CELLULAR STRUCTURE & FUNCTION Chapter 7. Chapter 7 Vocabulary Word, Definition, Sentence, Picture (Worth 136 pts) 1. active transport 2. cell 3. cell.

CELLULAR STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Chapter 7

Chapter 7 Vocabulary Word, Definition, Sentence, Picture (Worth 136 pts)

1. active transport 2. cell 3. cell theory 4. centriole 5. chloroplast 6. cilium 7. cytoplasm 8. cytoskeleton 9. diffusion 10. dynamic equilibrium 11. Endocytosis12. endoplasmic reticulum 13. eukaryotic cell 14. exocytosis 15. facilitated diffusion 16. Flagellum17. fluid mosaic model

18. Golgi apparatus 19. hypertonic solution 20. hypotonic solution 21. isotonic solution 22. lysosome 23. mitochondrion 24. nucleolus 25. nucleus 26. organelle 27. osmosis 28. phospholipid bilayer 29. plasma membrane 30. prokaryotic cell 31. ribosome 32. selective permeability 33. transport protein 34. vacuole

9/13—9/17 Daily Warm Up

1. What is the basic type of microscope used to view cells and processes such as mitosis and meiosis?

Compound Light Microscope

2. List the two types of cells. One type of cell has two sub-groups, name them as well.

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Animal Plant

9/13-9/17 Daily Warm Up

1. What is a cell? The basic structural

and functional unit of all living organisms.

2. Hypothesize the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Organelles separate the 2 from each other.


1. What are the 3 theories in the cell theory?

1. All living organisms are composed of 1 or more cells.

2. Cells are the basic unit of structure in an organism.

3. Cells can only arise from pre-existing cells.

2. If you were trying to observe the water vacuoles in a plant cell, which microscope would you use?

Compound Light


Thursday no warm up


1. What is the theory that states that prokaryotic cells further developed eukaryotic cells?

Endosymbiotic theory

2. What are the names of the two electron microscopes? (Give abbreviations)

TEM-Transmission Electron Microscope

SEM-Scanning Electron Microscope

Table of Contents

Week Title on Assignment Page #

6 1. 9/13-9/17 Daily Warm Up- 8 stamps

6 2. Chapter 7 Vocabulary- 136 points (153 if colored)

6 3. Chapter 7 Section 1 Notes- 25

T of C- 9Titles- 3Points on Assignment-169Total Points- 181

Chapter 7 Opening Activity

All cells have a:

And are grouped into

two broad categories:

Which are

mainly:

Some contain yeast and

algae

Cell walls

Which contains unique

structures such as:

Words you can use:•Animals•bacteria •chloroplasts•Eukaryotes•a large central vacuole •plants•plasma membrane•prokaryotes

CELL DISCOVERY & THEORY

Section 1

Chapter 7 Opening Activity

All cells have a:Plasma membrane

And are grouped into two broad categories:

prokaryotes

eukaryotic

bacteria

Which are mainly:

plantsanimal

s

Some contain yeast and

algae

Cell walls

chloroplasts

A large central vacuole

Which contains unique structures

such as:

Words you can use:•Animals•bacteria •chloroplasts•Eukaryotes•a large central vacuole •plants•plasma membrane•prokaryotes

History of the Cell Theory

A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things.

The first to observe cells was Robert Hooke, who made a simple microscope, and looked at a piece of cork. Cork= the dead cells of Oak bark

Later, Anton van Leeuwenhoek advanced Hooke’s findings and developed an even better microscope called a light microscope.

Cork Cells

VanLeeuwenhoek’s Microscope

The Cell Theory

Observations from Schleiden, Schwann & Virchow summarized the theory of the cell.

1. All living organisms are composed of 1 or more cells.

2. Cells are the basic unit of structure in an organism.

3. Cells can only arise from pre-existing cells.

Microscope Technology

Microscope technology paved the way to the development of the cell theory and the discovery of cells.

As we continue to grow in technology, so do the details in the images we see of cells. As detail increases, so do the magnification and

resolution on the microscope.


Electron Microscopes

Glass lensesUses visible light to

produce a magnified imageUses 2 lenses that can

magnify 10x, therefore the total magnification would be 100.

Often dyes are used to see an image

Light limits the resolution of these images

Transmission Electron Magnet beams Can magnify 500,000x Specimen can be living Sliced thin

Scanning Electron Produces a 3D image Black & White image Non-living Stained w/heavy metals

Microscopes


Scanning Electron Microscope

Transmission Electron Microscope

Checkpoint

Explain how the development and improvement of microscopes changed the study of living organisms.

With more sophisticated tools, scientists have been able to learn much more detail about the cell and its structures.

Compare & Contrast a compound light microscope and an electron microscope.

Light microscopes use visible light and glass lenses. Electron microscopes use beams of electrons and magnets, and can be used to view whole specimens.

Basic Cell Types

Cells differ based on the function they perform for the organism.

HOWEVER, all cells have at least one physical trait in common: their plasma membrane. The plasma membrane helps control what enters and leaves

the cell.Cells have a variety of functions based on

specific organelles found inside. Most cells have genetic material that provides instructions for

making substances that the cell needs. The genetic material is copied to the daughter cells (offspring of the cell).

There are two different types of cells: Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic Prokaryotic

LargerContains membrane

bound organellesContains a nucleus

SmallerDoes not contain

membrane bound organelles

No nucleus

Differences b/w the 2 types of cells

Checkpoint

Differentiate the plasma membrane and the organelles.

The plasma membrane helps control what goes in and out of the cells. Organelles carry out specialized functions in the cell.

Origin of Cell Diversity

According to the endosymbiotic theory: Prokaryotic cells lived within eukaryotic cells. Which means cells came from a simple prokaryotic

cell composed of few organelle structures may have evolved further from the multi-cellular eukaryotic cell to have its own identity.

At the end of NOTES…

Answer questions 1-7 (you DO NOT have to write out the question) on page 211.

Make sure you create 4 questions on the left side of your notes.

Write a summary for your notes…at least 5 sentences in length.


1. What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?

Bacteria

2. What are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Size Nucleus Organelles


1. Describe how the plasma membrane helps maintain homeostasis in the cell.

By controlling what enters & leaves the cell.

2. Explain how the inside of a cell remains separate from its environment.

The phospholipid bi-layer provides a barrier from the environment outside of the cell.


1. What do carbohydrates do in reference to the cell membrane?

Recognize foreign pathogens & transmits chemical signals.

2. (Without looking at the book or notes) List 5 organelles found in cells.

Nucleus Ribosomes E.R. Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria


1. Work on your story if you didn’t finish…

THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

Chapter 7 Section 2

NOTE: THE PLASMA MEMBRANE IS THE SAME AS THE CELL MEMBRANE!

Function of the Plasma Membrane

The plasma membrane is responsible for maintaining the organisms internal environment through selective permeability. This is called homeostasis.

Function of the Plasma Membrane

The plasma membrane’s function is to allow waste and other products to leave the cell and nutrients to enter, & maintains the proper internal environment.

Selective permeability is the property of the plasma membrane that allows some substances to pass through while keeping others out.

Example: Think of a fish net.

Structure of the Plasma Membrane

Most molecules in the plasma membrane are lipids. Lipids are large molecules

composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

A phospholipid forms when a phosphate group replaces a fatty acid.

A phospholipid bilayer contains two layers of phospholipids arranged tail to tail. The arrangement is present so

that the plasma membrane can exist in a watery environment.

Structure of the Plasma Membrane

The phospholipid bilayer

The bilayer structure is critical for the formation and function of the plasma membrane. Polar Head:

Phosphate GroupAttracted to H2OHydrophilic

Non-polar Tail:Fatty acid chainsRepel H2OHydrophobic

P

The phospholipid bilayer

The 2 layers make a sandwich with the fatty acid tails forming the interior of the p.m. and the phospholipid heads facing the watery environments found inside and outside the cell.

The phospholipids are arranged in such a way that the polar heads can be closest to the water molecules and the nonpolar tails can be farthest away from water molecules.

The plasma membrane can separate the environment inside the cell from the environment outside the cell.

Other components of the plasma membrane

Major components: Cholesterol, proteins and carbohydrates.

Proteins

Found on the outer surface of the p.m. proteins called receptors transmit signals to the inside of the cell.

Proteins on the inner surface anchor the p.m. to the cells internal support structure, giving it shape.

Carrier proteins are located throughout the cell to move substances and/or waste materials.

Cholesterol

Cholesterol helps to prevent the fatty-acid tails of the phospholipid bilayer from sticking together, which allows for fluidity. Avoiding a high cholesterol diet is recommended

because just enough is needed for cellular function. If you have too much your body’s cells have to

compensate.

Carbohydrates

Stick to proteins and help cells identify chemical signals. Example: carbs might help disease-fighting cells

recognize and attack a potential harmful cell.

Fluid Mosaic Model

The phospholipids in the bilayer create a “sea” in which other molecules can float. Example: like floating apples in a barrel of water.

Clip

http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=1424FB3E-0E64-4DDD-BB75-79262A7DC58B&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

Cell Walls & Cell Membranes http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cf

m?guidAssetId=21221A8A-DAFF-4F48-B689-8EE84E82B549&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

Cell Membranes & Cell Walls









Check Point

Identify the molecules in the plasma membrane that provide basic membrane structure, cell identity, and membrane fluidity.

Basic Membrane Structure: PhospholipidsCell Identity: Proteins & CarbohydratesMembrane Fluidity: CholesterolA __________ is the basic structure molecule making

up the plasma membrane.Phospholipid The ___________ is the component that surrounds all

cells.Plasma Membrane

Check Point

___________ is the property that allows only some substances in and out of the cell.

Selective PermeabilityHypothesize how a cell would be affected if it

lost the ability to be selective in its permeability.

Couldn’t maintain homeostasis & it would die.What might happen to a cell if it no longer

could produce cholesterol?It would become less fluid.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Notes

Make sure you have the checkpoint questions in your notes…they could be potential quiz & test questions.

Make sure you have 4 ?’s on the left hand side of your Cornell Notes.

Write a summary—at least 5 sentences. The more the merrier…you have a lot information in this section of notes.

Work on Chapter 7 Section 2 WorksheetBoth are DUE TOMORROW!

STRUCTURE & ORGANELLES

Section 3

Eukaryotic: Animal Cell

Eukaryotic: Plant Cell

Prokaryotic Cell

Plasma Membrane

Function: A flexible boundary that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Key word: Selective permeability.

Cell Type: All cellsAnalogy: __________Gate

Nucleus

Function: The nucleus contains the cells DNA, stores information used to make proteins For cell growth, function

& reproduction.Key Word: Control

Center Cell Type: All

Eukaryotic Cells Analogy: ____________Headquarters (City

Hall)

Golgi Apparatus

Function: It’s a flattened stack of membranes that modifies, sorts & packages proteins into sacs.

Key Word: Packing & Sorting

Cell Type: All Eukaryotic Cells

Analogy: ____________Post Office

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Function: It contains folded sacs & interconnected channels serves as a site for protein & lipid synthesis.

Key Word: Conveyor Belt


Analogy: ____________Factory/Freeway

Chloroplasts

Function: Capture light energy & convert it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

Key Word: Producer of energy

Cell Type: Euk. Plant cell

Analogy: ____________Power Plant (Recycling

center)

Mitochondria

Function: It converts fuel particles (mainly sugar) into usable energy.

Key Word: Powerhouse


Analogy: ____________Energy Generator

(Nuclear Powerplant)

Lysosomes

Function: Processes enzymes that digest excess or worn out organelles or food particles.

Key Word: Gets rid of waste

Cell Type: Euk. Animal Cells

Analogy: ____________Disposal Service

Cell City:

1. Hydraulic Dam (Mitochondria)2. Special Carts (Ribosomes)3. Town Hall (Nucleus)4. Small Shops (E.R.)5. Postal Office (G.A)6. Widget (Protein)7. Fence (Cell Membrane)8. Scrap yard (Lysosomes)9. Carpenter’s Union (Nucleolus)

Cell Analogy Story:

Using the terms: Mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi

apparatus, protein, cell membrane, and lysosomes.Create a story about a school (preferably

OHHS).At a local high school called Oak Hills, the

main export and production product are students who exemplify integrity & academic excellence…

Identify what each organelle is within your story:

Students=Protein

Table of Contents


7 1. 9/20-9/24 Daily Warm Up- 6

7 2. Chapter 7 Section 1 Review Worksheet- 5


7 4. Chapter 7 Section 2 Review Worksheet-20

7 5. Chapter 7 Section 3 Notes (Cellular Organelles/Cell City Analogy) & Cell Story Analogy-25


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Table of Contents


7 1. 9/20-9/24 Daily Warm Up- 6






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Check their table of contents, make sure all 6 assignments are in order in the notebook. If they have week 7 for all assignments, the 7 assignments and pages #’s for each assignment it is worth 18 pts.

Table of Contents


7 1. 9/20-9/24 Daily Warm Up- 6






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Check to see if there are titles for all 6 assignments, if there is, 6pts possible.

Table of Contents


7 1. 9/20-9/24 Daily Warm Up- 6






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Count the points they received on each assignment. There is a max of 98 pts.

Table of Contents


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Points Possible for this notebook were 122.

Week 8 Table of Contents


8 1. 9/27-10/1 Daily Warm Up

8 2. The “Ultimate” Cell (Summary of Organelles, Picture & Steps of Protein Synthesis

8 3. Chapter 7 Section 4 Notes

Summary of Cell Structures (Organelles)

Prokaryotes EukaryotesAnimals Cell

EukaryotesPlant Cell

Summary of Cell Structures (use page 192, 199)



• With the following organelles: put the organelle if it can be found in that specific cell. *Note: some cells will have the same structures (organelles)•Cell Wall, Centrioles, Chloroplast, Cilia, Cytoskeleton, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Flagella, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosome, Mitochondria, Nucleus, Plasma Membrane, Ribosomes, Vacuole •If all 3 cells have the organelle circle them red.•If both Plant & Animal cells have that organelle circle them blue.

Summary of Cell Structures



• Cell wall• Centrioles• Cilia• Flagella• Plasma Membrane• Ribosomes

• Centrioles• Cilia• Cytoskeleton• Endoplasmic Reticulum• Flagella• Golgi Apparatus• Lysosome• Mitochondria• Nucleus• Plasma Membrane• Ribosomes• Vacuole

• Cell Wall• Chloroplast• Cytoskeleton• Endoplasmic Reticulum• Flagella• Golgi Apparatus • Mitochondria• Nucleus• Plasma Membrane• Ribosomes• Vacuole

*Red: its found in all 3 cells*Blue: comparing organelles in animal & plant cells.

The “Ultimate” Cell

Using your Summary of Cell Structures chart, draw the “ultimate” cell. Include all the organelles:

• Cell Wall • Centrioles• Chloroplasts• Cilia• Cytoskeleton• Endoplasmic Reticulum• Flagella• Golgi Apparatus• Lysosome• Mitochondria• Nucleus• Plasma Membrane• Ribosomes• Vacuole

For the organelles circle them as follows:

Animal—bluePlant—greenProkaryote—red All cells must be

colored and labeled to receive full credit!

This is an in-class project…so you need to be working!

Use pages 192, 199

9/27-10/1 Daily Warm-Up (Monday)

What is the function of the chloroplast and the mitochondria? How do these two organelles differ from each other?

They both produce energy Chloroplasts exist in plant

cells, whereas mitochondria exist in both plant & animal cells.

List some of the essential processes the cell goes through.

Organelles perform protein synthesis, energy transformation, digestion of food, excretion of wastes, and cell division.

FYI on PowerSchool 1.Go to

www.oakhillsbulldogs.com 2. Click on Power School 3. Under Log in: Their User

name is their ID number 4. Their password is their

birth date MD19xx (NO leading 0's in the month or day, so August 7, 1993 would be 871993

5. They then click submit and they should be in. If they have any questions or problems have them come by counseling.

9/27-10/1 Daily Warm Up (Tuesday)

Which organelle (structure) is found in both plant & animal cells can be a site for temporary storage?

Vacuole

What two structures aid in the movement of cells and help the cell feed?

CiliaFlagella

Wednesday Warm Up

What structure creates a protein? (Page 199)

Ribosomes

What is found in the cytoskeleton? (2 things) Page 191

MicrofilamentsMicrotubules

Thursday Warm Up

Based off the definition which organelle (listed on page 199) is always found in pairs?

Centrioles

Based off this analogy which organelle (listed on page 199) resembles bones?

Cytoskeleton

Friday Warm Up

Which organelles function is similar to a conveyor belt?

E.R.

Which organelles function is similar to a closet?

Vacuole

Chapter 7 Section 3 QUIZ

1. Cell Wall 2. Centrioles3. Chloroplasts4. Cilia5. Cytoskeleton6. Endoplasmic Reticulum7. Flagella8. Golgi Apparatus9. Lysosome10. Mitochondria11. Nucleus12. Plasma Membrane13. Ribosomes14. Vacuole

Protein Synthesis

1. Begins in nucleus with the genetic information (DNA).

2. DNA is copied & transferred to another genetic molecule RNA.

3. RNA & Ribosomes leave the nucleus through the pores of the nuclear membrane.

4. Together RNA & Ribosomes manufacture proteins. Proteins made on the rough ER could become part of the

plasma membrane, released from the cell or be transported to other organelles.

Proteins made on the smooth ER are sent to the Golgi Apparatus.

Peroxisome

Site where toxic compounds are neutralized.

pH neutralizer (keeps it a 7)Animal Cell

REVIEW

http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=2856C74B-9BC5-4D13-AF58-367F4FE3179D&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=82CCAC2F-3084-479C-9A50-5F81A2F0052D&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US









CELLULAR TRANSPORT

Section 4

Video

http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=2856C74B-9BC5-4D13-AF58-367F4FE3179D&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US Diffusion & Osmosis

http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=9F4BCA98-9CE4-402C-9F57-E3C871343CA9&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US Dynamic Equilibrium





http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=9F4BCA98-9CE4-402C-9F57-E3C871343CA9&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US




Diffusion

Substances diffuse from areas of high concentration to low concentration.

No energy due to the fact that the particles are already moving.

Diffusion (Dynamic Equilibrium)

Dynamic Equilibrium occurs when particles continue to move randomly, but no further change in concentration will occur.

3 Main factors affect the rate of diffusion: 1. Concentration 2. Temperature 3. Pressure

As you increase these three things, so does the process of diffusion.

Diffusion across the plasma membrane

Water can diffuse across the plasma membrane, but most other substances cannot.

Facilitated diffusion. This uses transport proteins to move other ions and

small molecules across the plasma membrane. Channel proteins

Substances move into the cell through a water-filled transport protein called a channel protein that opens and closes to allow the substance to diffuse through the plasma membrane.

Carrier proteins These proteins helps substances diffuse across the plasma

membrane

Osmosis: Diffusion of Water

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis. Osmosis is important

because it maintains the homeostasis of the cell.

How Osmosis Works

Solution: contains solute and solvent.Solute: substanceSolvent: liquid solutionThe concentration of a solution decreases

when the amount of solvent increases.Water molecules diffuse toward the side with

the greater solute concentration. The water continues to diffuse until dynamic

equilibrium takes place.

Cells in Isotonic Solutions

A cell in an isotonic solution has the same concentration of water and solutes—ions, sugars, proteins—in its cytoplasm as the fluid around it.

Iso- comes from the Greek word equal.Water enters & leaves the cell at the same

rate.

Cells in Hypotonic Solutions

A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solute (more solvent, water) than the cell’s cytoplasm.

Hypo comes from the Greek word under.Water diffuses into the cell causing the

membrane of the cell to swell, which could possibly cause the cell to burst.

Cells in Hypertonic Solutions

Hypertonic solutions occur when the concentration of the solute outside the cell is higher than the inside (less water outside the cell).

Hyper comes from the Greek word above.Water diffuses out of the cell and cells shrivel

because of the decreased pressure.

Active Transport

Sometimes substances move from a region of lower concentration to a region of high concentration against the passive movement of high to low.

Some active transport pumps move one type of substances in one direction, while others move 2 substances in the same or opposite directions.

Transport of Large Particles

Some substances that are too large to move through the plasma membrane go through a different process.

Endocytosis: Substances are taken into the cell

Exocytosis: Substances are expelled or secreted out from the cell

Week 8 NB Check

Table of Contents- 12 (1 point for what’s displayed below)

Titles on Assignments- 4Points on Assignment- No more than 122.Possible Points 138.


8 1. 9/27-10/1 Daily Warm-Ups- 10

8 2. The “Ultimate” Cell- (3 Column Chart, Picture & Steps of Protein Synthesis)- 70



CELLULAR STRUCTURE & FUNCTION Chapter 7. Chapter 7 Vocabulary Word, Definition, Sentence, Picture (Worth 136 pts) 1. active transport 2. cell 3. cell.

Documents

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