Cell activities

Metabolism

*Photosynthesis*Cellular Respiration

Cell Activities

TYPES CATABOLISM

THE DESTRUCTIVE METABOLISM, IS THE PROCESS THAT PRODUCE THE ENERGY REQUIRED FOR ALL ACTIVITIES IN THE CELLS.

METABOISM

OCCURS IN THE CHLOROPLAST OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC PLANTS

CHLOROPLAST: A MEMBRANE ENCLOSED ORGANELLE WHICH ALLOW PLANTS TO PRODUCE THEIR OWN ORGANIC FOOD

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

CARBON DIOXIDE +WATER+ ENERGY=GLUCOSE+OXYGEN

CO2+H2O+ENERGY=C6 H12 06+O2

OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS

OVER ALL REACTION

THE CYCLING OF MOLECULES BETWEEN CHLOROPLASTS AND MITOCHONDRIA ALLOW A FLOW OF ENERGY FROM THE SUN THROUGH ALL LIVIG THNGS

THE MITOCHONDRIA:CELLULAR RESPIRATION

ALSO KNOWN AS CONSRUCTION METABOLISM, IS ALL ABOUT BUILDING AND STORING

IT SUPPORTS THE GROWTH OF NEW CELLS,THE MAINTENANCE OF BODY TISSUES AND THE STORAGE OF ENERGY FOR USE IN THE FUTURE

ANABOLISM

DURING ANABOLISM, SMALL MOLECULES ARE CHANGED INTO LARGER, MORE COMPLEX MOLECULES OF CARBOHYDRATE, PROTEIN AND FAT

CELLULAR RESPIRATION IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH THE CHEMICAL ENERGY OF “FOOD” MOLECULES IS RELEASED AND PARTIALLY CAPTURED IN THE FORM OF ATP

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

CARBOHYDRATES, FATS AND PROTEINS CAN ALL BE USED AS FUELS IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION, BUT GLUCOSE IS MOST COMMONLY USED AS AN EXAMPLE TO EXAMINE THE REACTIONS AND PATHWAYS INVOLVED.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

STEP WISE RELEASE OF ENERGY FROM MOLECULES LIE GLUCOSE, ACCOMPANIED BY THE USE OF THIS ENERGY TO SYNTHESIS ATP MOLECULES

MITOCHODRIA IS A MEMBRANE ENCLOSED ORGANELLE THAT CONTAINE DNA, RIBOSOMES AND ENZYMES, SITE OF ATP PRODUCTION

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

AS THE CELL PERFORMS ITS LIFE PROCESSES AND CONVERTS ABSORBED FOOD SUBSTANCE INTO NEW LIVING PROTOPLASM, IT INCREASES IN SIZE. AFTER ATTAINING A CERTAIN SIZE, IT DIVIDES

CELLULAR REPRODUCTION

A.) DIRECT CELL DIVISION OR AMITOSIS-UNICELLULAR ORGANISM UNDERGO DIRCET CELL DIVISION, WHERIN CONSTRICTION APPEARS ON THE PLASMA MEMBRANE WHICH DEEPENS AND DIVIDES BOTH CYTOPLASM AND NUCLEUS RESULTING INTO A DAUGHTER CELL (PROKARYOTIC cell)

B.) INDIRECT CELL DIVISION OR MITOSIS IS WHEN A MULTICELLULAR ORGANISN UNDEGO INDIRECT CELL DIVISION WHEREIN SEVERAL CHANGES TAKE PLACE IN THE CELL PRIOR TO DIVISION (EUKARYOTIC CELLS)

THE PROCESS OF CELLULAR DIVISION IS UNIQUE TO EUKARYOTIC CELLS

-IN BOTH PROCESSES, DNA WITHIN THE PARENT CELL IS DISTRIBUTED TO THHE DAUGHTER CELL

-46 CHROMOSOMES ,23 PAIRS.

CHROMOSOMES IS AN ORGANIZED STRUCTURE

OF DNA AND PROTEIN THAT IS FOUND IN CELLS. IT IS A SINGLE PIECE COILED DNA CONTAINING MANY GENES, REGULATORY ELEMENTS AND OTHER NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES

- 1 PAIR OF CHROMOSOMES –DETERMINES THE INDIVIDUAL SEX

FEMALE- XX MALE- XY

PRODUCES TWO DAUGHTER CELLS, EACH WITH DNA THAT IS IDENTICAL TO THE DNA OF PARENT CELL

MITOSIS

TIME BETWEEN CELL DIVISIONSPROTEIN SYNTHESIS CARRIED OUTDNA FOUND AS THIN THREADS OF CHROMATIN IN

THE NUCLEUSNUCLEOLUS PRESENTDNA REPLICATED TOWARDS DIVISION TIME

INTERPHASE

METABOLIC CHANGES PREPARE THE CELL FOR DIVISION. AT A CERTAIN POINT-THE RESTRICTION POINT-THE CELL IS COMMITED TO DIVISION AND MOVES INTO THE S PHASE

NO DNA SYNTHESIS OCCURS BUT RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DO OCCUR

EACH DAUGHTER CELL GROWS THE SIZE OF THE LONGEST AND MOST VARIABLE PHASE OF THE CELL CYCLE.

G 1 PHASE

FINAL PREPARATION FOR THE CELL DIVISION OCCURS DURING THIS PHASE

FURTHER INCREASE IN CELL VOLUME AND SYNTHESIS OF ENZYME AND OTHER PROTEIN

METABOLIC CHANGES ASSEMBLE THE CYTOPLASMIC MATERIALS NECESSARY FOR MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS

G 2 PHASE

A NUCLEAR DIVISION (MITOSIS) FOLLOWED BY A CELL DIVISION (CYTOKINESIS)

M PHASE

CHROMATIN THICKEN INTO CHROMOSOMESNUCLEAR MEMBRANE DISINTEGRATESCENTRIOLE PAIRS MOVE TO OPPOSITE ENDS OF

THE CELLSPINDLE FIBERS BEGIN TO FORMCHROMOSOMES COIL AND SHORTENCHROMOSOMES HAS A PAIR OF CHROMATIDS

CONNECTED BY CENTROMERE

PROPHASE

GUIDED BY THE SPINDLE FIBERS, THE CHROMOSOME PAIRS LINE UP ALONG THE CENTER OF THE SPINDLE STRUCTURE

CHROMOSOMES LINE UP AT THE CENTER OF THE CELL, CENTROERES DIVIDE PULLING THE CHROMOSOMES APART

METAPHASE

THE CHROMOSOME PAIRS (SISTERS) BEGIN TO PULL APART. ONCE SPERATED THEY ARE CALLED DAUGHTER CHROMOSOMES.

DUE TO PULL, MANY CHROMOSOMES BENDGROOVE IN PLASMA MEMBRANE PRESENT-SISTER CHROMATIDS ARE NOW TWO SEPARATE

CHROMOSOMES

ANAPHASE

CHROMOSOMES RETURN TO CHROMATINSPINDLE DISINTEGRATESNUCLEAR MEMBRANE TAKES SHAPE AGAINCENTRIOLES REPLICATEMEMBRANE CONTINUED TO PINCH INWARD

TELOPHASE

THE FINAL CELLULAR DIVISION TO FORM TWO CELLS IN PLANTS A CELL PLATE FORMS ALONG THE LINE OF THE METAPHASE PLATE, IN ANIMALS THERE IS A CONSTRICTION OF THE CYTOPLASM

THE CELL THEN ENTERS INTERPHASE-THE INTERVAL BETWEEN MITOTIC DIVISIONS

CYTOKINESIS

WHEN THE PROCESS IS COMPLETE, EACH CELL WALL WILL HAVE THE SAME GENETIC MATERIAL THAT THE ORIGINAL CELL HAD BEFORE REPLICATION. WHEN THE PROCESS IS COMPLETE, EACH CELL WILL HAVE THE SAME GENETIC MATERIAL THAT THE ORIGINAL CELL HAD BEFORE REPLICATION. EACH OF THE DAUGHTER CELLS IS ALSO IDENTICAL TO EAH OTHER. NOTE THAT ONCE TELOPHASE IS COMPLETE, THE CELL RETURNS TO INTERPHASE

CYTOKINESIS