Cellulose-based Nanocrystals: Sources and Applications via Agricultural Byproducts Yu-Ri Seo 1 , Jin-Woo Kim 2 , Seonwoo Hoon 3 , Jangho Kim 4 , Jong Hoon Chung 5 , Ki-Taek Lim 1 * 1 Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea 2 Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR, USA 3 Department of Industrial Machinery Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea 4 Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea 5 Department of Biosystems & Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Received: February 6 th , 2018; Revised: February 21 th , 2018; Accepted: February 28 th , 2018 Purpose: Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are natural polymers that have been promoted as a next generation of new, sustainable materials. CNCs are invaluable as reinforcing materials for composites because they can impart improved mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties and they are biodegradable. The purpose of this review is to provide researchers with information that can assist in the application of CNCs extracted from waste agricultural byproducts (e.g. rice husks, corncobs, pineapple leaves). Methods & Results: This paper presents the unique characteristics of CNCs based on agricultural byproducts, and lists processing methods for manufacturing CNCs from agricultural byproducts. Various mechanical treatments (microfluidization and homogenization) and chemical treatments (alkali treatment, bleaching and hydrolysis) can be performed in order to generate nanocellulose. CNC-based composite properties and various applications are also discussed. Conclusions: CNC-based composites from agricultural byproducts can be combined to meet end-use applications such as sensors, batteries, films, food packaging, and 3D printing by utilizing their properties. The review discusses applications in food engineering, biological engineering, and cellulose-based hydrogels. Keywords: Agricultural byproducts, Biological engineering, Biomaterials, Cellulose nanocrystals, Food engineering Review Journal of Biosystems Engineering J. Biosyst. Eng. 43(1):59-71. (2018. 3) https://doi.org/10.5307/JBE.2018.43.1.059 eISSN : 2234-1862 pISSN : 1738-1266 *Corresponding author: Ki-Taek Lim Tel: +82-33-250-6491; Fax: +82-033-259-5561 E-mail: [email protected] Copyright ⓒ 2018 by The Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Introduction Every year, agricultural byproducts such as rice straw and rice husk are produced in vast quantities. Large quan- tities of agricultural byproducts can be purchased at very low prices. However, agricultural byproducts not only cause various environmental problems associated with their disposal, but also face the problem of insufficient space for storage. To overcome this problem, many researchers are conducting various studies on agricultural byproducts (Ashori, 2008). In particular, agricultural byproducts are attracting attention as a new resource because of the abundance of hemicellulose and cellulose in plants. Accor- ding to a number of studies, cellulose based on agricul- tural byproducts such as potato peel, wheat straw, and rice husks could be enhanced as a high value-added ma- terial (Chen et al., 2012; Helbert et al., 1996; Johar et al., 2012). Cellulose, a sustainable and abundant biopolymer, is generally present in the cell walls of all vascular plants, algae, phytoplankton, and fungi (O’sullivan, 1997). Cellulose extracted from plants is an environmentally friendly natural resource and is worthy of use in various bio- industries. Nanocellulose can be classified into cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) or cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) depending on
Cellulose-based Nanocrystals: Sources and Applications via Agricultural Byproducts
Jun 17, 2023
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