CE 6407 ESTIMATION AND QUANTITY SURVEYING UNIT II PART A 1. What are the different types of roads? (N/D 16) Freeways Expressways Highways Arterials Local streets Collector street 2. Calculate the size of septic tank for 25 users. (N/D 16) Liquid capacity of Tank @ 0.1 Cu.m per user = 0.1 X 25 = 2.50 Cu.m Taking Liquid depth as 1.40m the floor area of tank = 2.50/1.40 = 1.80 sq.m Taking length as 2¼ times the breadth, LXB = 1.80 sq.m, or 2¼ BXB = 1.80m Or B² = 1.80/2¼ = 0.80, therefore B = 0.8 = 0.9m Therefore the length of the tank = 2¼ x 0.9 = 2.0 m Taking a freeboard of 30cm total depth of the tank = 1.40+0.30 = 1.70 m
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CE 6407 ESTIMATION AND QUANTITY SURVEYING
UNIT II
PART A
1. What are the different types of roads? (N/D 16)
Freeways
Expressways
Highways
Arterials
Local streets
Collector street
2. Calculate the size of septic tank for 25 users. (N/D 16)
Liquid capacity of Tank @ 0.1 Cu.m per user = 0.1 X 25 = 2.50 Cu.m
Taking Liquid depth as 1.40m the floor area of tank = 2.50/1.40 = 1.80 sq.m
Taking length as 2¼ times the breadth, LXB = 1.80 sq.m, or 2¼ BXB = 1.80m
Or B² = 1.80/2¼ = 0.80, therefore B = 0.8 = 0.9m
Therefore the length of the tank = 2¼ x 0.9 = 2.0 m
Taking a freeboard of 30cm total depth of the tank = 1.40+0.30 = 1.70 m
3. State plinth area rate. (M/J 16)
The built up covered area measured at the floor level of the basement is called
Plinth area. To prepare an estimate, the plinth area of a building shall be determined first. It
can be calculated including the following such as area of the floor level, porch, stair cover,
internal shaft, machine room.
4. Explain aqueduct. . (M/J 16)
In antiquity, aqueducts were a means to transport water from one place to another,
achieving a regular and controlled water supply to a place which would not otherwise
have received sufficient water to meet basic needs such as irrigation of food crops and
drinking fountains. They may take the form of underground tunnels, networks of surface
channels and canals, covered clay pipes or monumental bridges.
5. What are the main components of culvert?
1.Abutments
2.Wing walls
3.Arch
6.What are factors to be considered in design of septic tank?
The following factors should be taken into consideration: • Material should be water
proof and corrosion resistant. • Natural ventilation provided should be adequate • A
manhole should be provided to permit inspection and cleaning. • Baffles should be
limited to one at the inlet and one at the outlet. • The escape of gas and sludge to effluent
pipe should be avoided.
7.Define lead.
Lead is the crow flying horizontal distance from the centre of borrow pit to the centre of
the earthwork at site, i.e centre of the area of excavation to the centre of placed earth.
8.Define lift.
Lift is the distance through which the excavated soil is lifted beyond a certain
specified depth.
9 .Write the formula for Mid ordinate rule and Prismoidal formula Rule.
Mid sectional area method: Q = (Bdm+sdm2 ) x L
Where
B – Formation width
S – Side slopes
dm – Mean depth
L – Length of the section downloaded from
rejinpaul.com
Prismoidal formula rule:
Q = L/6(A1 +A2+4Am) A1 = Bd1 + sd12 A2 =
Bd2+Sd22 Am = Bdm+sdm2
dm = (d1+d2)/2
10.Write the recommendation for degree of accuracy in measurements.
• Dimensions of works shall be measured to an accuracy of 0.01 m
• Thickness of R.C works shall be measured to an accuracy of 0.0005 m
• Areas of works shall be calculated to the nearest 0.01 m2
• Volumes of work shall be calculated to the nearest 0.01 m3
• Volumes of wood shall be calculated to the nearest 0.001 m3
11.Define Floor area
It defined as covered area i.e plinth area excluding area of walls (generally 10% 15 %)
sills of the doors are not included in floor area. The floor area of very storey shall be
measured separately.
12.Define Carpet area
This means area in a building which is useful one i.e area of drawing room, dining room
bedroom etc. Areas of kitchens, staircase, stores, verandahs, entrance hall, bathroom,
basement etc. are excluded. It is generally 50% to 60% of the plinth area.
13.Workout the quality of stone metal required for 2Km.Length for wearing coat of a 4m
wide road. The thickness of the metal road required is 12cm loose.
Quality of metal = 1 X 2 X 1000 X 4 X 0.12 = 960.00cu.m
14.An approach road 2Km.long is to be constructed. Work out the quantity of materials
required i.e. stone metal and bricks. Data is given below.
Length = 2 Km
Metalled width = 3.60m
Soiling of bricks = 10cm
Wearing coat of stone metal = 12 cm
Quantity of bricks = 1 x 2 x 1000 x 3.60 x 0.10 = 720 cu.m
No of bricks = 720.0 x 3.60 x 0.12 = 3,60,000
Stone metal = 1 x 2000 x 3.60 x 0.12 = 864 cu.m
Bricks = 3,60,000 Nos
15.A cement concrete road (1:2:3) is to be constructed over the existing water bound
macadam road .The thickness of slab =10cm.The length of the road is one km and the
width 3.60m.Calculate the quality of cement concrete and the material required,
Quality of cement concrete = 1 x 1000 x 3.60 x 0.10 = 360 cu.m
16.Calculate the quality of earthwork for the construction of an approach road
Length = 1Km
Width of formation = 10 m
Height of embankment = 60 cm
Side slope = 1:2
Quantity of earth work = L (Bd+Sd2)
B=10cm ; d =0.60m ;S = 2
Quantity of earth work = 1000 x (10 x 0.60) +2 x 0.60 x 0.60 = 6720 cu.m
PART B
1. Describe in detail the different types of roads. (N/D 16)
The roads are classified as
i) National highways
ii) State highways
iii) District highways
a) major district roads
b) minor district roads
iv) village roads
NECESSARY OF CLASSIFYING ROADS:- To plan a road network for efficient and safe traffic
operation , and for knowing the clear information of a particular root in a country, the
classification of roads is necessary.
a. NATIONAL HIGHWAYS:- These are the important roads of the country. They connect
state capitals, ports and foreign highways. They also include roads of military
importance. They are financed by the central government.
b. STATE HIGHWAYS :- these are the important roads of a state. They connect important
cities and district head quarters in the state , national highways & state highways of
neighbouring states. They are financed by state government roads and buildings
department of the state government constructs & maintain these roads.
c. DISTRICT ROADS :- these are the roads within a district . they are financed by
zillaparishads with the help of grants given by state government.
d. THE MAJOR DISTRICT ROADS:- They are roads connecting district head
e. quarters, taluk head quarters and other important town in the district production and
market centers with each other and with state & national highways & railways.
f. OTHER DISTRICT ROADS :- They are district roads of less importance
g. VILLAGE ROADS:- they connect villages with each other and to the nearest district
road. They are financed by panchayats with the help of zillaparishads and state
government.
Asphalt – One of the most popular types of construction ever since its inception in the early
1920s is asphalt paving. In this construction technique, a layer of asphalt is laid on top of an
equally thick gravel base. Advantages of this form of road construction are that the pavement
produces relatively little noise, its relative low cost compared to other materials, and that it is
relatively easy to repair and maintain as well. However, asphalt is known to be significantly
less durable and strong than most other choices, and isn’t the best for the environment either.
Concrete – Concrete is another popular choice for roadways, though it is typically only used
for local roads and not other types of construction. There are three major types of concrete
road surfaces, JPCP, JRCP, and CRCP; the distinguishing feature between the three being the
joint system that is used to help prevent cracks from forming. Concrete is more long-lasting
than asphalt and significantly stronger as well, but is quite expensive to lay and maintain.
Composite – Composite materials are often used in types of construction that are more related
to maintenance, recycling, and rehabilitation. Composite materials are combinations of both
asphalt and concrete, and are typically employed in one of two methods. Asphalt overlays
literally are placed over a damaged surface, or alternatively pavement may be cracked and
seated instead, forming a true new surface.
Recycling – There are three typical types of construction techniques related to recycling the
surface of distressed or damaged pavement. Rubblizing, Cold/Hot in-place Recycling, and
Full-depth Reclamation. Rubblizing involves reducing the road to gravel and then applying a
new surface, both hot and cold in-place recycling relies on using bituminous pavement to
reinforce the road (at different temperatures and admixtures, of course), and Full-depth
reclamation involves both total pulverization and the addition of binding agents or other
additives.
Bituminous Solutions – Bituminous and other temporary solutions are types of construction
that are only suitable for use on very low-traffic thoroughfares. Chipsealing techniques, thin
membrane surfacing, and Otta sealing are all examples of bituminous surface options. These
are all more commonly employed as sealing coats or finishes than as full road surfaces
2. Describe briefly the different types of irrigation structures. (N/D 16)
The irrigation system consists of a (main) intake structure or (main) pumping station, a conveyance
system, a distribution system, a field application system, and a drainage system (see Fig. 69).
Fig. 69. An irrigation system
The (main) intake structure, or (main) pumping station, directs water from the source of supply, such
as a reservoir or a river, into the irrigation system.
The conveyance system assures the transport of water from the main intake structure or main pumping
station up to the field ditches.
The distribution system assures the transport of water through field ditches to the irrigated fields.
The field application system assures the transport of water within the fields.
The drainage system removes the excess water (caused by rainfall and/or irrigation) from the fields.
5.1 Main intake structure and pumping station
5.1.1 Main intake structure
5.1.2 Pumping station
5.1.1 Main intake structure
The intake structure is built at the entry to the irrigation system (see Fig. 70). Its purpose is to direct
water from the original source of supply (lake, river, reservoir etc.) into the irrigation system.
Fig. 70. An intake structure
5.1.2 Pumping station
In some cases, the irrigation water source lies below the level of the irrigated fields. Then a pump
must be used to supply water to the irrigation system (see Fig. 71).
The conveyance and distribution systems consist of canals transporting the water through the whole
irrigation system. Canal structures are required for the control and measurement of the water flow.
5.2.1 Open canals
An open canal, channel, or ditch, is an open waterway whose purpose is to carry water from one place
to another. Channels and canals refer to main waterways supplying water to one or more farms. Field
ditches have smaller dimensions and convey water from the farm entrance to the irrigated fields.
i. Canal characteristics
According to the shape of their cross-section, canals are called rectangular (a), triangular (b), trapezoidal (c), circular (d), parabolic (e), and irregular or natural (f) (see Fig. 73).
Fig. 73. Some examples of canal cross-sections
The most commonly used canal cross-section in irrigation and drainage, is the trapezoidal cross-
section. For the purposes of this publication, only this type of canal will be considered.
The typical cross-section of a trapezoidal canal is shown in Figure 74.
Fig. 74. A trapezoidal canal cross-section
The freeboard of the canal is the height of the bank above the highest water level anticipated. It is
required to guard against overtopping by waves or unexpected rises in the water level.