Cell Processes Cell Transport Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Cell Cycle.

Cell ProcessesCell Transport

PhotosynthesisCellular Respiration

Cell Cycle

Exchange with the Environment

• Diffusion- the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

• Osmosis- the diffusion of water across a cell membrane

No energy required

Cell in Action• Passive transport- the diffusion of particles

through proteins in the cell membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration- no energy

• Active transport- the movement of particles through proteins in the cell membrane against the direction of diffusion

• ---requires cells to use energy(active transport)

Cell in Action• Endocytosis -the process in which a cell

membrane surrounds a particle and encloses it in a vesicle to bring it into the cell• Exocytosis- the process used to remove

large particles from a cell • a vesicle containing the particles fuses

with the cell

Cell Energy• Photosynthesis- the process by

which plants capture light energy from the sun and convert it into sugar• Cellular respiration- the process of

producing ATP from oxygen and glucose; releases carbon dioxide as a waste product

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis

• http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/photosynthesis/photosynthesis.html

• http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/photosynthesis/photosynthesis_game.html

Photosynthesis can be represented using a chemical equation.The overall balanced equation is...

6CO2 + 6H2O ---------> C6H12O6 + 6O2Sunlight energy

Where: CO2 = carbon dioxide

H2O = waterLight energy is required

C6H12O6 = glucoseO2 = oxygen

Learn these formulas

Photosynthesis: transforms light energy to chemical energy stored in the bonds of sugar-occurs in chloroplast

o Uses carbon dioxide and water

o Produces oxygen and glucose

o Opposite of cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration Equation

ATP ATP ATP

• The molecule that supplies energy to fuel the activities of the cell

• Formed during cellular respiration in the mitochondria

• Adenosine triphosphate

Glucose• a carbohydrate- form of

sugar• Product of

photosynthesis• C6H12O6

• The energy in glucose is- used by plant’s cells

• Some may be stored in the form of other carbohydrates or lipids

cellular

Fermentation• Fermentation is "the process of energy

production in a cell under anaerobic conditions."

• • Anaerobic is when a biological reaction or

process can take place with the absence of oxygen.

2 types of fermentation• 1- Your muscles need energy faster than your

body can provide oxygen to your cells to produce ATP by cellular respiration---

• Fermentation produces lactic acid--- muscle fatigue

• 2- fermentation that occurs in some bacteria and fungi

• Ex. Yeast can make carbon dioxide and alcohol during fermentation of sugar.

Cell Cycle• The life cycle of the cell

• In eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus) it consists of 3 parts• 1-Interphase: cell growth and

chromosome duplication • 2- Mitosis (PMAT)• 3- Cytokinesis

Chromosome• Coiled structure of DNA and protein that

forms in the cell nucleus during cell division• Humans have 46 chromosomes

Binary Fission• The simple cell division in which one cell splits

into two• Used by bacteria

Homologous Chromosomes• Chromosomes with matching or similar

information• Humans have 23 pairs of homologous

chromosomes• Potatoes have 24 pairs of homologous

chromosomes• An organism’s number of chromosomes has

nothing to do with its complexity

Chromatids• Identical copies of

a chromosome• After each

chromosome is duplicated(copied)- the 2 copies are called CHROMATIDS

Centromere• The region that

holds chromatids together when a chromosome is duplicated(copied)

Mitosis• Nuclear division in eukaryotic cells in which

each cell receives a copy of the original chromosomes

• Mitosis makes sure each new cell receives a copy of each chromosome

• Consists of 4 phases- PMAT• Prophase, Metaphase,Anaphase and

Telophase• Second stage of cell cycle

Cytokinesis• The process in which cytoplasm divides after

mitosis• Animal cells-The cell membrane pinches in to

form a groove—eventually pinching ALL the way through the cell

• 2 daughter cells formed• ***Plant cells: Have a cell wall- these cells

must first form a cell plate –in the middle of the cell-this becomes the cell membrane- then new cell wall formed

Cytokinesis