Center for Research Animal Resources Workshop Fish Health Management Paul R. Bowser Aquatic Animal Health Program Department of Microbiology and Immunology College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853-6401 [email protected]
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Center for Research Animal Resources Workshop Fish Health Management Paul R. Bowser Aquatic Animal Health Program Department of Microbiology and Immunology.
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Center for Research Animal Resources Workshop
Fish Health Management
Paul R. BowserAquatic Animal Health Program
Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine
• Disease Diagnosis – how you can help us better help you
• Your “Fish Room”
Water Quality Management –General Comments
• Water as a “Universal Solvent”
Will dissolve a lot of substances
Oxygen
Toxins
Water Quality Management –General Comments
• Specific gravityChanges with water temperatureIn general: as T ↑ Specific Gravity ↓Maximum at 4CImportance: uniformity(you don’t want water with different
specific gravity in your fish holding system)
This is mostly a problem in a large (i.e. pond) system
Water Quality Management –General Comments
• HardnessAmount of divalent cationsPrimarily Ca++ and Mg ++
Hardness can have interactions with
other water quality parameters and disease treatment compounds
Want hardness at approximately
100 mg/L (as equivalent CaCO3)
Water Quality Management –General Comments
• Alkalinity
Carbonate, Bicarbonate and Silicate
Important in providing buffering capability
Capability to resist a change in pH
Stability of pH is desirable
Water Quality Management –General Comments
• pH
Log of the inverse of the hydrogen ion concentration
Log function
Freshwater: pH = 7.0 – 7.2
Saltwater: pH = 7.8 – 8.0
Ideal (in general) stay near the normals
Water Quality Management –General Comments
• Specific heat
The amount of energy it takes to change the temperature of a given
substance
Water has a high specific heat
It takes a lot of energy to change the temperature of a given volume of water
Water temperature can be changed slowly
Important Water Quality Parameters
THE WATER SOURCE IS OF PARAMOUNT IMPORTANCE
Well water
Spring water – devoid of living organisms, especially potential vectors of fish pathogens
Surface water – wild fish are a source of pathogens
filterUV treatOzone treat
Important Water Quality Parameters
Water Temperature
The ideal for the species
An acceptable range for the species
Tropical fish
Cool water fish
Cold water fish
Important Water Quality Parameters
• Dissolved Oxygen
As water temperature ↑, O2 carrying capacity ↓Temperature O2 at 100% Saturation (mg/L)
5 12.76
10 11.28
15 10.07
20 9.08
25 8.24
30 7.54
Important Water Quality Parameters
• Dissolved Oxygen
As water temperature ↑, O2 carrying capacity ↓
Temperature O2 at 100% Saturation (mg/L)
5 12.76
10 11.28
15 10.07
20 9.08
25 8.24
30 7.54NOTE: A fish at 25C deals with 8.25 ppm DO; we deal with 20 per cent (parts per hundred)
Important Water Quality Parameters
• Dissolved Oxygen– Note: As Temperature ↑ DO at 100% Saturation ↓
• BUT: As T ↑, O2 requirement of FISH ↑• Problem: Not enough O2 at higher water