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Central Place Theory (CPT)
Assumptions
• ►Isotropic plain
• ►Transportation costs are a linear function
of distance
• ►Population is evenly distributed
• ► Rational behaviour
• ►Consumers have identical preferences
• ►Market characterized by free entry(i.e.perfectly competitive)
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- CENTRAL PLACE: settlement that provides goods &services.
- SPHERE OF INFLUENCE: surrounding the CP, area thatfalls under the economic, social, political influence(hinterland).
- FUNCTIONAL HIERARCHIES: generalizations regardingspacing, size and function of settlements.
- HIGH/LOW ORDER SETTLEMENTS, low ordersettlements provide simple, basic services (grocerystores, etc) high order settlements have specializedservices (universities, concert halls)
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Important definitions:
• Threshold:• minimum DEMAND (volume of sales) needed
for a business to stay in operation(and make a “normal” profit).
• Range:• maximum distance over which a good can be
sold from point P(i.e. where real price is low enough that peoplewill travel to market to buy it)
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Distance
Q
D e m a n d e d
Demand
Distance
Market location
Spatial Demand Cone
RANGE:The spatial extent ofdemand before
demand drops to zero
Increasingreal price
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Market
Threshold
Range
Threshold
Range
Demand = zero
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Implications of the RANGE
R
T
M
Isotropic surface
Area of Extra Profit Min area required to stayin business (normal profits)
?Unmet demand forsame good or
service
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Implication of RANGE:
• room for more than one producer ofsame good / service
• where would producer locate?
• > 2*R
• avoiding overlap
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Implications of the RANGE
R
T
M
Homogeneous plain
?Unmet demand for
same good orservice
R
T
M
2R distance
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?
Unmet demand forsame good orservice
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How can problem of interstitial areas of unmet
demand be solved?
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R
T
MR
T
MR
T
M R
T
M
R
T
M
R
T
MR
T
M
R
R
T
M
R
T
MR
T
M R
T
MR
T
M
R
R
T
M
Interstitial areas of unmet demand disappear if
markets are moved closer together
H ill k t b d i f i th
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R
T
MR
T
MR
T
M R
T
M
R
T
M
R
T
MR
T
M
R
R
T
M
R
T
MR
T
M R
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MR
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R
T
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How will market area boundaries form given the
ellipses formed by overlapping market areas?
Overlapping TradeAreas•Unfilled demandnow served
•Competition
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13 A system of hexagonal market areas fills the plain so that
every consumer is served and no market areas overlap
No OverlappingTrade Areas•Unfilleddemandnow served
•No competition•Every producermaking “normalprofit”
Homogeneous plain
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Further economic / spatial
complications:
• T and R are good- or service-specific
• Separate demand curves / cones foreach good or service
• Why?
• Different levels of demand
• Different sensitivity to distance etc.
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Distance
Q Demanded
Distance
Good / service A
Good / service B
Good / service C
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Distance
Q Demanded
Distance
Good / service A
Good / service B
Good / service C
Range A
Range B
Range C
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Distance
Q Demanded
Distance
Good / service A
Good / service B
Good / service C
Range A
Range B
Range C
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Orders of Goods / Services
• lower order goods
• small T & R
• (high frequency, low cost)
• higher order goods• large T & R
• (low frequency,high cost goods)
• i.e. different “geographies”for different goods / services
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A GENERAL GRAPH CONCERNINGFUNCTIONS !
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Christaller’s Follies Or: Why doesn’t this always work?
There are, however, some near perfect examples of Christaller’s theory to
be found in the Canadian prairies and the Netherlands.
- Large areas of flat land rarely exist- Transport has changed since his day
- People/wealth are not evenly distributed
- Folks don’t always choose the central place!
- Purchasing power/needs not all the same
- Governments have control over location of industry/towns
- Perfect competition = unreal
- Places don’t stay the same forever - Does not fit industrial areas
There are, however, some near perfect examples of Christaller’s theory to
be found in the Canadian prairies and the Netherlands.
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Central Place Theory: Recap
• Tertiary activities: the city as acommercial centre…
• …within a hierarchical system
• Umlands
• Simplifying assumptions
• Spatial organization
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Central Place Theory
• A way of thinking about hierarchies
• Urban centres
• Urban functions
• Market areas
• A starting point for theorizing aboutspace and spatial dynamics
• The basis for retail and trade areastudies for planning urbancommercial functions and macro-
marketing