual Area Linear (Area Trend)

Actual Production Linear (Production Trend)

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Impact of improved wheat technologies in Syria

Socio-economic & policy,

and institutional support

Sustainable

Natural resource

management and

inputs

Crop & livestock

genetic improvement

Integration at field

and farmers levels

The integrated approach involving the three pillars

of sustainable agricultural intensification

I R I I R I R I

Participating Farmers

8.1 2.4 4.9 3.7 2.6 6.3 2.7 6.0

Non Participating Farmers

6.3 1.9 4.4 2.4 2.2 5.6 2.1 4.6

Ave. increase (%) 22 21 11 58 20 13 23 30

Max yield 9.1 3.2 6.5 5.6 4.2 8.2 3.7 8.8

Average Yield Increase= 25 %

Maximum Yield Increase= 75 %

Egypt Yemen Morocco Sudan Syria Tunisia

Impact of Bridging Yield Gap in Wheat in Selected

Countries under Rainfed (R) and Irrigated Systems

Food Security Project: 2011/2012

Raised-bed Planting

Furrows irrigation Flat bed irrigation Raised bed irrigation

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Yield (t/ha) Waterconsumption(000m3/ha)

WUE(kg/m3)

Raised bedFlat surface

Egypt Advantage of raised bed planting

Average of 2011 and 2012

30 % increase in grain yield

25 % saving in irrigation water

72 % increase in WUE

Average wheat productivity in 2009/2010 and 2012-2013 in Al-Sharkia Governorate:

It was 6.2 t/ha in 2010 and reached 7.2 t/ha in 2013;

It was less than the national mean by 7% in 2010 and higher by 4% in 2013;

National Productivity was 6.5 t/ha in 2010 and it reached 6.7 t/ha in 2013.

Project on "Enhancing Food Security in Arab Countries", March 2014

Impact of Large Scale On-Farm Demonstration in Egypt

Egypt:

Based on the results obtained in Al-Sharkia Governorate, National Campaign for improvement of wheat followed the Al-Sharkia approach for the dissemination of technologies: more than 1000 demonstration fields on improved wheat production technologies were planted during 2011-2012 and 2012 -2013 seasons in 22 Governorates in addition to the Governorate of Al-Sharkia which was used a pilot project site in Egypt. This expansion effort was supported by national funds amounting to 8.7 million EGP (about 1.300,000USD) in 3 years.

Tunisia:

The approach is being replicated in other wheat producing provinces based on the efficient extension methodology developed by the project in the country.

Spillover of Food Security Project Model

Impact of Heat-Tolerant Wheat in Sudan

All the work done by ICARDA in wheat is aligned under the Wheat CRP (CRP3.1) led by CIMMYT and in collaboration with CIMMYT and National Agricultural Research Systems;

Advanced Research Institutes;

IFAD, FAO and Other UN Organizations; Civil society organizations including NGOs;

Private Sector;

Donors.

Partnerships and Institutional Linkages 7. Partnerships and Collaborators

Establish/strengthen multi-disciplinary regional & international cooperation & networking through the Wheat CRP;

Strengthen the consortium on hybrid wheat and innovative research to enhance yield potential including C4 wheat, N-fixing wheat;

Strengthen the use of biotechnological tools including Genomic Selection (GS) approaches;

Sustainable intensification of wheat based systems;

Strengthen and promote IPM options;

Promote further Conservative Agriculture in dryland systems;

Enhancing water use efficiency through deficit and supplemental irrigation and modernization of irrigation systems;

Improve access to improved seeds through effective seed production & delivery systems (formal & informer; public and private);

Capacity development of NARS partners & Networking.

7. Future Emphasis/Looking Ahead

ICARDA Site identification team, 1975: Dr Norman Borlaug, Official

from Syrian Ministry of Agriculture, Dr Bob Havner, Dr Jit Srivastiva and Mr Faek Bahady

History of ICARDA’s birth, 1975

THANK YOU