Cell Reproduction Chapter 8 Table of Contents Section 1 Chromosomes Section 2 Cell Division Section 3 Meiosis
Cell Reproduction Chapter 8 Table of Contents Section 1 Chromosomes Section 2 Cell Division Section 3 Meiosis.
Dec 29, 2015
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Cell ReproductionChapter 8
Table of Contents
Section 1 Chromosomes
Section 2 Cell Division
Section 3 Meiosis
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Objectives
• Describe the structure of a chromosome.
• Identify the differences in structure between prokaryotic chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes.
• Compare the numbers of chromosomes in different species.
• Explain the differences between sex chromosomes and autosomes.
• Distinguish between diploid and haploid cells.
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Chromosome Structure
• Chromosomes are rod-shaped structures made of DNA and protein.
• In eukaryotes, DNA wraps around proteins called histones to help maintain the compact structure of chromosomes.
Chapter 8
Chromosome Structure
Section 1 Chromosomes
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Chromosome Structure, continued
• Chromosomes in prokaryotes are simpler in structure than chromosomes in eukaryotes.
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Chromosome Numbers
• Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes in each cell.
Chapter 8
Chromosome Numbers of Various Organisms
Section 1 Chromosomes
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Chromosome Numbers, continued
• Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes– Sex chromosomes are chromosomes that
determine the sex of an organism. – All of the other chromosomes in an organism are
autosomes.
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Chromosome Numbers, continued
• Diploid and Haploid Cells– Cells having two sets of chromosomes are diploid
(2n). – Haploid cells (1n) have only one set of
chromosomes.
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Objectives
•Describe the events of cell division in prokaryotes.
•Name the two parts of the cell that are equally divided during cell division in eukaryotes.
•Summarize the events of interphase.
•Describe the stages of mitosis.
•Compare cytokinesis in animal cells with cytokinesis in plant cells.
•Explain how cell division is controlled.
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cell Division in Prokaryotes
•Cell division is the process by which cells reproduce themselves.
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cell Division in Prokaryotes, continued
•Binary fission is the process of cell division in prokaryotes.
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cell Division in Eukaryotes
•Cell Cycle
–The cell cycle is the repeating set of events in the life of a cell.
–The cell cycle consists of cell division and interphase.
–Cell division in eukaryotes includes nuclear division, called mitosis, and the division of
cytoplasm, called cytokinesis.
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cell Division in Eukaryotes, continued
•Interphase
–Interphase consists of growth (G1), DNA replication, and preparation for cell division
(G2).
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Stages of Mitosis
•Mitosis is divided into stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
•Mitosis results in two offspring cells that are genetically identical to the original cell.
Chapter 8
Stages of Mitosis
Section 2 Cell Division
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cytokinesis
•During cytokinesis in animal cells, a cleavage furrow pinches in and eventually separates
the dividing cell into two cells.
•In plant cells, a cell plate separates the dividing cell into two cells.
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Control of Cell Division
•Cell division in eukaryotes is controlled by many proteins.
•Control occurs at three main checkpoints.
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Control of Cell Division, continued
•When Control is Lost: Cancer
–Cancer may result if cells do not respond to control mechanisms.
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Objectives
•Compare the end products of meiosis with those of mitosis.
•Summarize the events of meiosis I.
•Explain crossing-over and how it contributes to the production of unique individuals.
•Summarize the events of meiosis II.
•Compare spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
•Define sexual reproduction.
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Formation of Haploid Cells
•Meiosis is a process of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes in new
cells to half the number in the original cell.
•Meiosis produces haploid gametes.
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Formation of Haploid Cells, continued
•Meiosis is a process of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes in new
cells to half the number in the original cell.
•Meiosis leads to four haploid cells (gametes) rather than two diploid cells as in mitosis.
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Meiosis I
•Meiosis I includes prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I.
•Crossing-over, which is when portions of homologous chromosomes exchange genetics
material, occurs during prophase I and results in genetic recombination.
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Meiosis II
•Meiosis II includes prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II.
•Four new haploid cells result.
Chapter 8
Section 3 Meiosis
Stages of Meiosis
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Development of Gametes
•Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm cells are produced.
•Oogenesis is the process that produces mature egg cells.
Chapter 8
Meiosis in Male and Female Animals
Section 3 Meiosis
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Sexual Reproduction
•Sexual reproduction is the formation of offspring through meiosis and the union of a sperm
and an egg.
•Offspring produced by sexual reproduction are genetically different from the parents.
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