THE CELL BY DR. SAKINA RUHI MBBS, MD(BIOCHEMISTRY) SENIOR LECTURER,DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY,IMS, SHAHALAM
THE CELLBY DR. SAKINA RUHI
MBBS, MD(BIOCHEMISTRY)
SENIOR LECTURER,DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY,IMS, SHAHALAM
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OUTLINE
• Difference between prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cell .
• Difference between Animal & Plant cell
• Different cell organelles & Its function
• Cell Membrane
• Molecular movements & Cell-transport mechanism
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Cell Theory
• 1. All living things are made of cells.
• 2. New cells are produced from existing cells
• 3. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
• Prokaryotes (bacteria) nucleus not well defined and very few organelles.
• Eukaryotes (protists, fungi, plants and animals) larger,more complex,DNA is inside the nucleus
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Plant Cells Vs. Animal Cells
• Only plant cells contain:
• Cell wall
• Chloroplasts
• Large central vacuoles
• Only animal cells contain:
• Centrioles
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CYTOPLASM
• Viscous fluid containing organelles• components of cytoplasm• Interconnected filaments & fibers • Fluid = cytosol• Organelles (not nucleus)• storage substance
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Nucleus
• Repository for genetic material
• Directs activities of the cell
• Usually single, some cells several,
• RBC none
• Contains • Chromosomes
• Nucleolus
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Nuclear Envelope
• Separates nucleus from rest of cell by two phospholipid bilayer membrane
Double membrane
Has pores
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Endoplasmic reticulum
• Largest internal membrane
• Composed of Lipid bilayer
• Serves as system of channels from the nucleus
• Functions in storage and secretion
• Two types
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• No attached ribosomes
• Has enzymes that help build molecules
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Ribosomes attached to the surface
• Manufacture protiens
• Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER
• May modify proteins from ribosomes
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Ribosomes
• Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes composed of two subunits that join and attach to messenger RNA.
• site of protein synthesis
• assembled in nucleoli
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Golgi Apparatus
Packaging & shipping station of cell
collect, pack, and distribute molecules synthesized at one location in the cell and utilized at another location
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HOW Golgi Apparatus Functions
1. Molecules come in vesicles
2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane
3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi
4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle
5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus
6. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to secrete contents
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Mitochondria
A. "Powerhouse of the cell" - cellular metabolism
B. Structure- outer and inner membranes, cristae
C. Have their own DNA
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Mitochondria
• Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration)
• Glucose
• Fatty acids
• Release energy
• ATP
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Lysosomes
• Contain digestive enzymes
• Functions • Aid in cell renewal
• Break down old cell parts
• Digests invaders
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Cytoplasm
PhagocytosisFood
vesicleGolgi
apparatus
Lysosomes
Plasmamembrane
Digestion ofphagocytizedfood particles
or cells
Endoplasmicreticulum
Transportvesicle
Old or damagedorganelle
Breakdownof old
organelleExtracellularfluid
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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PEROXISOMES
Peroxisomes –are single membrane cellular organelle,also called microbodies
Catalase and peroxidase: the enzymes of peroxizomes destroy unwanted peroxides & other free radicals
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Cell Membrane
• Regulates what enters and leaves the cell and provides support and protection
• Structure – lipid bilayer with embedded proteins
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Membrane Proteins
1. Channels or transporters
• Move molecules in one direction
2. Receptors
• Recognize certain chemicals
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Membrane Proteins3. Glycoproteins
• Identify cell type
4. Enzymes • Catalyze production of substances
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TRANSPORT MECHANISMclassified into
Passive Transport (i)simple diffusion
(ii)facilitated diffusion
(iii) ion exchange
Active Transport
Pumps –can drive molecules against the gradient using energy
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Simple Diffusion Particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
No energy is required
very slow
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Facilitated Diffusion• Molecules move through
protein channels.
• Carrier mediated process
• No energy required
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ION CHANNELS
• Membrane have special devices called ion channels
• For quick transport of Na +,K+ ,Cl + and Ca ++
• They remain close and open on response to stimulus
• They are also called as gated channels
• Important for nerve impulse propogation,synaptic transmission
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Active Transport• Molecular movement
• Requires energy (against gradient)
• Example is sodium-potassium pump
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Endocytosis
• Cell takes material into cell by infolding of the cell membrane
• Phagocytosis – eating – cell engulfs large particles
• Pinocytosis – drinking – cell takes in liquid
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Process of Endocytosis• Plasma membrane surrounds material
• Edges of membrane meet
• Membranes fuse to form vesicle
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Transport system
• Classified as Uniport , Symport and Antiport
• UNIPORT-Carries single solute across the membrane e.g –glucose transporter in most cells ,calcium pump
• CO TRANSPORT –If transfer of one molecule depend on simultaneous transfer of another molecule.
• (i)SYMPORT (ii) ANTIPORT
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• SYMPORT-Transporter carries two solutes in same direction .
• eg-sodium dependent glucose transport
• ANTIPORT –Carries two solutes or ions in opposite direction
• eg sodium pump,sodium bicarbonate exchange in RBC