Chap 2: Cell Structure & Cell Organisation Cell Structure Animal s Plant s Compariso n Cell Organisation Living Process: •Locomotion •Feeding •Respiration •Excretion •Reproduction •Response to stimuli •Growth Amoeba sp. Paramecium sp. Cell Specialisation: •Cells •Tissues •Organs •Systems •Organism Animal s Plant s Parts involved & their functions http:// www.youtube.com/ watch? v=o1GQyciJaTA Regulation of internal environment via negative feedback loop Focus on Helps in Click red- coloured box for more info.
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Parts involved & their functionsParts involved & their functions
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1GQyciJaTA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1GQyciJaTA
Regulation of internal environment via negative feedback loop
Regulation of internal environment via negative feedback loop
Focus onFocus on
Helps inHelps in
Click red-coloured box for more info.
Animal cellAnimal cell
Plant cellPlant cell
Both have a nucleus, plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum & ribosomeBoth have a nucleus, plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum & ribosome
ShapeShapeNo fixed shapeNo fixed shape Have fixed shapeHave fixed shape
Epithelial tissues1 or more layer of cells covering the body surfaces (eg:
skin) and inner lining of cavities (eg: lungs) Some form glands for secretion (exocrine & endocrine gland)Functions:a)Protection (skin)b)Gaseous exchange (in alveoli and blood capillary)c)Absorption (lining of small intestine)d)Secretion (goblet cells in sweat & sebaceous gland &
trachea)
Epithelial tissues1 or more layer of cells covering the body surfaces (eg:
skin) and inner lining of cavities (eg: lungs) Some form glands for secretion (exocrine & endocrine gland)Functions:a)Protection (skin)b)Gaseous exchange (in alveoli and blood capillary)c)Absorption (lining of small intestine)d)Secretion (goblet cells in sweat & sebaceous gland &
trachea)
Muscle tissues Composed of muscle fibres 3 typesa)Cardiac muscles Striated, branched & multi-nucleated Heart Involuntary contraction to pump blood to whole bodyb) Skeletal muscles Striated, not branched & multi-nucleated Attached to bones (eg: tendons) Voluntary movements of the bodyc)Smooth muscles Non-striated, not branched and uni-nucleated Linings of digestive tract, blood vessels, reproductive tract etc Involuntary actions of the body (eg: peristaltic movement)
Muscle tissues Composed of muscle fibres 3 typesa)Cardiac muscles Striated, branched & multi-nucleated Heart Involuntary contraction to pump blood to whole bodyb) Skeletal muscles Striated, not branched & multi-nucleated Attached to bones (eg: tendons) Voluntary movements of the bodyc)Smooth muscles Non-striated, not branched and uni-nucleated Linings of digestive tract, blood vessels, reproductive tract etc Involuntary actions of the body (eg: peristaltic movement)
Same cells work together forming TISSUESSame cells work together forming TISSUES
More tissuesMore tissues
Nervous tissues Composed of neurones 3 types of neurones, ie. afferent neurone, efferent neurone &
interneuroneTransmit signals (nerve impulse) to whole body &
coordinate activities in the body
Nervous tissues Composed of neurones 3 types of neurones, ie. afferent neurone, efferent neurone &
interneuroneTransmit signals (nerve impulse) to whole body &
coordinate activities in the body
Connective tissues Variety of tissues that connect body parts All have cells and extracellular matrix Types of connective tissues:a)Tendons & ligaments – Densely packed collagen for
attachments of bone-muscle & bone-boneb)Cartilage – Strong yet flexible for support & cushionc)Bones – Cells embedded in a matrix of collagen hardened by
mineral deposits like Ca2+. Provides protection & supportd)Blood – RBC, WBC & cell fragments in fluid (blood plasma).
Manufactured in bone marrow. Helps in transportation & immune system.
e)Lymph – Immune system & forming internal environmentf)Fat cells – Store energy & insulation
Connective tissues Variety of tissues that connect body parts All have cells and extracellular matrix Types of connective tissues:a)Tendons & ligaments – Densely packed collagen for
attachments of bone-muscle & bone-boneb)Cartilage – Strong yet flexible for support & cushionc)Bones – Cells embedded in a matrix of collagen hardened by
mineral deposits like Ca2+. Provides protection & supportd)Blood – RBC, WBC & cell fragments in fluid (blood plasma).
Manufactured in bone marrow. Helps in transportation & immune system.
e)Lymph – Immune system & forming internal environmentf)Fat cells – Store energy & insulation
OrganOrgan
Epithelial tissuesEpithelial tissues
Muscle tissues (Smooth muscles)
Muscle tissues (Smooth muscles)
Nervous tissuesNervous tissues
Specialised epithelial tissues form glands and hair follicle
Specialised epithelial tissues form glands and hair follicle
SystemsShoot systemRoot systemSupport systemReproductive system
SystemsShoot systemRoot systemSupport systemReproductive system
Same cells form
Same cells form
Different tissues work together form
Different tissues work together form
Different organs work together form
Different organs work together form
OrganismOrganism
Different systems work together form
Different systems work together form
Plant cells undergo differentiation to form SPECIALISED CELLSPlant cells undergo differentiation to form SPECIALISED CELLS
Xylem and phloem cells•No cytoplasm to allow water and minerals to move freely•End walls are perforated to allow continuous flow•Carry water (from roots) and minerals (from leaves)
Xylem and phloem cells•No cytoplasm to allow water and minerals to move freely•End walls are perforated to allow continuous flow•Carry water (from roots) and minerals (from leaves)
Root hairs•Long extension to increase surface area for absorption of minerals & water
Root hairs•Long extension to increase surface area for absorption of minerals & water
Guard cells•Specialised epidermal cells (kidney shape) to control size of stoma
Guard cells•Specialised epidermal cells (kidney shape) to control size of stoma
Palisade mesophyll cells•Elongated & cylindrical, arranged vertically, close to one another•Have a lot of chloroplasts
Palisade mesophyll cells•Elongated & cylindrical, arranged vertically, close to one another•Have a lot of chloroplasts
TissuesTissues
Plants have their own TISSUES tooPlants have their own TISSUES too
1) Meristematic tissues1) Meristematic tissues
Epidermal tissueEpidermal tissue
• Prevent H2O loss (stomata)• Absorption of H2O & minerals (root hair)
• Prevent H2O loss (stomata)• Absorption of H2O & minerals (root hair)
Ground tissueGround tissue
• Store products of photosynthesis• Support & shape
• Store products of photosynthesis• Support & shape
• Support• Support • Support• Protection (lignin)• Support• Protection (lignin)
2) Permanent tissues2) Permanent tissues
Xylem:• Carry H2O & minerals• For supportPhloem:• Transport organic substances
Xylem:• Carry H2O & minerals• For supportPhloem:• Transport organic substances