Cell Structure and Organelles - Earl Haig Secondary … Ramlochan/GRADE 12...Contains and replicates DNA ... , during replication, as chromosomes. Has its own membrane, the nuclear

CellStructureandOrganellesSBI4U—2016/10/14

Insidethecell

Thesearegeneralizations,notrules!

Everythinginsidethecellmembranebesidesthenucleusiscalledthecytoplasm;◦ Theliquidisknownascytosol.

Source:http://www.yourgenome.org/

PlantvsAnimalCells

Animal

Lysosomes

Manysmallvesicles

Plant

Chloroplast

Centralvacuole

Cellwall

Nucleus

ContainsandreplicatesDNA(geneticinformation):◦ DNAisstoredaschromatinand,duringreplication,aschromosomes.

Hasitsownmembrane,thenuclearenvelope:◦ Theenvelopehasnuclearporeswhichregulatenutrientandmacromoleculemovement.

Thedensestpartofthenucleusiscalledthenucleolus,whichisusedtosynthesizeribosomes;

Therestofthenucleusisfilledwithnucleoplasm.

Source:http://0.tqn.com/

Mitochondria

Themitochondriabreaksdowncertainmoleculestoreleaseenergy;

Hasasmoothexternalmembrane,butafoldedinnermembrane;

Alsoplaysaroleinregulatingapoptosis(self-destruction);

MitochondriahassomeDNAofitsown!

Source:https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/

Chloroplast

Permitscellstoconductphotosynthesis;

Lightisabsorbedbythephotosyntheticpigmentchlorophyll:◦ Thislighthelpsconvertwaterandcarbondioxideintohighenergymolecules.

Thechlorophylliscontainedinthemembranesofdisk-shapedthylakoids:◦ Astackofthylakoidsformsagranum.

Notfoundinanimalcells(butratherplantandalgalcells).Source:http://images.tutorvista.com/

Whichismoreimportant?Nucleus,mitochondriaorchloroplast?

EndoplasmicreticulumPartoftheendomembranesystem;

Twotypesofendoplasmicreticulum(ER),rough&smooth;

RoughERcontainsribosomes:◦ Itisattachedtothenucleus;◦ Itsynthesizesproteins(forthemembraneorexport).

SmoothERdoesnotcontainribosomes:◦ Itsynthesizeslipids;◦ Alsoprovidesotherservices,suchasdetoxingalcohol.

Source:http://image.tutorvista.com/

Golgiapparatus

Partoftheendomembranesystem;

NewproteinsandlipidsaretransportedfromtheroughandsmoothERtotheGolgiapparatus

TheGolgiapparatussorts,packsanddistributestheseproteinsandlipids;

Also,theGolgiapparatusproduceslysosomes.

Source:https://media1.britannica.com

Endomembranesystem

Nuclearenvelope;

Endoplasmicreticulum:◦ Rough;◦ Smooth.

Golgiapparatus;

Vesicles.

Source:https://qph.ec.quoracdn.net/ &Texbook p.61

Lysosomesandperoxisomes

Lysosomesandperoxisomesbreakdownlarge,harmfulanduselessmolecules;

Theyperformsimilarfunctionsbutthroughdifferentprocessesandondifferentmolecules;

Lysosomesarenotfoundinplantcells.

Source:http://www.gridgit.com/

Vesiclesandvacuoles

Vesiclesaresacsusedtostoreandtransportnutrientsthroughoutthecell;◦ E.g.TransportformtheERtotheGolgiapparatus

Vacuolesareverylargesacsandreplacemanysmallvesicles;

Vacuolesarenotfoundinanimalcells.

Source:http://waynesword.palomar.edu

Cytoskeletonandcellwall

Thecytoskeletonisanetworkoffilamentsandotheranchorsthatgivestructuretothecellanditsorganelles;

Acellwalliscomposedofcelluloseandgivethecellrigidity;

Thecellwallisnotfoundinanimalcells.

Source:http://plantcellcrk.weebly.com/

Ciliaandflagella

Ciliaandflagellaareappendagesthatextendoutsideofthecell;

Flagellaarefewandlong,generallyusedformovement;

Ciliaareshortandmany,usedforavarietyofphysicaltasks.

Source:http://www.microbiologyinfo.com

PartsoftheCellNucleus Contains DNA

Mitochondria Converts certainmoleculesintousableenergy

Chloroplasts Absorbs lightenergy,conductsphotosynthesis

Endoplasmic reticulum Partofproteinandlipidsynthesis

Golgiapparatus Processes proteinsandlipids

Vesiclesandvacuoles Storage andtransportofresources(alsoprovidesstructure,inplants)

Lysosomesandperoxisomes Breakdownmolecules

Cytoskeletonandcellwall Provides structure

Ciliaandflagella Mobilityand otherphysicalfunctions

Activity:____islike…Nucleus Contains DNA

Mitochondria Converts certainmoleculesintousableenergy

Chloroplasts Absorbs lightenergy,conductsphotosynthesis

Endoplasmic reticulum Partofproteinandlipidsynthesis

Golgiapparatus Processes proteinsandlipids

Vesiclesandvacuoles Storage andtransportofresources(alsoprovidesstructure,inplants)

Lysosomesandperoxisomes Breakdownmolecules

Cytoskeletonand cellwall Provides structure

Ciliaandflagella Mobilityand otherphysicalfunctions