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22-1
CEMENT
Indian Minerals Yearbook 2014 (Part- III : Mineral Reviews)
Ltd, India Cements Ltd, Zuari Cement Ltd and My Home
Industries Ltd, among others are learnt to have evinced
interest in setting up greenfield cement plants in the
vicinity of each 4,000 MW ultra power projects in
order to utilise the fly ash that would be generated
from them.
Industrial wastes, such as, petcoke, tar waste and
by-products, such as, red mud from aluminium
industries, ferrous and non-ferrous slag from steel &
other industries, phospho-chalk & phospho-gypsum
from fertilizer industries, lime sludge from paper & sugar
industries, carbide sludge from carbide industries,
phosphorus furnace slag, etc. are now finding use in
the manufacture of cement.
Ready-Mix Concrete
Ready-mix Concrete (RMC) is a relatively nascent
market in India accounting for only about 0.5% of the
demand. RMC is ready-to-use concrete blend of
cement, sand & aggregate and water mixed in
convenient proportion. It was first launched in Mumbai
a few years ago and is gaining ground in other metros
in India. RMC is a corollary to bulk handling and
transportation of cement. It has several advantages.
It is produced under controlled conditions and hence
has consistency in quality and it can be directly
powered in the required form which would not only
save time but also would improve the quality of
construction.
POLICY
Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) for 2009-14 was
announced on 27.08.2009 and came into force w.e.f.
27.08.2009. The Export & Import Policy incorporated
in the FTP for cement is free. The import of cement
includes portland cement, white cement, aluminous
cement, slag cement, super sulphate cement and
similar hydraulic cements, whether or not coloured
or in the form of clinkers, under ITC (HS) Code 2523
is free. The export of cement is also free.
22-19
CEMENT
Table – 5 : World Production of Cement(By Principal Countries)
(In '000 tonnes)
Country 2011 2012 2013
World: Total (rounded) 3700000 3800000 4080000
Brazil 64100 68800 70000
China 2100000 2210000 2420000
Egypt 44000 46100 50000
Germany 33500 32400 31300
India 240000 270000 280000
Indonesia 30000 32000 56000
Iran 61000 70000 72000
Italy 33100 33000 22000
Japan 51300 51300 57400
Korea, Rep. of 48300 48000 47300
Mexico 35400 35400 34600
Pakistan 32000 32000 31000
Russia 55600 61500 66400
Saudi Arabia 48400 50000 57000
Spain 23500 22200 -
Thailand 36700 37000 42000
Turkey 63400 63900 71300
USA* 68600 74900 77400
Vietnam 59000 60000 58000
Other countries 572100 501500 536300
Source: Mineral Commodity Summaries, 2014 & 2015.
* : Includes Puerto Ria
Table – 6 : Exports of Cement : Total(By Countries)
2012-13 2013-14
Country
Qty Value Qty Value
(t) (` '000) (t) (` '000)
All Countries 2917598 9686093 5140758 15990899
Sri Lanka 1830761 5453743 1963953 6276514
Nepal 740987 2582144 999014 2974113
Saudi Arabia 3882 27315 640762 1656072
Bhutan 129531 623152 240203 1170219
Bangladesh 714 3568 295929 708410
Myanmar 22466 69899 167043 563419
Mozambique 1829 9401 190790 507643
Tanzania Rep. 4813 32326 155418 431652
Kenya 4255 30002 125307 367701
UAE 11559 73148 96700 262575
Other countries 166801 781395 265639 1072581
Table – 7: Exports of Cement (Portland Grey)(By Countries)
2012-13 2013-14
Country
Qty Value Qty Value
(t) (` '000) (t) (` '000)
All Countries 1889827 6317603 1987115 6824005
Sri Lanka 1387472 4246988 1291078 4138307
Bhutan 121660 589083 228410 1108091
Nepal 235854 987844 159612 658053
Mozambique 1065 4189 64620 179958
Saudi Arabia - - 49500 127351
Madagascar 33142 100626 35933 118753
UAE - - 45000 104652
Maldives 43450 168878 23486 91444
Seychelles 11648 43716 19392 82443
Comoros 25541 81996 23448 78778
Other countries 29995 94283 46636 136175
Table – 8: Exports of Cement (Portland White)(By Countries)
2012-13 2013-14
Country
Qty Value Qty Value
(t) (` '000) (t) (` '000)
All Countries 86306 567061 80732 640733
South Africa 20560 146992 16200 139454
Nepal 19234 106842 12124 87603
Nigeria 7018 50562 8925 80019
Kenya 4133 29038 6859 54753
Tanzania 4521 31078 6890 52709
UAE 11340 68800 6552 47836
Thailand 8204 56805 6076 47390
Sri Lanka 3812 26616 5152 40234
Saudi Arabia 2826 16271 4420 32808
Oman 112 758 2015 15336
Other countries 4546 33299 5519 42591
Table – 9 : Exports of Cement Clinker(By Countries)
2012-13 2013-14
Country
Qty Value Qty Value
(t) (` '000) (t) (` '000)
All Countries 783254 2091095 2425903 6219787
Nepal 417776 1168328 662351 1640780
Saudi Arabia - - 540500 1374555
Sri Lanka 364938 920326 400012 1131489
Bangladesh 516 2306 295885 707955
Tanzania - - 148500 378817
Mozambique - - 125525 322443
Kenya - - 118381 310938
Yemen Republic - - 45100 117630
UAE - - 45000 106191
Malawi - - 40000 98118
Other countries 24 135 4649 30871
22-20
CEMENT
Table – 10 : Exports of Cement (Others)
(By Countries)
2012-13 2013-14
Country
Qty Value Qty Value
(t) (` '000) (t) (` '000)
All Countries 158211 710334 647008 2306374
Sri Lanka 74539 259813 267711 966483
Nepal 68123 319129 164927 587677
Myanmar 414 1440 153727 520250
Saudi Arabia 1056 11044 46342 121358
Bhutan 7871 34069 6522 29463
Iran 308 17910 300 16543
Belgium 720 11483 780 15367
Malaysia - - 3917 13754
Kuwait 20 111 995 9727
South Africa 204 3258 281 5097
Other countries 4956 52077 1506 20655
Table – 11 : Imports of Cement :Total(By Countries)
2012-13 2013-14
Country
Qty Value Qty Value
(t) (` '000) (t) (` '000)
All Countries 1282172 5151973 778321 3628004
Pakistan 490868 1854972 493288 1724820
Bangladesh 216012 966572 177862 846215
China 79102 517795 8100 332864
Vietnam 408174 1208386 62295 190869
Germany 1834 25067 7590 114105
Netherlands 838 41129 1884 108915
Egypt 6382 58968 8185 91075
UAE 60448 302989 7822 60765
France 762 33170 1303 55010
Chinese Taipei/
Taiwan 177 33570 127 40297
Other countries 17575 109355 9865 63069
Table – 12 : Imports of Cement (Portland Grey)(By Countries)
2012-13 2013-14
Country
Qty Value Qty Value
(t) (` '000) (t) (` '000)
All Countries 552732 2127047 542311 1929393
Pakistan 473561 1768283 475432 1606431
Bangladesh 76501 349099 63464 309905
Bhutan 392 1338 3393 12918
UAE 1105 3922 22 139
Other countries 1173 4405 - -
Table – 13 : Imports of Cement (Portland White)(By Countries)
2012-13 2013-14
Country
Qty Value Qty Value
(t) (` '000) (t) (` '000)
All Countries 16192 118261 16598 134744
Pakistan 9939 67511 12846 99795
UAE 6216 50037 3752 34913
China - - ++ 36
Other countries 37 713 - -
22-21
CEMENT
Table – 15 : Imports of Cement (Others)(By Countries)
2012-13 2013-14Country
Qty Value Qty Value(t) (` '000) (t) (` '000)
All Countries 156381 1122629 139248 1235019
Bangladesh 139511 617473 114398 536310
China 9558 326677 7648 329788
Germany 1824 24997 7590 114105
Netherlands 838 41129 1884 108915
France 762 33170 1303 55010
Chinese Taipei/
Taiwan 177 33570 127 40297
UAE 2126 11066 3880 24174
Pakistan 424 1439 1240 8053
Norway 30 4996 602 6158
USA 78 3520 136 4642
Other countries 1053 24592 440 7567
Table – 14 : Imports of Cement Clinker(By Countries)
2012-13 2013-14Country
Qty Value Qty Value(t) (` '000) (t) (` '000)
All Countries 556867 1784036 80164 328848
Vietnam 408174 1208386 62295 190869
Egypt 6382 58968 8185 91075
Malaysia 11154 58821 5252 31129
Pakistan 6944 17739 3770 10540
China 69244 189703 452 3040
UAE 51001 237964 168 1540
Thailand 256 2088 42 655
Other countries 3712 10367 - -
FUTURE OUTLOOK
The primacy of Cement Industry would continueas cement remains paramount for for the developmentof infrastructure all over the world and no other materialwould possibly substitute it in the near future.Infrastructure and industrial activity, real estatebusiness and investment in core sectors mainly drivethe demand for cement. Some emerging markets forcement demand are concrete roads, concrete canal liningand rural construction (housing). Over 65% demandfor cement arises from Construction Sector.
The country is self-sufficient in terms of cementproduction. Most of the cement plants in India areoperated by state-of-the-art technology and withadvanced production facilities. The liberalisationpolicies for Cement Industry enabled achievement ofstrong growth in the Cement Sector. The CementIndustry has presently ushered in modifications andupgradation in technology particularly in the energyconservation front.
The Working Group on Cement Industryconstituted by the Planning Commission forthe 12th Five-Year Plan period has projected a demandgrowth at the rate of 10.75% per annum during the planperiod at an expected 9% GDP growth rate. TheWorking Group expects that the additional installedcapacity requirement would be 139.7 million tonnes by2017 and 1,035.3 million tonnes by 2027.
Based on the demand growth projection, theconsumption of cement by the end of the 12th Five YearPlan would be between 366.9 million tonnes and 397.4million tonnes with assumed growth rates of 9.75% to10.75% during the Plan period.
The installed capacity and production are
estimated at 479.3 million tonnes and 407.4 million
tonnes , respectively, (with a capacity utilisation of 85%)
in 2016-17. Reviewing the technology status of the
Indian Cement Industry, the Working Group has
observed that although the modern cement plants have
incorporated the latest technology, yet there is scope
for further improvement in the areas of in-pit crushing
and conveying, pipe conveyors, co-processing of waste
derived/hazardous combustible wastes as fuel,
neurofuzzy expert system, cogeneration of power, multi
chamber/dome silos, bulk transport of cement,
pelletising and shrink wrapping for packing & despatch.
The Working Group has observed that the Cement
Industry's average energy consumption is estimated
to be about 725 kcal/kg clinker thermal energy and 80
kWh/t cement electrical energy. It is expected that the
Industry's average thermal energy consumption by the
end of 12th Plan (Year 2016-17) will come down to about
710 kcal/kg clinker and the average electrical energy
consumption will come down to 78 kWh/t cement with
continued efforts by all concerned. The Working Group
has taken into consideration the following alternate
energy sources/fuels having good potential in the
present context of Indian economics to either partially
or fully substitute coal in cement manufacture in the
coming years, namely, pet coke, lignite, natural gas ,
and bio-mass wastes including fruit of Jatropha Carcus,
Pongamia and Algae. The Report further states that the
Cement Industry in India has the potential to utilise the
entire hazardous waste generated in the country with