CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley Child Welfare in California: 1. A Quick Tour of the Data 2. A Racial Equity Lens.

CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley

Child Welfare in California:1. A Quick Tour of the Data

2. A Racial Equity Lens

Barbara Needell, MSW, PhDCenter for Social Services ResearchUniversity of California at Berkeley

The California Child Welfare Performance Indicators Project is a collaboration between the University of California and the California Department of Social Services

and is supported by the California Department of Social Services and the Stuart Foundation

Presentation developed by Emily Putnam-Hornstein, MSW


Tracking Child Welfare OutcomesTracking Child Welfare Outcomes

CounterbalancedCounterbalancedIndicators ofIndicators of

SystemSystemPerformancePerformance

PermanencyPermanencyThroughThrough

Reunification,Reunification,Adoption, orAdoption, orGuardianshipGuardianship

LengthLengthof Stayof Stay

StabilityStabilityof Careof Care

Rate of Referrals/Rate of Referrals/Substantiated ReferralsSubstantiated Referrals

Home-BasedHome-BasedServices vs.Services vs.Out of HomeOut of Home

CareCare

Positive Positive AttachmentsAttachments

to Family,to Family,Friends, andFriends, andNeighborsNeighbors

Use of LeastUse of LeastRestrictiveRestrictive

Form of CareForm of Care

Source: Usher, C.L., Wildfire, J.B., Gogan, H.C. & Brown, E.L. (2002). Measuring Outcomes in Child Welfare. Chapel Hill: Jordan Institute for Families,

Reentry to CareReentry to Care


10.6%10.5%

24.5%34.8%

6.2%16.6%

15.6%1.5%

9.7%4.6%

4B: PI T Placement (Group/Shelter) (- )

4B: PI T Placement (Relative) (+)4B: Entries First Placement (Group/Shelter) (- )

4B: Entries First Placement (Relative) (+)

4A: Siblings (Some or All) (+)4A: Siblings (All) (+)

PR: I n Care Rate (- )PR: Entry Rate (- )

PR: Substantiation Rate (- )PR: Referral Rate (- )

January 2004-April 2008

California CWS Outcomes System:AB636 Measures, % IMPROVEMENT

(+) or (–) indicates direction of desired change

Decline in Performance Improvement in Performance


3.0%

- 14.5%5.1%

0.3%

3.7%- 0.7%

- 3.3%0.5%

7.4%35.0%

21.4%17.1%

33.1%29.5%

- 12.8%5.1%

11.2%15.1%

5.6%

- 0.3%2.8%

C4.3: Placement Stability (24m+ In Care) (+)C4.2: Placement Stability (12- 24m I n Care) (+)C4.1: Placement Stability (8d- 12m In Care) (+)

**PLACEMENT STABILI TY COMPOSI TE (+)

C3.3: I n Care 3+ Yrs (Emancipated/ Age 18) (- )C3.2: Exits to Permanency (Legally Free) (+)

C3.1: Exits to Permanency (24m I n Care) (+)**LONG TERM CARE COMPOSI TE (+)

C2.5: Adoption w/ in 12m (Legally Free) (+)C2.4: Legally Free w/ in 6m (17m I n Care) (+)

C2.3: Adoption w/ in 12m (17m I n Care) (+)C2.2: Median Time to Adoption (- )

C2.1: Adoption w/ in 24m (+)**ADOPTI ON COMPOSI TE (+)

C1.4: Reentry Following Reunification (- )C1.3: Reunification w/ in 12m (Entry Cohort) (+)

C1.2: Median Time to Reunification (- )C1.1: Reunification w/ in 12m (Exit Cohort) (+)

**REUNI FICATION COMPOSI TE (+)

S2.1: No Maltreatment in Foster Care (+)S1.1: No Recurrence of Maltreatment (+)

January 2004-April 2008

California CWS Outcomes System:Federal Measures, % IMPROVEMENT

(+) or (–) indicates direction of desired change

Decline in Performance Improvement in Performance


C4.3: Placement Stability (24m+ In Care)C4.2: Placement Stability (12- 24m In Care)C4.1: Placement Stability (8d- 12m In Care)

**PLACEMENT STABILITY COMPOSITE

C3.3: I n Care 3+ Yrs (Emancipated/ Age 18)C3.2: Exits to Permanency (Legally Free)

C3.1: Exits to Permanency (24m In Care)**LONG TERM CARE COMPOSITE

C2.5: Adoption w/ in 12m (Legally Free)C2.4: Legally Free w/ in 6m (17m In Care)

C2.3: Adoption w/ in 12m (17m In Care)C2.2: Median Time to Adoption

C2.1: Adoption w/ in 24m**ADOPTION COMPOSITE

C1.4: Reentry Following ReunificationC1.3: Reunification w/ in 12m (Entry Cohort)

C1.2: Median Time to ReunificationC1.1: Reunification w/ in 12m (Exit Cohort)

**REUNIFICATION COMPOSITE

S2.1: No Maltreatment in Foster CareS1.1: No Recurrence of Maltreatment

April 2008

California CWS Outcomes System:Performance Relative to Federal Standard/Goal

Federal Standard/Goal

100%

100%


2002-2006

California:Referrals, Substantiations & Entry Rates

(per 1,000 Children)

50.7 50.3 49.6 48.3 48.3

12.0 11.4 11.2 11.0 10.8

4.1 4.0 3.9 4.1 4.0

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Referral Rates

Substantiation Rates

Entry Rates


1998 to 2007

California:First Entries by First Placement Type

(children in care for 8 or more days)

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

Entry Year

Plac

emen

t Fre

quen

cy

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

TO

TA

L Frequency

1998 1999 2004 20052001 2002 20032000

Group/Shelter

Kinship

FFA

Foster

TOTAL

2006 2007


0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

Point in Time

Plac

emen

t Fre

quen

cy

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

TO

TA

L Frequency

1998 to 2007

California:Foster Care Caseload by Placement Type

1998 1999 2004 20052001 2002 20032000

Group/Shelter

Kinship

FFA

Foster

TOTAL

2006 2007


2000 July-December First Entries

California: Percent Exited to Permanency 72 Months From

Entry

N=11,699

9

20

56

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

3 6 12 18 24 36 48 60 72

In Care Other Emancipated Guardianship Adopted Reunified

85%


What’s Race Got To Do With It?

• Disproportionality: when a group makes up a proportion of those experiencing some event that is higher or lower than that group’s proportion of the population

• Disparity: a comparison of one group (e.g, regarding disproportionality, services, outcomes) to another group


2006

California: Ethnicity and Path through the Child Welfare System

(Missing Values & Other Race Excluded from % Calculations)

6.315.4 14.9 19.0

27.7

33.1

29.6 28.327.8

25.9

49.951.7

10.1

48.550.342.8

3.34.03.9 2.3 1.41.41.10.90.5

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Population

(9,988,199)

Ref errals

(482,741)

Substantiations

(108,331)

Entries

(40,332)

I n Care

(74,508)

NativeAmerican

Asian/ PI

Hispanic

White

Black


1998 to 2007

California:First Entries by Race/Ethnicity

(children in care for 8 or more days)

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

Entry Year

Plac

emen

t Fre

quen

cy

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

TO

TA

L Frequency

1998 1999 2004 20052001 2002 20032000

Black

White

Native American

Hispanic

TOTAL

2006 2007

Asian/PI


0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

Point in Time

Plac

emen

t Fre

quen

cy

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

TO

TA

L Frequency

1998 to 2007

California:Foster Care Caseload by Race/Ethnicity

1998 1999 2004 20052001 2002 20032000

Asian/PI

Black

White

Hispanic

TOTAL

2006 2007

Native American


6.3

27.7

33.1

25.9

49.9

10.1

42.8

2.3 1.40.5

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Population

(9,988,199)

I n Care

(74,508)

NativeAmerican

Asian/ PI

Hispanic

White

Black

Black Disproportionality27.7%6.3%

= 4.40

2006

California: Disparity Index

White Disproportionality25.9%33.1%= 0.78

Disparity Index

4.40 0.78

= 5.64


<1 yr 1-2 yrs

3-5 yrs 6-10 yrs

11-15 yrs16-17 yrs

Black

(111.8*) ALL

(48.3*) White

(41.1*) Hispanic

(46.4*) Asian/PI

(17.5*)

167

128126

117

102

81

65

4550

52

46

40

53

3943

43

40

33

59

4347

50

44

40

1714

1820

1815

2006

California: Referrals per 1,000 by Age and Ethnicity

*Series Total


<1 yr 1-2 yrs

3-5 yrs 6-10 yrs

11-15 yrs16-17 yrs

Black

(25.5*) ALL

(10.8*) White

(9.3*) Hispanic

(11.3*) Asian/PI

(4.3*)

69

35

28

25

20

15

25

12

1111

9

7

23

1110

9

8

5

24

1211

11

9

7

7

4

55

4

3

2006

California: Substantiated Referrals per 1,000

by Age and Ethnicity

*Series Total


<1 yr 1-2 yrs

3-5 yrs 6-10 yrs

11-15 yrs16-17 yrs

Black

(12.5*) ALL

(4.0*) White

(3.5*) Hispanic

(4.1*) Asian/PI

(1.4*)

44

18

14

1010

7

14

5

43

33

13

5

4

33

2

14

5

4

43

2

4

21

11

1

2006

California: Entries to Foster Care per 1,000


*Series Total


<1 yr 1-2 yrs

3-5 yrs 6-10 yrs

11-15 yrs16-17 yrs

Black

(34.0*) ALL

(7.5*) White

(6.1*) Hispanic

(6.6*) Asian/PI

(1.7*)

27

36

2727

3944

88

668

9

88

5

56

7

88

66

67

22

2

12

2

2006

California: Children in Foster Care per 1,000


*Series Total


2006

California: Referrals, Substantiated Referrals, Entries, & In Care Rates

per 1,000 by Age

Black Children

Asian/PI ChildrenHispanic Children

White Children


<1 yr1-2 yrs

3-5 yrs6-10 yrs

11-15 yrs16-17 yrs

27

36

2727

39

44

88

5

567

2006

California: Children in Foster Care per 1,000


Black Rates per 1000

White Rates per 1000

Disparity Index

34.0 6.1

= 5.6

Black (34.0*

) White (6.1*)


0.28

1.10

5.61

3.54

0.39

1.16

3.58

3.40

0.46

1.21

2.75

2.56

0.43

2.72

1.98

1.13

Allegations

Substantiated

Entries

I n Care

Native American

Hispanic

Asian/PI

1.00

2006

California: Racial Disparity Indices

(group compared to White)

Underrepresented

Overrepresented

Black


0.11

0.13

0.22

0.04

0.32

0.23

0.47

0.58

1.10

1.19

2.62

1.28

0.99

1.06

2.43

3.31

2.40

0.90

2.17

2.49

3.32

5.40

6.96

7.11

Black

NativeAmerican

Hispanic

Asian/PI

New York

1.00

Overrepresented

Illinois

California

United States

Texas

Florida

Underrepresented

2006

National Data: Racial Disparity Indices

(group compared to White)


2000 July-December First Entries

California: Percent Exited to Permanency 72 Months From

Entry

10

8

19

20

5060

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

3 6 12 18 24 36 48 60 72 3 6 12 18 24 36 48 60 72

In Care Other Emancipated Guardianship Adopted Reunified

White (n=3,782) Black (n=2,413)

88%79%

219

54

12 24 36 48 60 72

Black Non- Relative Placements (n=1,438)

2000 July-December First Entries California:

Percent Exited to Permanency 72 Months From Entry by Relative vs. Non-Relative Placement

17

19

57

12 24 36 48 60 72

White Relative Placements (n=1,403)

22

19

43

12 24 36 48 60 72

Black Relative Children Placements (n=975)

221

61

12 24 36 48 60 72

White Non- Relative Placements (n=2,379)

I n Care Other Emancipated Guardianship Adopted Reunified

=93%

=84%

=84%

=75%


CSSR.BERKELEY.EDU/UCB_CHILDWELFARENeedell, B., Webster, D., Armijo, M., Lee, S., Dawson, W., Magruder, J., Exel, M., Zimmerman, K., Simon, V., Putnam-Hornstein, E., Frerer, K., Ataie, Y., Atkinson, L., Blumberg, R., Henry, C., & Cuccaro-Alamin, S. (2008).

Barbara [email protected]

510.642.1893510.290.6334 (pcs)

CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley Child Welfare in California: 1. A Quick Tour of the Data 2. A Racial Equity Lens.

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