Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine
Volume 44, Issue 1
Abstracts
譯者:
郭俊成 臺北市立動物園獸醫主任
Joe Guo, Chief of Vet, Taipei zoo
王寶榮 臺北市立動物園獸醫師
Isis P.J. Wang, Vet, Taipei zoo
連振曄 臺北市立動物園獸醫師
Chen-Yeh Lien, Vet, Taipei zoo
賴燕雪 臺北市立動物園獸醫師
Yen-Hsueh Sera Lai, Vet, Taipei zoo
黃珮筠 臺北市立動物園獸醫師
Pei-Yun Hwang, Vet, Taipei zoo
陳亭余 臺北市立動物園獸醫師
Tina Chen, Vet, Taipei zoo
張立人 臺北市立動物園獸醫師
Li-Jen Chang, Vet, Taipei zoo
陳儀翎
吳志純
董佳穎
劉人碩
鄧晴安
審稿:
郭俊成 臺北市立動物園獸醫主任
Jun-Cheng Guo, Chief of Vet, Taipei zoo
金仕謙 臺北市立動物園園長、獸醫師
Jason Shih-Chien Chin, Director & Vet, Taipei zoo
Pages 1-7
ENTEROBACTERIAL DETECTION AND ESCHERICHIA COLI ANTIMICROBIAL
RESISTANCE IN PARROTS SEIZED FROM THE ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE
Hilari Wanderley Hidasi, M.D., José Hidasi Neto, Dunya Mara
Cardoso Moraes, M.D., Guido Fontgallad Coelho Linhares, Ph.D.,
Valéria de Sá JaymePh.D., and Maria Auxiliadora Andrade, Ph.D.
Abstract:
Enteric bacteria are considered important potential pathogens in
avian clinical medicine, causing either primary or opportunistic
infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of
enterobacteria in the intestinal microbiota of psittacine birds and
to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the Escherichia
coli isolates cultured. Fecal samples were collected from 300
parrots captured from the illegal wildlife trade in Goiás, Brazil
and were processed using conventional bacteriological procedures. A
total of 508 isolates were obtained from 300 fecal samples: 172 E.
coli (33.9% of isolates; 57.3% of individuals); 153 Enterobacter
spp. (30.1% of isolates; 51.0% of individuals); 89 Klebsiella spp.
(17.7% of isolates; 29.7% of individuals); 59 Citrobacter spp.
(11.6% of isolates; 19.7% of individuals), 21 Proteus vulgaris
(4.2% of isolates; 7.0% of individuals), 5 Providencia
alcalifaciens (0.98% of isolates; 1.67% of individuals), 5 Serratia
sp. (0.98% of isolates; 1.67% of individuals), 3 Hafnia aivei
(0.59% of isolates; 1.00% of individuals), and 1 Salmonella sp.
(0.20% of isolates; 0.33% of individuals). Escherichia coli
isolates were subsequently tested for susceptibility to the
following antibiotics: amoxicillin (70.93% of the isolates were
resistant), ampicillin (75.58%), ciprofloxacin (23.25%),
chloramphenicol (33.14%), doxycycline (64.53%), enrofloxacin
(41.28%), tetracycline (69.19%), and sulfonamide (71.51%).
Multi-resistance to three and four groups of antibiotics occurred
in 40 samples (23.25%) and 4 samples (2.32%), respectively. These
results demonstrate that illegally traded birds are carriers of
potentially pathogenic bacteria, including E. coli strains with
antimicrobial resistance.
Keywords: antimicrobials, Escherichia coli, zoonosis, wildlife
traffic, wild birds
因野生動物非法交易遭扣押的鸚鵡腸桿菌及大腸桿菌抗生素抗藥性檢測
翻譯:董佳穎
Hilari Wanderley Hidasi , M.D., José Hidasi Neto , Dunya Mara
Cardoso Moraes , M.D., Guido Fontgallad Coelho Linhares , Ph.D.,
Valéria de Sá Jayme Ph.D., and Maria Auxiliadora Andrade ,
Ph.D.
摘要:在禽類臨床醫學,腸內細菌是很重要的潛在性病原,引起原發性或伺機性感染。本研究目的是評估鸚鵡腸道微生物腸內細菌出現的頻率,並確定大腸桿菌抗微生物敏感性的培養。從巴西Goiás查獲的300隻非法走私鸚鵡,取得糞便樣本,使用常規的細菌學程序進行處理。從300個糞便樣本中,獲得508株菌株:
E. coli 172株(佔菌株33.9%,個體57.3%);Enterobacter
spp.153株(佔菌株30.1%,個體51.0%);Klebsiella spp.
89株(佔菌株17.7%,個體29.7%);Citrobacter spp.
59株(佔菌株11.6%,個體19.7%);Proteus vulgaris
21株(佔菌株4.2%,個體7.0%);Providencia alcalifaciens
5株(佔菌株0.98%,個體1.67%);Serratia sp.5株(佔菌株0.98%,個體1.67%);Hafnia aivei
3株(佔菌株0.59%,個體1.00%);和Salmonella
sp.1株(佔菌株0.98%,個體1.67%)。進行大腸桿菌對下列抗生素的敏感性試驗:amoxicillin
(70.93%菌株有抗藥性), ampicillin (75.58%), ciprofloxacin (23.25%),
chloramphenicol (33.14%), doxycycline (64.53%), enrofloxacin
(41.28%), tetracycline (69.19%)和sulfonamide
(71.51%)。有40個樣本(23.25%)和4個樣本(2.32%),分別出現三組和四組抗生素有多重抗藥性。這些結果顯示非法走私的鳥類為潛在性病原菌的帶菌者,包含具抗藥性的大腸桿菌菌株
關鍵字:抗菌劑、大腸桿菌、人畜共通傳染病、野生動物交易、野生鳥類
Pages 8-14
PREVALENCE OF SALMONELLA ENTERICA SEROVAR ALBANY IN CAPTIVE ZOO
WILD ANIMALS IN THE CULIACÁN ZOO IN MEXICO
Gabriela Silva-Hidalgo, D.V.M., M.S., Héctor Samuel
López-Moreno, Ph.D., Vianney Francisco Ortiz-Navarrete, M.S.,
Ph.D., Celia Alpuche-Aranda, M.D., Ph.D., José Guadalupe
Rendón-Maldonado, M.S., Ph.D., José Angel López-Valenzuela, M.S.,
Ph.D., Martin López-Valenzuela, D.V.M., M.S., and Felipe
Juárez-Barranco, M.S., Ph.D.
Abstract:
Salmonellosis is an important zoonotic disease but little is
known about the role that free-living animals play as carriers of
this pathogen. Moreover, the primary route of infection in the wild
needs to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the
source and the route of transmission of Salmonella enterica serovar
Albany (S. Albany) infection in captive zoo wild animals in the
Culiacán Zoo. A total of 267 samples were analyzed including 220
fecal samples from zoo animals, 15 fecal samples from rodents, 5
pooled samples each of two insects (Musca domestica and Periplaneta
americana), and 22 samples of animal feed. We detected S. Albany in
28 (10.5%) of the samples analyzed, including in samples from raw
chicken meat. Characterization of isolates was performed by
serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. All isolates
shared a single pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile,
indicating a possible common origin. These data suggest that the
infected meat consumed by the wild felines was the primary source
of infection in this zoo. It is likely that the pathogen was shed
in the feces and disseminated by insects and rats to other
locations in the zoo.
Keywords: Albany, carriers, feces, insects, Salmonella, wild
animals, zoo
墨西哥庫利亞坎動物園內圈養野生動物的奧爾巴尼血清型沙門氏菌發病率
翻譯:董佳穎
Gabriela Silva-Hidalgo , D.V.M., M.S., Héctor Samuel
López-Moreno , Ph.D., Vianney Francisco Ortiz-Navarrete , M.S.,
Ph.D., Celia Alpuche-Aranda , M.D., Ph.D., José Guadalupe
Rendón-Maldonado , M.S., Ph.D., José Angel López-Valenzuela , M.S.,
Ph.D., Martin López-Valenzuela , D.V.M., M.S., and Felipe
Juárez-Barranco , M.S., Ph.D.
摘要:沙門氏菌是很重要的人畜共通疾病,野生動物在此病原帶原者扮演什麼樣的腳色,所知甚少。此外野外感染的主要路徑需要釐清。本研究目的是要確認,在庫利阿坎動物園內野生動物奧爾巴尼血清型的感染來源和傳播途徑。共267件樣本進行分析,包括動物園內220件的動物糞便樣本,15件囓齒動物糞便樣本,昆蟲糞便樣本(家蠅和美洲蟑螂)各5件,以及22件動物飼料樣本。在樣本分析中有28件(10.5%)檢測到奧爾巴尼血清型,包含生雞肉的樣本。藉由血清型和脈衝式膠體電泳,依菌株特性進行區隔。所有分離的菌株,共同有單一脈衝式膠體電泳輪廓,顯示可能有共同來源。這些數據顯示,該動物園的野生貓科動物,原始感染來源是食入受感染的肉類。病原似乎是藉由糞便排出,再藉由昆蟲和老鼠傳播到動物園內其他地方。
關鍵字:奧爾巴尼血清型、帶原者、糞便、昆蟲、沙門氏菌、野生動物、動物園
Pages 15-20
MOLECULAR DETECTION OF HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM IN THE LUNG OF A
FREE-RANGING COMMON NOCTULE (NYC-TALUS NOCTULA) FROM FRANCE USING
THE Hcp100 GENE
Antonio Ernesto González-González, M.Sc., José Antonio Ramírez,
M.Sc., Cécile Marie Aliouat-Denis, Ph.D., Christine Demanche,
Ph.D., El Moukhtar Aliouat, Ph.D., Eduardo Dei-Cas, M.D., Ph.D.,
Magali Chabé, Ph.D., and Maria Lucia Taylor, Ph.D.
Abstract:
Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus that is widely
distributed in the tropical or subtropical areas of the world and
infects several mammalian hosts, mainly bats. Infective propagules
grow in bat and bird droppings. A specific molecular marker, a
highly sensitive fragment of a co-activator protein-coding gene
(Hcp100), was used to detect H. capsulatum in lung samples of wild
and captive bats from France using a nested polymerase chain
reaction. To determine whether bats in France are potential
carriers of H. capsulatum, 83 bats were sampled from two regions in
France. Sixty-one specimens belonging to the Pteropus rodricensis
(n = 45) and Rousettus aegyptiacus (n = 16) species were collected
from a zoologic park (La Palmyre, western France). Twenty-two
specimens were recovered from the Natural History Museum (Bourges)
including the species Plecotus austriacus (n = 1), Pipistrellus
pipistrellus (n = 3), and Nyctalus noctula (n = 18). From the lung
DNA samples of 83 dead bats, only one sample of an N. noctula bat
from Bourges amplified the H. capsulatum Hcp100 marker. The
amplified product was sequenced and revealed a high similarity to
the G217B H. capsulatum reference strain sequence that was
deposited in the GenBank database. This finding suggests that H.
capsulatum is an environmental pathogen in France that may infect
bats.
Keywords: Histoplasma capsulatum, bats, France, Hcp100 marker,
molecular detection
使用Hcp100基因分子檢測法檢查法國野生常見褐色大蝙蝠肺內莢膜組織包漿菌
翻譯:董佳穎
Antonio Ernesto González-González , M.Sc., José Antonio Ramírez
, M.Sc., Cécile Marie Aliouat-Denis , Ph.D., Christine Demanche ,
Ph.D., El Moukhtar Aliouat , Ph.D., Eduardo Dei-Cas , M.D., Ph.D.,
Magali Chabé , Ph.D., and Maria Lucia Taylor , Ph.D.
摘要:莢膜組織包漿菌為一種雙態性真菌,廣泛的分布在熱帶及亞熱帶地區,並且感染多種哺乳動物,主要宿主為蝙蝠。有感染性的繁殖體會在蝙蝠及鳥類的糞便中生長。共同活化蛋白編碼基因(Hcp100)為高度敏感性的特定分子標記片段,用於測定來自法國野生或圈養蝙蝠肺臟中莢膜組織包漿菌,以巢式聚合酶連鎖反應檢測。為了確認蝙蝠在法國是否為莢膜組織包漿菌的帶原者,因此,從法國兩個區域採集的83個蝙蝠樣本,從動物學公園收集61個樣本其中包含45個羅島狐蝠和16個Rousettus
aegyptiacus蝙蝠。22個樣本從自然歷史博物館內找到,包含1個 Plecotus austriacus
3個Pipistrellus和18個Nyctalus noctula;83隻死亡蝙蝠肺臟的DNA樣本中只有一個源自N. noctula
bat的樣本。增幅的產物進行定序,並發現與G217B莢膜組織包漿菌株參考序列具有高相似性,已被儲存在GenBank數據庫。此發現顯示,莢膜組織包漿菌是法國的環境病原體,可能會感染蝙蝠。
關鍵字:莢膜組織包漿菌、蝙蝠、法國、Hcp100標記、分子檢測
Pages 21-26
SALMONELLA, CAMPYLOBACTER, AND CHLAMYDOPHILA IN BALD IBIS
(GERONTICUS EREMITA) FECES IN TURKEY
Osman Yaşar Tel, D.V.M., Ph.D.,Faruk Bozkaya, D.V.M., Ph.D., and
Oktay Keskin, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Abstract:
The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of
Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Chlamydophila psittaci in
fecal samples of bald ibises (Geronticus eremita) housed in a
conservation facility in Turkey. A total of 82 fecal samples were
collected from cages and evaluated by bacteriologic methods and a
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for Campylobacter spp.
and Salmonella spp. and by PCR for C. psittaci. Campylobacter spp.
were isolated from 24 of 82 fecal samples (29.2%). Of these 18
(75%), 4 (16.7%) and 2 (8.3%) were Campylobacter jejuni,
Campylobacter coli, and other Campylobacter spp., respectively.
Salmonella spp. were detected in 8 fecal specimens.(9.7%) by PCR.
The presence of C. psittaci was not detected in the bald ibises
studied. The results suggested that the bald ibises in this present
study might be at a higher risk of infection with Salmonella spp.
and Campylobacter spp.
Keywords: Bald ibis, Campylobacter, Chlamydophila psittaci,
Geronticus eremita, PCR, Salmonella
土耳其隱䴉糞便內沙門氏菌、彎曲桿菌和披衣菌
翻譯:董佳穎
Osman Yaşar Tel , D.V.M., Ph.D., Faruk Bozkaya , D.V.M., Ph.D.,
and Oktay Keskin , D.V.M., Ph.D.
摘要:本次研究目的,是要調查在土耳其圈養在各保護區內的土耳其隱䴉,糞便樣本內的彎曲桿菌類、沙門氏菌類及披衣菌類。從籠子內收集82
個糞便樣本,並且藉由細菌學方法和聚合酶連鎖反應技術,進行彎曲桿菌類和沙門氏菌類評估,並透過聚合酶連鎖反應檢測鸚鵡病披衣菌。82個糞便樣本中有24個分離出彎曲桿菌類佔(29.2%),而24個檢測出的樣本中包含18個Campylobacter
jejuni(75%), 4個Campylobacter coli
(16.7%),2個其他彎曲桿菌類(8.3%)。在8個糞便樣本中,由聚合酶連鎖反應檢測出沙門氏菌類(9.7%)。本次研究的土耳其隱䴉,未檢測到鸚鵡病披衣菌的存在。結果顯示,在本次研究中,顯示土耳其隱䴉在沙門氏菌類和彎曲桿菌類有高感染風險。
關鍵字:隱䴉、彎曲桿菌、鸚鵡病披衣菌、隱䴉學名、聚合酶連鎖反應、沙門氏菌
Pages 27-34
SEROLOGIC, PARASITIC, AND BACTERIOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF CAPTIVE
CRACIDS (AVES: GALLIFORMES: CRACIDAE) IN BRAZIL
Marcus Vinícius Romero Marques, D.V.M., M.Sc.,Francisco Carlos
Ferreira Junior, D.V.M., M.Sc.,Danielle de Assis Andery, D.V.M.,
M.Sc., André Almeida Fernandes, M.Sc.,Alessandra Vitelli de Araújo,
D.V.M., M.Sc.,José Sérgio de Resende, D.V.M., Ph.D.,Nelson Rodrigo
da Silva Martins, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Abstract:
Captive cracids (Aves: Galliformes: Cracidae), including
endangered species, were studied (n = 130) for the assessment of
health status, including Aburria jacutinga (black-fronted
piping-guan, n = 42), Crax blumenbachii (red-knobbed curassow, n =
54), Crax fasciolata (bare-faced curassow, n = 28), and Penelope
obscura (dusky-legged guan, n = 6). The exposure to Mycoplasma
gallisepticum (MG), Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), Salmonella pullorum
(SP), Salmonella gallinarum (SG), avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1),
and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) were determined by
serology, and SG and SP also were evaluated by culture.
Ectoparasites and endoparasites were identified using light
microscopy. Sera were negative by the hemagglutination inhibition
(HI) test for antibodies to MG or MS, although serum was reactive
to MG (32%, 42/130) by the rapid serum agglutination test (SAT).
Although positive reactions (26.9%, 35/130) for SP and SG were
detected by SAT, cloacal swab cultures were negative for SP and SG.
IBDV antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
in two dusky-legged guans (1.5%, 2/130). HI antibody titers to
APMV-1 were found in 20 (15.3%) cracids, with titers ranging from
16 to 1,024. Fifty percent of birds (65/130) had ectoparasites.
Lice (Menacanthus spp.) and mites (Astigmata: Analgesidae,
Megninidae; Megninia spp.) were found in red-knobbed curassow;
Megninia spp. also were found in bare-faced curassow, black-fronted
piping-guan, and dusky-legged guan. Eleven black-fronted
piping-guans presented dual parasitism by Megninia spp. and
Ornithonyssus spp. Endoparasites were detected in 16.1% (21/130) of
birds, and some with multiple parasites. Oocysts of coccidia and
eggs of Capillaria spp. (Nematoda: Trichuroidea) were found in the
feces of red-knobbed curassow. Eggs of Strongyloides spp. were
found in the feces of bare-faced curassow, and eggs of Ascaridia
spp., Capillaria spp., and Strongyloides spp. were found in
black-fronted piping-guan. Cysts of Blastocystis spp. were found in
dusky-legged guan. Antibodies to IBDV and APMV-1 indicate previous
exposure. However, considering that birds were clinically normal,
immune stimulation might have been from live chicken vaccine strain
infections that are widely used in Brazilian poultry. The high
parasitism levels indicate that a routine inspection for internal
and external parasites is warranted.
Keywords: Cracid, health status, Aburria jacutinga, Crax
blumenbachii, Crax fasciolata, Penelope obscura
巴西圈養鳳冠雉科(鳥綱:雞型目:鳳冠雉科)的血清學、寄生蟲學、細菌學評估
翻譯:鄧晴安
Marcus Vinícius Romero Marques , D.V.M., M.Sc., Francisco Carlos
Ferreira Junior , D.V.M., M.Sc., Danielle de Assis Andery , D.V.M.,
M.Sc., André Almeida Fernandes , M.Sc., Alessandra Vitelli de
Araújo , D.V.M., M.Sc., José Sérgio de Resende , D.V.M., Ph.D.,
Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins , D.V.M., Ph.D.
摘要:圈養鳳冠雉科(鳥綱:雞型目:鳳冠雉科),其中包括瀕危物種,對其進行研究(n=130),進行健康狀況的評估,包含Aburria
jacutinga (黑額鳴冠雉,n=42)、Crax blumenbachii (紅嘴鳳冠雉,n=54)、Crax
fasciolata (裸臉鳳冠雉,n=28)及Penelope obscura
(烏腿冠雉,n=6)。將受試鳥暴露於Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG),Mycoplasma synoviae
(MS),Salmonella pullorum (SP),Salmonella gallinarum (SG),家禽副黏液病毒-1
(APMV-1),以及傳染性華氏囊炎病毒(IBDV),經以血清學的方式評估,SG和SP也以培養做鑑定。體外寄生蟲和體內寄生蟲以光學顯微鏡辨別。雖然血清在快速血清凝集試驗(SAT)中對MG
(32%,
42/130)有反應,但以血液凝集抑制試驗檢測血清中對MG或MS抗體,呈現陰性反應。雖然在SAT檢測下SP及SG呈現陽性反應(26.9%,35/130),但泄殖腔拭子培養對於SP和SG則呈現陰性。在兩隻烏腿冠雉(1.5%,
2/130)體內,以酶聯免疫吸附試驗檢測到IBDV抗體。對應APMV-1的抗體在20隻(15.3%)鳳冠雉科中被發現,效價範圍為16-1024。百分之50的鳥(65/130)有體外寄生蟲。紅嘴鳳冠雉上發現蝨(翎虱屬)和蟎(無氣門亞目:
羽螨科, Megninidae; Megninia spp.)。Megninia
spp.也在裸臉鳳冠雉、黑額鳴冠雉以及烏腿冠雉身上被發現。11隻黑額鳴冠雉發現被Megninia spp.
以及禽刺螨屬雙重寄生。在16.1%(21/130)的鳥體內有內寄生蟲,有些是被複數種寄生蟲寄生。球蟲的卵囊和毛細線蟲屬.(線蟲動物門
: 鞭尾總科)的卵在紅嘴鳳冠雉的糞便被發現。Strongyloides
spp.的卵在裸臉鳳冠雉的糞便被發現。禽蛔蟲屬、毛細線蟲屬、類圓線蟲屬的卵,則在黑額鳴冠雉的糞便被發現。芽囊原蟲屬的囊胞,在烏腿冠雉的糞便被發現。對抗IBDV和APMV-1的抗體顯示早期暴露。然而,鑒於這些鳥在臨床表現正常,免疫刺激可能從廣泛用於巴西的禽類活雞疫苗株的感染。高寄生水平顯示,例行性檢查內外寄生蟲是必要的。
關鍵字:鳳冠雉科、健康評估、黑額鳴冠雉學名、紅嘴鳳冠雉學名、裸臉鳳冠雉學名、烏腿冠雉
Pages 35-41
BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM DUGONGS (DUGONG DUGON) SUB-MITTED FOR
POSTMORTEM EXAMINATION IN QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA, 2000–2011
Kristen A. Nielsen, B.A.,Helen C. Owen, B.V.M.S., Ph.D.,
M.A.C.V.Sc., Paul C. Mills, Ph.D., M.A.C.V.Sc., Mark Flint,
B.V.Sc., Ph.D., and Justine S. Gibson, B.V.Sc., Ph.D
Abstract:
Microbial infection may contribute to disease in a significant
proportion of marine mammal mortalities, but little is known about
infectious bacterial species and their prevalence in dugongs
(Dugong dugon). This study represents a survey of the species of
bacteria and fungi isolated from dugongs submitted to the
University of Queensland's School of Veterinary Science for
postmortem examination. Thirty-six dugongs were included in the
survey, with 23 species of bacteria and four species of fungus
cultured from lesions that were suspected of contributing to local
infection, systemic infection, or both. The most abundant bacteria
included Aeromonas spp., Clostridium spp., Vibrio spp.,
Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas spp. In six cases, the
microorganism(s) cultured were considered to have been associated
with disease. Mixed infections containing Aeromonas spp. and Vibrio
spp.; Morganella morganii, Pasteurella multocida, and Serratia
marcescens; and Actinomyces spp. and Peptostreptococcus spp. were
associated with pneumonia or pleuritis, and Enterococcus faecalis
was associated with a multisystemic infection in a neonate.
Clostridium spp. was cultured from two animals with peritonitis and
likely septicemia. The significance of many of the other isolates
is uncertain because the samples were taken after death, and some
of the species isolated may represent postmortem overgrowth. It is
also difficult to fulfil Koch's postulates through experimental
infection in marine mammals. Regardless, this information will
assist clinicians working with dugongs to make treatment decisions
and the baseline data on the prevalence of bacterial and fungal
species is of value for monitoring coastal water habitat health and
risks of zoonotic disease transmission.
Keywords: Australia, dugong, Dugong dugon, marine wildlife,
microbiology, Sirenia
從2000到2011間澳洲昆士蘭州病理解剖儒艮的細菌分離
翻譯:鄧晴安
Kristen A. Nielsen , B.A., Helen C. Owen , B.V.M.S., Ph.D.,
M.A.C.V.Sc., Paul C. Mills , Ph.D., M.A.C.V.Sc., Mark Flint ,
B.V.Sc., Ph.D., and Justine S. Gibson , B.V.Sc., Ph.D.
摘要:微生物感染可能在海洋哺乳類死亡率中佔一顯著比例,但在儒艮身上感染的細菌種類,以及罹病率鮮為人知。這次研究,對送至昆士蘭大學獸醫學院進行病理解剖的儒艮身上,分離出之細菌和真菌種類進行研究。在這次研究中包含36隻儒艮,有23種細菌和4種真菌,從病灶培養並且懷疑導致局部感染、全身性感染或兩者皆有。親水性產氣單胞菌類、梭狀芽孢桿菌類、弧菌類、糞腸球菌和假單孢菌類數量最多。在6件病例中,經微生物培養後,被認為和疾病有關聯。混合感染包含親水性產氣單胞菌類和弧菌類
; Morganella morganii、Pasteurella multocida和Serratia marcescens;
Actinomyces spp.以及Peptostreptococcus
spp.被認為和肺炎或胸膜炎相關,糞腸球菌被認為和新生兒多系統性的感染相關。在兩隻患有腹膜炎,並懷疑有敗血症的動物中培養出梭狀芽孢桿菌類。因為樣本是在死後採集,許多分離株的重要性仍不確定,而且有些分離株,可能表示是死後過度生長。這也難以在海洋哺乳類身上進行實驗性感染來履行柯赫氏法則。無論如何,這些資訊將有助於與儒艮工作的臨床工作者,擬定治療方式;這些細菌和真菌罹病率的基準數據,對於水域沿岸棲息地的健康與人畜共通傳染病散布的風險監控是有價值。關鍵字:澳洲、儒艮、儒艮學名、海洋野生動物類、微生物學、海牛目
Pages 42-54
KINETICS OF VIRAL LOADS AND GENOTYPIC ANALYSIS OF ELEPHANT
ENDOTHELIOTROPIC HERPESVIRUS-1 INFECTION IN CAPTIVE ASIAN ELEPHANTS
(ELEPHAS MAXIMUS)
Jeffrey J. Stanton, D.V.M., Jian-Chao Zong, Ph.D., Crystal Eng,
M.S., Lauren Howard, D.V.M., Joe Flanagan, D.V.M., Martina Stevens,
B.S., Dennis Schmitt, D.V.M., Ellen Wiedner, D.V.M., Danielle
Graham, D.V.M., Randall E. Junge, D.V.M., Martha A. Weber, D.V.M.,
Martha Fischer, B.S., Alicia Mejia, B.S., Jie Tan, B.S., Erin
Latimer, B.S., Alan Herron, D.V.M., Gary S. Hayward, Ph.D., and
Paul D. Ling, Ph.D.
Abstract:
Elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses (EEHVs) can cause fatal
hemorrhagic disease in juvenile Asian elephants (Elephas maximus);
however, sporadic shedding of virus in trunk washes collected from
healthy elephants also has been detected. Data regarding the
relationship of viral loads in blood compared with trunk washes are
lacking, and questions about whether elephants can undergo multiple
infections with EEHVs have not been addressed previously. Real-time
quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the
kinetics of EEHV1 loads, and genotypic analysis was performed on
EEHV1 DNA detected in various fluid samples obtained from five
Asian elephants that survived detectable EEHV1 DNAemia on at least
two separate occasions. In three elephants displaying clinical
signs of illness, preclinical EEHV1 DNAemia was detectable, and
peak whole-blood viral loads occurred 3–8 days after the onset of
clinical signs. In two elephants with EEHV1 DNAemia that persisted
for 7–21 days, no clinical signs of illness were observed.
Detection of EEHV1 DNA in trunk washes peaked approximately 21 days
after DNAemia, and viral genotypes detected during DNAemia matched
those detected in subsequent trunk washes from the same elephant.
In each of the five elephants, two distinct EEHV1 genotypes were
identified in whole blood and trunk washes at different time
points. In each case, these genotypes represented both an EEHV1A
and an EEHV1B subtype. These data suggest that knowledge of viral
loads could be useful for the management of elephants before or
during clinical illness. Furthermore, sequential infection with
both EEHV1 subtypes occurs in Asian elephants, suggesting that they
do not elicit cross-protective sterilizing immunity. These data
will be useful to individuals involved in the husbandry and
clinical care of Asian elephants.
Keywords: Elephant, EEHV, herpesvirus, Proboscivirus, real-time
polymerase chain reaction, viral load
象親內皮皰疹病毒1型感染圈養亞洲象的病毒載量動力學與基因型分析
翻譯:連振曄
Jeffrey J. Stanton, D.V.M., Jian-Chao Zong, Ph.D., Crystal Eng,
M.S., Lauren Howard, D.V.M., Joe Flanagan, D.V.M., Martina Stevens,
B.S., Dennis Schmitt, D.V.M., Ellen Wiedner, D.V.M., Danielle
Graham, D.V.M., Randall E. Junge, D.V.M., Martha A. Weber, D.V.M.,
Martha Fischer, B.S., Alicia Mejia, B.S., Jie Tan, B.S., Erin
Latimer, B.S., Alan Herron, D.V.M., Gary S. Hayward, Ph.D., and
Paul D. Ling, Ph.D.
摘要:象親內皮皰疹病毒(EEHVs),可以在年輕的亞洲象導致致命出血性疾病;然而,在健康大象的鼻腔沖洗液收集中,也檢測到有散發性的排毒。血液病毒載量與鼻腔沖洗液,相關的數據較為缺乏,至於大象是否會有EEHV的多重性感染,尚未釐清。以即時性聚合酶鏈結反應,研究EEHV1載量動力學;以基因型分析用來檢測,進行EEHV1
DNA分析,採自5隻仍舊存活的亞洲象的採樣液,至少在二個階段可被檢測出EEHV1
DNA血症。3隻大象在臨床EEHV1DNA血症能夠被檢測出前,即出現疾病的臨床症狀;全血病毒載量的高峰在臨床症狀呈現3-8天後出現。2頭象持續有EEHIV-1
DNA血症7-21天,並無發現臨床症狀。以鼻腔沖洗液檢測EEHV1
DNA,約於DNA血症21天後,達到高峰;在同一頭象,DNA血症期間,持續檢測病毒基因型,結果皆與DNA血症時檢測的結果相符。在這5頭象,於不同的時間點,2種的EEHV1基因型有區別,在全血與鼻腔沖洗液被鑑定。在每一病例,這些基因型表示EEHV1A與EEHV1B的亞型。這些數據推測病毒載量的資訊可能對大象發生前或已出現臨床症狀的處理有幫助。更多的是,連續感染EEHV1兩種亞型的亞洲象不引起交叉保護消除性免疫。這些資料將對畜牧業與臨床護理亞洲象的工作人員有幫助。
關鍵字:象、EEHV、皰疹病毒、長鼻動物病毒屬、即時聚合酶鏈式反應、病毒載量
Pages 55-61
USE OF BUTORPHANOL DURING IMMOBILIZATION OF FREE-RANGING WHITE
RHINOCEROS (CERATOTHERIUM SIMUM)
Michele Miller, D.V.M., Ph.D.,Peter Buss, B.V.Sc., M.Med.Vet.,
Jenny Joubert, B.Tech. (Vet), B.Sc.Hon., Nomkhosi Mathebula, B.
Tech. (Vet), Marius Kruger, B.Sc.Hon., M.Sc., Laura Martin,
B.S.,Markus Hofmeyr, B.V.Sc., and Francisco Olea-Popelka, D.V.M.,
Ph.D.
Abstract:
Forty free-ranging white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) were
anesthetized with etorphine, azaperone, and hyaluronidase in Kruger
National Park, South Africa, between February and August 2009.
Eighteen rhinoceros received butorphanol in the dart combination,
and 22 rhinoceros had butorphanol administered intravenously within
15 min of darting. Body position, blood gas values, heart rate,
respiratory rate, and temperature were measured at two time points
after darting, approximately 10 min apart (sample 1 mean collection
time after darting, 9.4 ± 2.7 min; sample 2 mean collection time,
18.6 ± 2.8 min). A significant number of field-captured rhinoceros
remained standing at the first sample period when butorphanol was
administered in the dart. Higher median values for arterial partial
pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in combination with lower arterial
partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in standing versus
recumbent rhinoceros suggested improved ventilation in this posture
(P < 0.05). When the effect of time, body position, and age was
controlled, median values for respiratory rate, lactate, and pH
were better in rhinoceros that received butorphanol in the dart (P
< 0.05). There was also a trend toward higher median values for
SO2 and bicarbonate in rhinoceros receiving butorphanol in the
dart. Intravenous administration of butorphanol resulted in
significantly decreased median PaCO2 and heart rate in recumbent
rhinoceros (P < 0.05) without changes in PaO2 between sample
periods 1 and 2. However, rhinoceros remained hypoxemic during the
short anesthetic procedure despite butorphanol administration.
Preliminary results suggest that administration of butorphanol
(either in the dart or intravenously) improves some metabolic
parameters in free-ranging recumbent white rhinoceros without
significantly affecting ventilation. It is hypothesized that this
may be due to a lighter state of immobilization. Addition of
butorphanol to the dart provides handling and physiologic
advantages because the majority of rhinoceros remain standing.
Keywords: blood gas, butorphanol, cardiorespiratory effect,
Ceratotherium simum, immobilization, white rhinoceros
保定自由放養白犀牛期間使用布托菲諾
翻譯:鄧晴安
Michele Miller , D.V.M., Ph.D., Peter Buss , B.V.Sc.,
M.Med.Vet., Jenny Joubert , B.Tech. (Vet), B.Sc.Hon., Nomkhosi
Mathebula , B. Tech. (Vet), Marius Kruger , B.Sc.Hon., M.Sc., Laura
Martin , B.S., Markus Hofmeyr , B.V.Sc., and Francisco Olea-Popelka
, D.V.M., Ph.D.
摘要:2009年2月至8月期間,在位於南非的克魯格國家公園以etorphine、azaperone以及hyaluronidase,麻醉40頭自由放養的白犀牛。18頭犀牛接受布托菲諾飛鏢麻醉,22隻白犀牛在接受飛鏢15分鐘內接受布托菲諾靜脈給藥。體位、血液氣體數值、心跳速率、呼吸速率、體溫皆於實行飛標後,分別的兩個時間點內量測,每次量測約間隔10分鐘(樣本1表示實施飛標後9.4
± 2.7分鐘量測數據;樣本2表示18.6 ± 2.8分鐘量測數據)
有些以布托菲諾飛標實地捕捉到的犀牛,在第1次收集數據時維持站姿的狀態。站姿較側臥犀牛有較高的動脈氧分壓(PaO2)中間值,與較低動脈二氧化碳分壓(PaCO2)中間值,站立姿勢較倒臥可改善換氣量(P
< 0.05)。當作用時間、身體姿勢、年齡皆在控制下,以飛鏢使用布托菲諾的犀牛,有較佳的平均呼吸速率、乳酸以及pH質(P
< 0.05)。以飛鏢投予布托菲諾的犀牛,趨向於有較高的二氧化硫和碳酸鹽中間值。靜脈注射布托菲諾,在側臥的犀牛(P <
0.05),於採樣週期1與2的二氧化碳分壓及心跳速率顯著降低,但氧分壓無變化。然而,即使是短期麻醉,投予布托菲諾的犀牛,在麻醉期間持續出現低血氧症。初步結果顯示布托菲諾給藥(無論飛鏢給藥或是靜脈給藥),改善自由放養側臥白犀牛代謝參數,但對換氣無明顯影響。根據這樣的情況,推測可能是保定較輕微所致的結果。除了布托菲諾飛鏢對人員操作與生理狀況的優點外,大部分的犀牛仍可處於站姿。
關鍵字:血液氣體、布托菲諾、心肺效應、白犀牛學名、保定、白犀牛
Pages 62-69
TISSUE ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN THE LOGGERHEAD SEA TURTLE (CARETTA
CARETTA)
Eric T. Anderson, D.V.M., Victoria L. Socha, B.S., Jennifer
Gardner, M.T. (ASCP), Lynne Byrd, B.A., C.V.T., and Charles A.
Manire, D.V.M.
Abstract:
The loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta, one of the seven
species of threatened or endangered sea turtles worldwide, is one
of the most commonly encountered marine turtles off the eastern
coast of the United States and Gulf of Mexico. Although biochemical
reference ranges have been evaluated for several species of sea
turtles, tissue specificity of the commonly used plasma enzymes is
lacking. This study evaluated the tissue specificity of eight
enzymes, including amylase, lipase, creatine kinase (CK),
gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP),
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and
alanine aminotransferase (ALT), in 30 tissues from five stranded
loggerhead sea turtles with no evidence of infectious disease.
Amylase and lipase showed the greatest tissue specificity, with
activity found only in pancreatic samples. Creatine kinase had high
levels present in skeletal and cardiac muscle, and moderate levels
in central nervous system and gastrointestinal samples.
Gamma-glutamyl transferase was found in kidney samples, but only in
very low levels. Creatine kinase, ALP, AST, and LDH were found in
all tissues evaluated and ALT was found in most, indicating low
tissue specificity for these enzymes in the loggerhead.
Keywords: Amylase, Caretta caretta, loggerhead, sea turtle,
biochemistry, tissue enzyme
赤蠵龜的組織酵素活性
翻譯:陳亭余
Eric T. Anderson, D.V.M., Victoria L. Socha, B.S., Jennifer
Gardner, M.T. (ASCP), Lynne Byrd, B.A., C.V.T., and Charles A.
Manire, D.V.M.
Abstract:
摘要:赤蠵龜為全世界七種受威脅或瀕危的海龜之一,是美國和墨西哥灣東部海岸最常遇到的海龜。雖然已經有一些文獻探討海龜的生化血液數值之參考範圍,但仍缺乏對應的組織特異性血清生化數值相關的探討。本研究評估了8種酶,包括澱粉酶、脂肪酶、肌酸激酶(CK)、γ-谷氨酰轉移酶(GGT)、鹼性磷酸酶(ALP)、乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)、天冬氨酸氨基轉移酶(AST)和丙氨酸氨基轉移酶(ALT),樣本來自於五隻沒有傳染病疑慮的赤蠵龜的30份組織樣本。澱粉酶和脂肪酶顯示出最大的組織特異性,僅在胰腺樣本中發現活性。肌酸激酶在骨骼和心肌中高程度的存在;在中樞神經系統和胃腸道樣本呈中等程度存在。腎臟樣品中發現γ-谷氨酰轉移酶,但只有非常低的程度。在所有評估的組織中都可以發現CK、ALP、AST和LDH,ALT為其中發現最多的,表示以上這些酶在組織中的組織特異性較低。
關鍵字:澱粉酶、赤蠵龜學名、赤蠵龜、海龜、血液生化、組織酵素
Pages 70-78
DETECTION OF CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUS SERUM NEUTRALIZING
ANTIBODIES IN CAPTIVE U.S. PHOCIDS
Meredith M. Clancy, D.V.M., Kathryn C. Gamble, D.V.M., M.S.,
Dipl. A.C.Z.M, and Dominic A. Travis, D.V.M., M.S.
Abstract:
Antibodies to morbilliviruses have been documented in
free-ranging pinnipeds throughout populations in the Atlantic and
Arctic Oceans, but not from the Pacific Ocean. As a symbolic
geographic barrier between the exposed Atlantic and naïve Pacific
populations, the captive phocid population in North America had
undocumented serologic status. In this study, canine distemper
virus (CDV) serum neutralization assays were used to assess the
prevalence of antibodies in this population with participation of
25 U.S. institutions from grey seals (Halichoerus grypus, n = 6)
and harbor seals (Phoca vitulina, n = 108). Historic and
environmental risk factors associated with the epidemiology of
distemper virus were collected by survey. Based on antibodies to
canine distemper virus, the prevalence of exposure in this
population was 25.5%, with 28 seals (grey, n = 2; harbor, n = 26)
demonstrating antibody titers ≥1:16, and positive titers ranged
from 1:4 to 1:1,536. By survey analysis, strong associations with
seropositive status were identified for captive origin (P = 0.013)
and movement among institutions (P = 0.024). Size of population has
positive correlation with likelihood of seropositive seals at an
institution (P = 0.020). However, no major husbandry or
enclosure-based risk factors were identified in institutions with
seropositive seals, and no interaction between individual or
institutional risk factors was identified. Previously undocumented
prior to this study, CDV antibodies were measured in harbor seals
(n = 2) recently stranded from the Pacific coast.
Keywords: Grey seal, Halichoerus grypus, harbor seal,
morbillivirus, Phoca vitulina, risk analysis
圈養海豹監測犬瘟熱病毒血清中和抗體
翻譯:賴燕雪
Meredith M. Clancy, D.V.M., Kathryn C. Gamble, D.V.M., M.S.,
Dipl. A.C.Z.M, and Dominic A. Travis, D.V.M., M.S.
摘要:大西洋以及北冰洋海域的野生鰭腳類族群,對麻疹病毒屬的抗體已經被發表,但太平洋則否。介於大西洋與太平洋的地理屏障象徵的族群,北美圈養海豹族群的血清學狀況尚未被發表。此研究從25個美國機構的灰海豹(n
= 6)以及斑點海豹(n =
108)的犬瘟熱病毒(CDV)血清中和試驗,來分析抗體的發生率。調查中收集與犬瘟熱有關的流行病學上歷史性的與環境風險因子。基於對犬瘟熱病毒的抗體,此族群暴露的發生率為25.5%,28隻海豹(灰海豹n
= 2; 斑點海豹 n =
26)證實抗體力價≥1:16,陽性力價範圍從1:4到1:1,536。藉由此調查分析,血清陽性強烈關聯性為圈養來源(P =
0.013)以及機構間的移動(P =
0.024)。海豹族群的大小與一個機構中血清陽性可能有正相關。然而,有血清陽性海豹的機構中,沒有找出主要的管理或欄舍設施為基礎的風險因子,也沒有找出個體或機構間的風險因子。在此研究前沒有記錄到,最近從太平洋海岸擱淺的斑點海豹(n
= 2)測出犬瘟熱病毒抗體。
關鍵字:灰海豹、灰海豹學名、斑點海豹、麻疹病毒屬、斑點海豹學名、風險分析
Pages 79-86
GASTRIC PNEUMATOSIS WITH ASSOCIATED EOSINOPHILIC GASTRITIS IN
FOUR BLACK AND WHITE RUFFED LEMURS (VARECIA VARIEGATA
VARIEGATA)
Megan C. Niederwerder, D.V.M., Ilse H. Stalis, D.V.M., Dipl.
A.C.V.P., Gregory A. Campbell, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P., and
Kay A. Backues, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M.
Abstract:
Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI) with associated
eosinophilic inflammation was documented in the gastric tissues of
four black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata).
Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis is an uncommon disease described
in humans and characterized by multilocular gas-filled cystic
spaces located within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. These
cystic spaces can occur in any location along the gastrointestinal
tract as well as within the associated connective and lymphatic
tissues. The exact cause of this disease is unknown. The four black
and white ruffed lemurs described in this case series were captive
born and had been housed in zoological institutions at two separate
locations. Three of the four cases were female lemurs, and two of
the affected lemurs were directly related. The individual disease
presentations spanned a 5-yr time period. Two lemurs presented dead
with no premonitory signs, whereas the other two lemurs presented
with clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease and nonspecific
signs of weakness. Gastric pneumatosis, diagnosed either grossly or
histopathologically in each of these four lemurs, is described as a
subset of PCI in which cystic spaces are localized to the stomach
wall. Significant eosinophilic inflammatory infiltrate was
identified on histopathology of gastric tissues and found to be
associated with the cystic lesions in each lemur. No classic
etiology, such as a fungal infection or a parasitic infection, was
identified as the cause of the eosinophilic gastritis. This case
series demonstrates that gastric pneumatosis with associated
eosinophilic gastritis may be a significant gastrointestinal
disease in black and white ruffed lemurs.
Keywords: Black and white ruffed lemur, eosinophil,
intussusception, pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis, stomach,
Varecia variegata variegata
四隻白頸狐猴胃壁積氣併發嗜伊紅性胃炎
翻譯:王寶榮
Megan C. Niederwerder, D.V.M., Ilse H. Stalis, D.V.M., Dipl.
A.C.V.P., Gregory A. Campbell, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P., and
Kay A. Backues, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M.
摘要:四隻白頸狐猴出現與胃組織嗜伊紅性球炎症相關的小腸道壁囊狀積氣症狀。小腸道壁囊狀積氣症在人類出現,並不常見的臨床症狀,主要的特徵是在胃腸壁中,出現多處氣體積聚囊狀空間。這種囊狀空間可能發生在胃腸道中,各種相連的組織如結締組織與淋巴組織。這種疾病的原因仍不明瞭。在此案例描述的四隻白頸狐猴,分別飼養在動物園組織中分離的兩個區塊中。4隻中有3隻母的,兩隻個體直接有關連。各個案例分布在5年間陸續發生。兩隻個體在沒有症狀情形下即死亡;另外兩隻僅出現胃腸道臨床症狀,以及非特定的虛弱症狀。胃的積氣囊症在4隻個體,皆有眼觀與組織病理病變,在胃壁中出現小腸道壁囊樣積氣症。嗜伊紅性炎症浸潤的情形,在每一隻狐猴胃的組織病理檢查,皆與囊狀病灶相關聯。非典型的病因,如黴菌感染或寄生蟲感染,被確認為嗜伊紅性胃炎的原因。這些案例的系列監測,胃的氣囊症與嗜伊紅性胃炎,與白頸狐猴顯著的胃腸道疾病。
關鍵字:白頸狐猴、嗜伊紅、腸套疊、小腸道壁囊樣積氣症、胃、白頸狐猴學名
Pages 87-92
FETAL OMPHALOCELE IN A COMMON BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN (TURSIOPS
TRUNCATUS)
Cynthia R. Smith, D.V.M.,Eric D. Jensen, D.V.M.,Brad
A.Blankenship, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Mark Greenberg, M.D.,Deborah
A. D'Agostini, B.S.,Dolores H. Pretorius, M.D., Dipl. A.C.R.,
Nicholas C. Saenz, M.D.,Natalie Noll, D.V.M., and Stephanie K.
Venn-WatsonD.V.M., M.P.H.
Abstract:
A routine pregnancy ultrasound examination of a 30-yr-old,
multiparous, common bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus,
detected an approximately 16-wk (gestational age) fetus with an
omphalocele, an abdominal wall defect at the base of the umbilical
cord. Throughout the pregnancy, ultrasound allowed for
identification of the omphalocele contents, which included a
portion of the liver and intestinal loops. The maximum diameter of
the omphalocele was 11.4 cm at an estimated 51-wk gestation. Color
Doppler was utilized to study the blood flow within the omphalocele
as well as diagnose an associated anomaly of the umbilical cord,
which contained three vessels instead of four. Gross necropsy and
histopathology confirmed the ultrasound diagnoses. This is the
first report of an omphalocele in a T. truncatus fetus, and the
first report of a fetal and umbilical cord anomaly diagnosed with
ultrasound in a cetacean.
Keywords: Bottlenose dolphin, fetus, omphalocele, Tursiops
truncatus, ultrasound
於瓶鼻海豚之胎兒臍膨出
翻譯:陳亭余
Cynthia R. Smith, D.V.M.,Eric D. Jensen, D.V.M.,Brad
A.Blankenship, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Mark Greenberg, M.D.,Deborah
A. D'Agostini, B.S.,Dolores H. Pretorius, M.D., Dipl. A.C.R.,
Nicholas C. Saenz, M.D.,Natalie Noll, D.V.M., and Stephanie K.
Venn-WatsonD.V.M., M.P.H.
摘要:於一隻30歲經產的普通瓶鼻海豚,進行常規懷孕的超音波檢查,檢測到大約16週胎齡的胎兒,發現有臍膨出,在臍帶的基部腹壁有缺損。在整個懷孕期間,以超音波探查膨出內容物,其中包括一部分肝臟和腸管。在懷孕51週時,臍膨出的最大直徑為11.4厘米。利用彩色都普勒研究臍膨出中的血流,並診斷臍帶相關的異常,其包含三條血管而不是四條血管。肉眼病理解剖和組織病理學證實超音波的診斷。這是第一次在普通瓶鼻海豚的臍膨出報告,也是第一次在鯨豚類,以超音波診斷胎兒和臍帶異常的報告。關鍵字:瓶鼻海豚、胎兒、臍膨出、普通瓶鼻海豚學名、超音波
Pages 93-99 HEMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS IN AVIAN SPECIES FOLLOWING
INTRAMUSCULAR ADMINISTRATION OF POLYSULFATED GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN
Kadie Anderson, D.V.M., Michael M. Garner, D.V.M., Dipl.
A.C.V.P., Holly H. Reed, D.V.M, Kimberly Cook, D.V.M., Roberto
Aguilar, D.V.M., Susan Horton, D.V.M., Allison L. Case, D.V.M., and
Karen N. Wolf, M.S., D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M.
Abstract:
Polysulfated glycosaminoglycans (PSGAGs) have been used for
decades in a variety of species for the management of
osteoarthritic pain. However, reports on the use of PSGAGs in avian
species are scarce. In domestic cats and dogs, PSGAG injections
have caused prolongation of clotting times but are considered to be
an efficacious drug with a wide margin of safety. This publication
documents four cases of fatal coagulopathies in different avian
species (one coraciiforme, two raptors, and one psittacine)
following the intramuscular administration of PSGAG. All affected
birds received varying dosages and dosing intervals of PSGAG. Three
of the four birds experienced fatal hemorrhage into the pectoral
muscle, while the fourth bled continuously from the injection site.
Only one bird had chronic, severe pre-existing disease; the
remainder were being managed for osteoarthritis. This report
highlights the importance of species-specific dosing of PSGAG and
warrants further investigation into the etiopathogenesis of this
process.
Keywords: Adequan, avian, fatal hemorrhage, polysulfated
glycosaminoglycan
鳥類在肌肉注射多硫酸氨基葡聚醣後出現出血徵候
翻譯:羅婉瑄
Kadie Anderson, D.V.M., Michael M. Garner, D.V.M., Dipl.
A.C.V.P., Holly H. Reed, D.V.M, Kimberly Cook, D.V.M., Roberto
Aguilar, D.V.M., Susan Horton, D.V.M., Allison L. Case, D.V.M., and
Karen N. Wolf, M.S., D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M.
摘要:多硫酸氨基葡聚醣(PSGAGs)在各種物種中已經使用了數十年,用於治療骨關節炎的疼痛。但關於在禽類物種中使用PSGAG的報告很少。雖然PSGAG注射,在家貓和家犬中會引起凝血時間延長,但是安全性較大的有效藥物。本報告紀錄PSGAG肌內注射後,在四種不同禽類物種(一隻佛法僧目,兩隻猛禽和一隻鸚鵡)的致命性凝血病癥。所有受影響的鳥類,接受不同劑量和間隔的PSGAG。四隻鳥中,有三隻發生胸肌致死性出血,另外一隻從注射部位持續的出血。只有一隻鳥患有嚴重且先前就存在的慢性疾病,其餘的是為了控制關節炎。本報告強調了PSGAG的物種劑量特異性,並進一步調查該病在醫源性誘發的過程。
關鍵字:多硫酸氨基葡聚醣注射液商品名、鳥類、致命性出血、多硫酸糖胺聚醣
Pages 100-104
THE OCCURRENCE OF ELEPHANT ENDOTHELIOTROPIC HER-PESVIRUS IN
CAPTIVE ASIAN ELEPHANTS (ELEPHAS MAXIMUS): FIRST CASE OF EEHV4 IN
ASIA
Supaphen Sripiboon, D.V.M., M.S., Pallop Tankaew, B.S., Grishda
Lungka, D.V.M., and Chatchote Thitaram, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Abstract:
Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) is a type of
herpesvirus that causes acute hemorrhagic disease in Asian
elephants (Elephas maximus) and is often fatal, especially in
calves. This study describes the postmortem evaluation of two
captive-born Asian elephants (2 and 3 yr of age, respectively)
diagnosed with EEHV in Thailand. Both elephants presented only mild
depression, lethargy, and anorexia before death within 24 hr of
symptom onset. Necropsies were performed, and tissue samples were
tested for EEHV viral presence using polymerase chain reaction.
Molecular and phylogenetic evidence illustrated two types of EEHV,
which were closely related to EEHV1A in Case 1 and EEHV4 in Case 2.
Pathologic findings differed between the cases. More specific organ
tropism was found in Case 1, where mainly the cardiovascular system
was affected. In contrast, in Case 2, hemorrhages were noted in
most organs, including in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and
cardiovascular systems. This report is the first to document EEHV4
in Asia and the second case of this strain to be identified in an
elephant worldwide.
Keywords: Asian elephant, elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus,
Elephas maximus, pathology
在亞洲圈養亞洲象發生象親內皮性疱疹病毒4型的第一個案例
翻譯:連振曄
Supaphen Sripiboon, D.V.M., M.S., Pallop Tankaew, B.S., Grishda
Lungka, D.V.M., and Chatchote Thitaram, D.V.M., Ph.D.
摘要:象親內皮性疱疹病毒(EEHV)是疱疹病毒的一型,在亞洲象會造成急性出血性的疾病,通常會造成死亡,尤其是在小象。本篇研究描述在泰國兩隻圈養下出生的亞洲象(分別為2及3歲),經屍體解剖後診斷為EEHV感染。兩隻個體在死亡前24小時只出現輕度抑鬱、嗜睡和厭食的症狀。進行屍解後,組織樣本以聚合酶鏈結反應檢測EEHV。分子及演化分類證據分列為兩型的EEHV,第一例與EEHV
1A密切相關;第二例則與EEEV4相關。兩個病例病理上的發現也不同。較特定器官親向性發現在病例一,主要侵犯心血管系統。相較之下,在病例二大部份的器官包括消化系統、呼吸系統及心血管系統,發現出血病灶。這份報告是第一個在亞洲記錄EEHV4的案例,也是第二個在全球大象中鑑定出該型的案例。
關鍵字:亞洲象、象親內皮性疱疹病毒、亞洲象學名、病理學
Pages 105-115
MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE CAUSED BY HUMAN
RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS AND STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE IN CAPTIVE
CHIMPANZEES (PAN TROGLODYTES)
Steve Unwin, B.Sc., B.V.Sc., M.R.C.V.S., James Chatterton,
B.V.M. & S., M.SC., Cert. Zoo. Med., M.R.C.V.S., and Julian
Chantrey, B.Sc., B.V.M. & S., Ph.D., Dipl. R.C. Path.,
M.R.C.V.S
Abstract:
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are susceptible to many viral and
bacterial pathogens of human origin. This case series reports an
acute outbreak of respiratory disease due to human respiratory
syncytial virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae in a single group of
30 captive chimpanzees. Both pathogens are potentially zoonotic.
The diagnosis was made antemortem and enabled a targeted response
to the outbreak; but it more importantly, prompted improvements to
the disease surveillance, biosecurity for risk mitigation and risk
communication protocols within the zoo. A defined zoonotic disease
risk communication pathway provides a model for management and
compliance requirements for other collections.
Keywords: Chimpanzee, disease management, Pan troglodytes,
respiratory syncytial virus, Streptococcus pneumoniae
圈養黑猩猩感染人呼吸道融合病毒與肺炎鏈球菌導致嚴重呼吸道疾病的照護
翻譯:王寶榮
Steve Unwin, B.Sc., B.V.Sc., M.R.C.V.S., James Chatterton,
B.V.M. & S., M.SC., Cert. Zoo. Med., M.R.C.V.S., and Julian
Chantrey, B.Sc., B.V.M. & S., Ph.D., Dipl. R.C. Path.,
M.R.C.V.S
摘要:黑猩猩對許多人類的病毒與細菌性病原,有高度易感性。這個病例系列報告了在單一族群的30隻圈養族群,急性爆發與人類呼吸道融合病毒與肺炎鏈球菌有關的呼吸道疾病。兩種病原皆為潛在的人畜共通傳染病。雖然藉由臨死前的處置與爆發後啟動了特定反應,但更重要且需要重點改進的是,對這個疾病的監測、降低生物風險與動物園內風險的溝通流程。一個清晰的人畜共通傳染病風險的聯絡路徑,提供流暢的管理與相關資料蒐集需求模式。
關鍵字:黑猩猩、疾病管理、黑猩猩學名、呼吸道融合病毒、肺炎鏈球菌
Pages 116-123
OCULAR HEALTH ASSESSMENT, TEAR PRODUCTION, AND INTRAOCULAR
PRESSURE IN THE ANDROS ISLAND IGUANA (CYCLURA CYCHLURA
CYCHLURA)
Kimberlee B. Wojick, D.V.M., Lisa M. Naples, D.V.M., and Charles
R. Knapp, Ph.D.
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to assess the ocular health of a
wild population of Andros Island iguanas (Cyclura cychlura
cychlura) and determine reference values for tear production and
intraocular pressure (IOP) for this species. Fifty-two iguanas, 20
males and 32 females, ranging in size from 11.1- to 51.0-cm
snout-to-vent length (SVL), were included in the sample set, with
measurements obtained from each eye. No abnormalities were found on
ophthalmic examination, with the exception of mild, focal chemosis
in one individual and periocular ticks in 52% of iguanas. Tear
production was measured using the phenol red thread test, and IOP
was measured using the TonoVet® rebound tonometer set on the P
(undefined species) setting. No significant difference was found
between males and females for either measurement. No significant
difference was found between right and left eyes for intraocular
pressure; however, a significant difference was found between eyes
for tear production values. The mean (±SD) of IOP in the left and
right eyes were 4.77 ± 1.88 mm Hg and 5.12 ± 2.52 mm Hg,
respectively, with a range of 1–11 mm Hg. The mean (±SD) of tear
production in the left and right eyes were 10.63 ± 6.89 mm/15 sec
(range 1–28 mm/15 sec) and 12.44 ± 7.52 mm/15 sec (range 1–23 mm/15
sec), respectively. A positive correlation was found between SVL
and all ocular parameters measured. This study provides an
assessment of ocular health, as well as baseline values for IOP and
tear production, in the Andros Island iguana.
Keywords: Andros Island iguana, Cyclura cychlura, intraocular
pressure, ocular, ophthalmic, tear production
安德羅斯島鬣蜥眼睛健康評估、淚液產量及眼壓的測量
翻譯:黃珮筠
Kimberlee B. Wojick, D.V.M., Lisa M. Naples, D.V.M., and Charles
R. Knapp, Ph.D.
摘要:本研究的目的是評估安德羅斯島鬣蜥(Cyclura cychlura
cychlura)野生族群的眼睛健康,並建立此物種的淚液產量和眼壓(IOP)的參考值。收集的樣本包括52個鬣蜥,20個雄性和32個雌性,大小範圍為11.1至51.0cm的鼻肛長度(SVL),雙側眼睛皆進行測量。在眼科檢查中只有一個個體中有輕微局部的結膜水腫,52%的鬣蜥有的眼周蜱,其餘無明顯異常。使用酚紅試劑來測量淚液產生量,眼壓的測量則使用TonoVet®眼壓測量儀,調整在P(未定義物種)設置上來進行。對於任一測量,在雄性和雌性之間沒有發現顯著差異。右眼和左眼之間沒有發現眼壓的顯著差異;然而,在淚液產生值發現顯著差異。左眼和右眼的眼壓平均值(±SD)分別為4.77±1.88
mm Hg和5.12±2.52 mm Hg,誤差範圍為1-11 mm
Hg。左眼和右眼的淚液產生的平均值(±SD)分別為10.63±6.89mm / 15秒(範圍1-28mm /
15秒)和12.44±7.52mm / 15秒(範圍1-23mm /
15秒)。SVL和所有眼部參數的測量之間呈現正相關。這項研究提供眼部健康的評估方法,以及安德羅斯島鬣蜥眼壓和淚液產生量的基礎值。
關鍵字:安德羅斯島鬣蜥、安德羅斯島鬣蜥學名、眼球內的、壓力、眼球的、眼科的、眼淚產出
Pages 124-129
PREPUTIAL DEMODEX SPECIES IN BIG BROWN BATS (EPTESICUS FUSCUS)
IN EASTERN TENNESSEE
Julia S. Lankton, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Alycia Chapman, M.S.,
Edward C. Ramsay, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Stephen A. Kania, M.S.,
Ph.D., and Kimberly M. Newkirk, D.V.M., Ph.D, Dipl. A.C.V.P.
Abstract:
The presence of preputial Demodex species in four captive,
wild-caught big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) in eastern Tennessee,
USA, examined between 2008 and 2010 is reported. In three of four
cases, there was associated folliculitis, dermatitis, or preputial
adenitis. There were no clinical signs directly attributable to the
mites, although penile prolapse was present in one case. Mites were
retrieved from preputial skin samples of other archival big brown
bats by potassium hydroxide digestion and analyzed by polymerase
chain reaction (PCR). DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed
99.6% homology to Demodex canis, although morphologic differences
distinguish the two species. Mites of this report differ in
anatomic location from Demodex spp. previously reported in bats and
represent a species unreported to public databases.
Keywords: Big brown bat, Demodex, prepuce, skin, Tennessee
田納西東部的大棕蝙蝠的包皮毛囊蟲
翻譯:黃珮筠
Julia S. Lankton, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Alycia Chapman, M.S.,
Edward C. Ramsay, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Stephen A. Kania, M.S.,
Ph.D., and Kimberly M. Newkirk, D.V.M., Ph.D, Dipl. A.C.V.P.
摘要:本報告呈現2008年至2010年間,在美國田納西州東部,四個野外捕獲的大棕色蝙蝠的包皮毛囊蟲。在四個病例中的三個,有相關的毛囊炎,皮炎或包皮腺炎。沒有出現因毛囊蟲造成的臨床跡象,雖然有一個病例出現陰莖脫垂。經由對大棕色蝙蝠包皮採集的樣品,經氫氧化鉀消化後,並通過聚合酶鏈結反應分析檢測蟲體。雖然,基因序列的16S
rRNA片段,顯示與犬毛囊蟲有99.6%的同源性,但形態學的差異區分成兩個物種。本報告的蟎在解剖學上出現的部位,與之前在蝙蝠報告過的毛囊蟲類有所不同,為一從未在公開過的資料庫報導過的品種。
關鍵字:大棕色蝙蝠、毛囊蟲、包皮、皮膚、田納西州
Pages 130-135
DELAYED POSTPARTUM FETOTOMY IN AN ASIAN ELEPHANT (ELEPHAS
MAXIMUS)
Willem Schaftenaar, D.V.M.
Abstract:
A 37-yr-old Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) started parturition
after 640 days of pregnancy but no fetal parts entered the birth
canal. Despite veterinary intervention, the calf was not delivered.
After 13 mo calving resumed and a full-term dead calf advanced into
and lodged within the vagina. With standing xylazine
tranquilization, the dam received a vagino-vestibulotomy to permit
total fetotomy of the calf, which presented with bilateral carpal
arthrogryposis. Severe infection of the caudal vaginal vestibulum
complicated wound healing, and over the following year two
corrective surgeries were performed, which resolved the fistula 3
mo after the second debridement. The elephant not only survived the
procedures but also resumed normal estrous cycles, as demonstrated
by blood progesterone concentration monitoring.
Keywords: Arthrogryposis, Asian elephant, dystocia, Elephas
maximus, fetotomy, retained fetus
一隻亞洲象進行延遲產後碎胎術
翻譯:連振曄
Willem Schaftenaar, D.V.M.
摘要:一隻37歲的亞洲象,在懷孕640天後開始分娩,但是胎兒並未進入產道。雖然經過獸醫介入處理,但是胎兒並未產出。13個月之後,足月且已經死亡的小象進入產道,並卡在陰道。以xylazine進行鎮靜,讓動物保持站立,在母畜進行陰道前庭切開術,以進行死胎碎胎,死胎呈現雙側腕關節攣縮。陰道根部前庭嚴重感染,使傷口癒合狀況變得複雜。接下來一年進行了兩次矯正手術,在第二次清創後3個月,才解決廔管的問題。這隻大象不僅存活了下來,而且經由血液黃體素濃度監測,證明了重新開始有了正常的發情週期。
關鍵字:關節攣縮、亞洲象、難產、亞洲象學名、碎胎術、胎兒滯留
Pages 136-143
ELEPHANT ENDOTHELIOTROPIC HERPESVIRUS 5, A NEWLY RECOGNIZED
ELEPHANT HERPESVIRUS ASSOCIATED WITH CLINICAL AND SUBCLINICAL
INFECTIONS IN CAPTIVE ASIAN ELEPHANTS (ELEPHAS MAXIMUS)
Lisa Atkins, B.S.,Jian-Chao Zong, Ph.D.,Jie Tan, B.S.,Alicia
Mejia, B.S.,Sarah Y. Heaggans, B.S.,Sally A. Nofs, D.V.M.,Jeffrey
J. Stanton, D.V.M.,Joseph P. Flanagan, D.V.M.,Lauren Howard,
D.V.M.,Erin Latimer, M.S.,Martina R. Stevens, B.S.,Daryl S.
Hoffman, B.S.,Gary S. Hayward, Ph.D., and Paul D. Ling, Ph.D.
Abstract:
Elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses (EEHVs) can cause acute
hemorrhagic disease with high mortality rates in Asian elephants
(Elephas maximus). Recently, a new EEHV type known as EEHV5 has
been described, but its prevalence and clinical significance remain
unknown. In this report, an outbreak of EEHV5 infection in a herd
of captive Asian elephants in a zoo was characterized. In February
2011, a 42-yr-old wild-born female Asian elephant presented with
bilaterally swollen temporal glands, oral mucosal hyperemia,
vesicles on the tongue, and generalized lethargy. The elephant had
a leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. She was treated with flunixin
meglumine, famciclovir, and fluids. Clinical signs of illness
resolved gradually over 2 wk, and the white blood cell count and
platelets rebounded to higher-than-normal values. EEHV5 viremia was
detectable starting 1 wk before presentation and peaked at the
onset of clinical illness. EEHV5 shedding in trunk secretions
peaked after viremia resolved and continued for more than 2 mo.
EEHV5 trunk shedding from a female herd mate without any detectable
viremia was detected prior to onset of clinical disease in the
42-yr-old elephant, indicating reactivation rather than primary
infection in this elephant. Subsequent EEHV5 viremia and trunk
shedding was documented in the other five elephants in the herd,
who remained asymptomatic, except for 1 day of temporal gland
swelling in an otherwise-healthy 1-yr-old calf. Unexpectedly, the
two elephants most recently introduced into the herd 40 mo
previously shed a distinctive EEHV5 strain from that seen in the
other five elephants. This is the first report to document the
kinetics of EEHV5 infection in captive Asian elephants and to
provide evidence that this virus can cause illness in some
animals.
Keywords: Asian elephant, Elephas maximus, elephant
endotheliotropic herpesviruses, Proboscivirus, real-time PCR,
viremia
象親內皮性疱疹病毒第5型,一種新近鑑別出的象親內皮性疱疹病毒在圈養亞洲象相關的臨床及無臨床症狀的感染
翻譯:連振曄
Lisa Atkins, B.S.,Jian-Chao Zong, Ph.D.,Jie Tan, B.S.,Alicia
Mejia, B.S.,Sarah Y. Heaggans, B.S.,Sally A. Nofs, D.V.M.,Jeffrey
J. Stanton, D.V.M.,Joseph P. Flanagan, D.V.M.,Lauren Howard,
D.V.M.,Erin Latimer, M.S.,Martina R. Stevens, B.S.,Daryl S.
Hoffman, B.S.,Gary S. Hayward, Ph.D., and Paul D. Ling, Ph.D.
摘要:在亞洲象,象親內皮性疱疹病毒(EEHV)可以造成急性出血的疾病,死亡率很高。最近一種新的EEHV-EEHV5被發現,但是盛行率及臨床特徵仍未知。本篇報告中,描述一群在動物園中飼養的亞洲象,發生EEHV5感染的特性。在2011年2月一隻42歲,野外出生的雌性亞洲象,出現雙側顳腺腫大、口腔黏膜充血、舌頭出現囊泡及嗜睡的症狀。這隻象出現白血球及血小板減少的現象。使用flunixin
meglumine(NSAID消炎止痛藥)、famciclovir(至疱疹病毒藥物)及輸液來治療這母象。生病的症狀在兩周內逐漸消退,白細胞計數和血小板反彈至高於正常值。EEHV5病毒血症在臨床症狀前1周已經可以發現,最高值則出現在臨床症狀出現時。象鼻分泌物中EEHV5病毒排出持續到病毒血症恢復後超過2個月。在這頭42歲母象發病前,這群大象並未監測到象鼻排毒及病毒血症,這表示這頭大象發病不是原發性的感染。隨後在同一群的另外5隻大象病毒血症及象鼻排毒有被記錄到,但都沒有臨床症狀,除了1隻一歲大的小象有出現1天的顳腺腫大。出乎意料的有兩頭40個月前才引進這群體的大象,排出不同於其他5隻大象的EEHV5病毒。本篇報告是第一篇記錄EEHV5感染圈飼亞洲象的動力學,並且提供這種病毒可以造成某些動物生病的證據。
關鍵字:亞洲象、亞洲象學名、象親內皮性泡疹病毒、長鼻動物病毒屬、即時聚合酶鏈結反應、病毒血症
Pages 144-151
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF A PHARYNGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
IN A MADAGASCAR GROUND BOA (BOA MADAGASCARIENSIS)
James C. Steeil, D.V.M.,Juergen Schumacher, Dr. med. vet., Dipl.
A.C.Z.M., Dipl. E.C.Z.M. (Herpetology), Silke Hecht, Dr. med. vet.,
Dipl. A.C.V.R., Katherine Baine, D.V.M.,Edward C. Ramsay, D.V.M.,
Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Sylvia Ferguson, D.V.M.,Debra Miller, D.V.M.,
Ph.D., and Nathan D. Lee, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.R.
Abstract:
A 15-yr-old female Madagascar ground boa (Boa madagascariensis)
presented with a history of anorexia, wheezing, and occasional
open-mouth breathing. On oral examination, a firm, caseous mass was
noted in the right caudoventral pharyngeal region, which was
confirmed as a carcinoma on incisional biopsy. Advanced imaging
(computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) was performed
to evaluate local tumor invasion and to plan for palliative
radiation therapy. However, following the second treatment (10 Gy),
the mass had increased in size, and the snake was euthanatized.
Radiation-associated vasculitis was noted within the soft tissues
surrounding the mass and within muscles and the lung, which was
verified on histopathology. The squamous cell carcinoma of the
snake in this report was resistant to palliative radiation
therapy.
Keywords: Boa madagascariensis, Madagascar ground boa, magnetic
resonance imaging, neoplasia, palliative radiation, squamous cell
carcinoma
一隻馬達加斯加蟒蛇咽部惡性扁皮上皮細胞瘤的診斷和治療
James C. Steeil, D.V.M.,Juergen Schumacher, Dr. med. vet., Dipl.
A.C.Z.M., Dipl. E.C.Z.M. (Herpetology), Silke Hecht, Dr. med. vet.,
Dipl. A.C.V.R., Katherine Baine, D.V.M.,Edward C. Ramsay, D.V.M.,
Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Sylvia Ferguson, D.V.M.,Debra Miller, D.V.M.,
Ph.D., and Nathan D. Lee, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.R.
翻譯:劉人碩
摘要:一隻15歲的雌性馬達加斯加蟒蛇有食慾不振、呼吸急促和偶發的開口呼吸病史。在口腔檢查中,在右側咽部處發現一個堅實的乾酪樣團塊,經生檢結果被確診為腫瘤。進行較高級影像檢查(斷層掃描和核磁共振成像)評估局部腫瘤侵犯性,以計畫放射治療的實施。然而,在第二次治療(10Gy)之後,腫瘤大小增加,最後決定將蛇安樂死。透過組織病理學結果發現,在組織周圍的軟組織、肌肉和肺,觀察到和輻射相關的血管炎。本報告中蛇形鱗狀細胞癌對放射治療具抵抗型。
關鍵字:馬達加斯加蟒蛇學名、馬達加斯加地面蟒蛇、核磁共振成像、腫瘤、安寧雷射、扁平上皮細胞癌
Pages 152-155
SEROLOGIC SURVEY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN POPULATIONS OF MANED
WOLF (CHRYSOCYON BRACHYURUS) AND CRAB-EATING FOX (CERDOCYON THOUS)
FROM ÁGUAS EMENDADAS ECOLOGICAL STATION, BRAZIL
Laila M. Proença, D.V.M., M.Sc., Ph.D., Jean C. R. Silva,
D.V.M., Ph.D., Paula D. Galera, D.V.M., Ph.D., Marília B. Lion,
B.Sc., M.Sc., Jader S. Marinho-Filho, B.Sc., Ph.D., Alessandra Mara
Alves Ragozo, D.V.M., Ph.D., Solange Maria Gennari, D.V.M., Ph.D.,
J. P. Dubey, D.V.M., Ph.D., Silvio Arruda Vasconcellos, D.V.M.,
Ph.D., Gisele Oliveira Souza, José Wilton Pinheiro Júnior, D.V.M.,
Ph.D., Vânia Lúcia de Assis Santana, D.V.M., Ph.D., Gilvan L.
França, and Flávio H. G. Rodrigues, B.Sc., Ph.D.
Abstract:
Domestic dogs are reservoirs for many infectious diseases and
may represent a potential source of infection for wild canid
populations. A serologic investigation of antibodies to Toxoplasma
gondii, Neospora caninum, Brucella abortus, and Leptospira spp. was
conducted on three maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) and seven
crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous), all free-living, at the Águas
Emendadas Ecological Station (ESECAE), Federal District, Brazil,
between February and October 2006. Out of the 10 samples analyzed,
eight (80%) were seropositive for T. gondii: 3/3 (100%) of the
maned wolves and 5/7 (71.4%) of the crab-eating foxes. None of the
animals presented anti–N. caninum, B. abortus, and Leptospira spp.
antibodies. This study demonstrated that the wild canid populations
at ESECAE presented high exposure to T. gondii and indicated that
there is high environmental contamination at the Station, which can
be attributed to its proximity to urban zones, the presence of
domestic cats in the study area, or the existence of other wild
infected felines.
Keywords: Cerdocyon thous, Chrysocyon brachyurus, crab-eating
fox, infectious diseases, maned wolf, serologic survey
巴西ÁGUAS EMENDADAS生態站鬃狼以及食蟹狐族群傳染病血清學調查
翻譯:賴燕雪
Laila M. Proença, D.V.M., M.Sc., Ph.D., Jean C. R. Silva,
D.V.M., Ph.D., Paula D. Galera, D.V.M., Ph.D., Marília B. Lion,
B.Sc., M.Sc., Jader S. Marinho-Filho, B.Sc., Ph.D., Alessandra Mara
Alves Ragozo, D.V.M., Ph.D., Solange Maria Gennari, D.V.M., Ph.D.,
J. P. Dubey, D.V.M., Ph.D., Silvio Arruda Vasconcellos, D.V.M.,
Ph.D., Gisele Oliveira Souza, José Wilton Pinheiro Júnior, D.V.M.,
Ph.D., Vânia Lúcia de Assis Santana, D.V.M., Ph.D., Gilvan L.
França, and Flávio H. G. Rodrigues, B.Sc., Ph.D.
摘要:狗是許多傳染病的保毒者,且可能是野生犬科族群感染的來源。在2006年2-10月,在巴西聯邦區 Águas
Emendadas Ecological Station
(ESECAE)進行野生的3隻鬃狼以及7隻食蟹狐血清學調查弓蟲、犬心包蟲、流產布氏桿菌以及鉤端螺旋體抗體。10個檢體分析,8個(80%)對弓蟲血清陽性:3/3
(100%) 鬃狼以及 5/7
(71.4%)食蟹狐。沒有動物對犬心包蟲、流產布氏桿菌以及鉤端螺旋體有抗體。此研究顯示ESECAE野生犬科族群對弓蟲有高度的暴露,也指出在生態站裡的環境汙染高,可能是由附近市郊研究範圍的家貓或其他感染野生貓科造成的。
關鍵字:食蟹狐學名、鬃狼學名、食蟹狐、傳染病、鬃狼、血清學調查
Pages 156-158
BACTERIAL INFECTION IN AN IRRAWADDY DOLPHIN (ORCAELLA
BREVIROSTRIS)
Jin Hai Yu, M.V.M. and Zhao Fei Xia, D.V.M.
Abstract:
One pregnant captive Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris),
with a body length of 225 cm, was found dead on 8 June 2009. The
dolphin was anorexic and circling at the bottom of the pool before
death. Laboratory tests revealed an increased leukocyte count and
decreased platelet count; increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate;
and slightly decreased red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and
hematocrit. Alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, and glucose were
significantly decreased. Moreover, uric acid and alanine
aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were
elevated. A 57-cm fetus was recovered. The respiratory system,
intestinal mucosa, mesentery and mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen
were congested and hemorrhagic. The heart, liver, and kidney
appeared normal. Klebsiella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were
identified in the amniotic fluid. This is the first case report of
bacterial infection in an Irrawaddy dolphin.
Keywords: Orcaella brevirostris, bacteria infection, amniotic
fluid, culture, necropsy
一隻短吻海豚之細菌感染病例
翻譯:陳亭余
Jin Hai Yu, M.V.M. and Zhao Fei Xia, D.V.M.
摘要:於2009年6月8日有一隻圈養的,身長225公分的懷孕短吻海豚被發現死亡。死前海豚在游泳池的底部盤旋,有厭食症狀。實驗室檢查顯示白血球總數增加,血小板減少,紅血球沉降率增加,但紅血球計數﹑血紅素和血容比略有下降。此外,鹼性磷酸酶、肌酸酐、和葡萄糖顯著減少。進而,尿酸和丙氨酸氨基轉移酶和天冬氨酸氨基轉移酶上升。一隻57公分的胎兒被發現。其呼吸系統、腸粘膜、腸系膜和腸系膜淋巴結與脾臟都出現充出血。心臟、肝臟和腎臟則呈現正常。在羊水中鑑定出克雷伯斯菌屬菌與金黃色葡萄球菌。本報告為第一個短吻海豚細菌性感染的病例。
關鍵字:短吻海豚學名、細菌感染、羊水、培養、屍解
Pages 159-162
OCULAR LESIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CHLAMYDIA SUIS IN A WILD BOAR
PIGLET (SUS SCROFA) FROM A SEMI-FREE RANGE POPULATION IN SPAIN
David Risco, D.V.M., Alfredo García, Ph.D., Pedro
Fernández-Llario, Ph.D., Waldo L. García, D.V.M., José M. Benítez,
D.V.M., Pilar Gonçalves, D.V.M., Jesús M. Cuesta, D.V.M., Luis
Gómez, Ph.D., Joaquín Rey, Ph.D., and Javier Hermoso de Mendoza,
Ph.D.
Abstract:
The role of the wild boar (Sus scrofa) as a reservoir for a
large number of pathogens that can affect both domestic animals and
humans has been widely studied in the last few years. However, the
impact of some of these pathogens on the health of wild boar
populations is still being determined. This article presents a
clinical case of severe bilateral keratoconjunctivitis affecting a
2-mo-old piglet from a semi–free range population in Spain.
Histopathologic and microbiologic analysis revealed lesions in the
cornea, choroid, and optical nerve, and Chlamydia suis was detected
in the eyes bilaterally. The visual handicap resulting from this
type of lesion greatly affects the survival of this affected
piglet.
Keywords: Chlamydia suis, eye, keratoconjunctivitis, Sus scrofa,
wild boar
在西班牙半野放的野豬族群小豬眼病變與衣原體相關性
翻譯:黃珮筠
David Risco, D.V.M., Alfredo García, Ph.D., Pedro
Fernández-Llario, Ph.D., Waldo L. García, D.V.M., José M. Benítez,
D.V.M., Pilar Gonçalves, D.V.M., Jesús M. Cuesta, D.V.M., Luis
Gómez, Ph.D., Joaquín Rey, Ph.D., and Javier Hermoso de Mendoza,
Ph.D.
摘要:在過去幾年中,野豬扮演許多病原體的保毒者角色,能夠影響家畜和人,已經在過去幾年被廣泛的研究。然而,這些病原體對野豬種群健康的影響,仍在研究中。本研究描述了在西班牙一隻半野放,
2個月大的仔豬,嚴重的雙側角膜結膜炎病例。組織病理學和微生物學分析顯示,在角膜、脈絡膜和視神經皆有病變,並且衣原體在雙側眼中皆可檢測到。而此類型的損傷導致的視覺障礙,嚴重影響該仔豬的存活。
關鍵字:衣原體學名、眼、角膜結膜炎、野豬學名、野豬
Pages 163-166
TRAUMATIC GASTROPERITONITIS (HARDWARE DISEASE) IN AN ALPACA
(VICUGNA PACOS)
Jessie Ziegler, D.V.M., Steven Parish, D.V.M., Dipl.
A.C.V.I.M.,, Kevin Snekvik, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Ph.D., and
George Barrington, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.I.M., Ph.D.
Abstract:
A 5-yr-old, intact male Suri alpaca (Vicugna pacos) presented
with acute onset of anorexia, depression, and reluctance to stand.
Exploratory laparotomy revealed diffuse peritonitis resulting from
penetration of a 5-cm wire through the second gastric compartment
(C2). Due to the severity of the alpaca's condition and its
deteriorating nature, euthanasia at the time of surgery was
elected. This is the first published case of a condition commonly
observed in cattle (traumatic gastroperitonitis, “Hardware
disease”) to be reported in an alpaca.
Keywords: Alpaca, hardware disease, traumatic gastroperitonitis,
Vicugna pacos
一隻羊駝的創傷性胃腹膜炎(硬件病)
翻譯:郭俊成
Jessie Ziegler, D.V.M., Steven Parish, D.V.M., Dipl.
A.C.V.I.M.,, Kevin Snekvik, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Ph.D., and
George Barrington, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.I.M., Ph.D.
摘要:一隻五歲雄性的蘇利羊駝出現急性厭食、精神沈鬱及拒絕站立的症狀。剖腹探查發現,有源自第二胃一根5公分的鐵線穿刺,引起的瀰漫性腹膜炎。由於這隻羊駝嚴重的病徵及惡化的情況,在手術同時動物也進行了人道處理。這是在牛常見(創傷性胃腹膜炎、硬件病),但首次發生在羊駝的報告。
關鍵字:羊駝、硬件病、創傷性胃腹膜炎、羊駝學名
Pages 167-168
MYCOBACTERIUM KANSASII ISOLATION FROM CAPTIVE SOUTH AMERICAN
COATI (NASUA NASUA)
Vivianne Cambuí M. Rocha, D.V.M., M.Sc., Sandra H. Ramiro
Corrêa, D.V.M., Ph.D., Ariela P. Setzer, D.V.M., M.Sc., José L.
Catão-Dias, D.V.M., Ph.D., Maria Christina C. Ramos, D.V.M., Ph.D.,
Wagner Fiori, D.V.M., M.Sc., Cássia Y. Ikuta, D.V.M., M.Sc., and
José S. Ferreira Neto, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Abstract:
Three of six captive South American coatis (Nasua nasua)
presented with respiratory distress and died despite treatment.
Postmortem examination performed on two of these animals revealed
granulomatous pleuropneumonia associated with acid-fast bacilli.
Because of the possible diagnosis of mycobacterial infection, the
three remaining asymptomatic coatis were anesthetized. Tracheal
washes were sampled and submitted for microbiology, and the animals
were euthanatized and postmortem examinations performed. One of
these asymptomatic adult males had whitish granulomas in multiple
organs and tissues. Additionally, the isolate from this male's
tracheal wash was identified as Mycobacterium kansasii by molecular
analysis. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of M.
kansasii infection in Nasua nasua.
Keywords: Coati, mycobacteriosis, Mycobacterium kansasii, Nasua
nasua, polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment analysis
從圈養的長鼻浣熊分離到的堪薩斯分枝桿菌
翻譯:羅婉瑄
Vivianne Cambuí M. Rocha, D.V.M., M.Sc., Sandra H. Ramiro
Corrêa, D.V.M., Ph.D., Ariela P. Setzer, D.V.M., M.Sc., José L.
Catão-Dias, D.V.M., Ph.D., Maria Christina C. Ramos, D.V.M., Ph.D.,
Wagner Fiori, D.V.M., M.Sc., Cássia Y. Ikuta, D.V.M., M.Sc., and
José S. Ferreira Neto, D.V.M., Ph.D.
摘要:6隻人工飼養的南美長鼻浣熊,其中三隻有呼吸窘迫的症狀,治療後仍死亡。其中兩隻動物進行剖檢,發現有與抗酸菌相關的肉芽腫性胸膜肺炎。由於可能是分枝桿菌感染,麻醉另外三種無症狀的浣熊。氣管灌洗後進行採樣並送微生物學檢驗,隨後動物被安樂死,並進行死後檢查。這些沒有臨床症狀的成年雄性浣熊中的一隻個體,有多個器官和組織中有白色肉芽腫的特徵。此外,該雄性個體的氣管灌洗物,透過分子分析,鑑定為堪薩斯分枝桿菌感染。
就筆者知識所及,這是長鼻浣熊中堪薩斯分枝桿菌感染第一例。
關鍵字:長鼻浣熊、分枝桿菌症、堪薩斯分枝桿菌、長鼻浣熊學名、聚合酶鏈結反應限制性片段長度多態性分析
Pages 169-172
CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI INFECTIONS IN HYACINTH MACAWS
(ANODORHYNCHUS HYACINTHINUS) CONFISCATED IN BRAZIL
Tânia Freitas Raso, D.V.M., Ph.D., Rodrigo Hidalgo Friciello
Teixeira, D.V.M., M.S., Adriano Oliveira Torres Carrasco, D.V.M.,
Ph.D., João Pessoa Araújo Júnior, D.V.M., Ph.D., and Aramis Augusto
Pinto, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Abstract:
The hyacinth macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) is the largest
species of psittacine birds. It is considered endangered and
illegal trade is one of the main factors involved in its decline.
In this study, 26 hyacinth macaws maintained under poor husbandry
conditions and destined for the illegal trade were confiscated in
São Paulo State, Brazil. These birds were evaluated for the
presence of antibodies against Chlamydophila psittaci by complement
fixation test and C. psittaci DNA by seminested polymerase chain
reaction. Results showed that 65.4% of the macaws were positive for
at least one test. Birds with subclinical infections can shed
chlamydiae intermittently over long periods, contributing to the
dissemination of the agent. Global trade is one of the most
important drivers of disease emergence. The high percentage of
positive samples in this study emphasizes the potential risk that
the illegal trade of wild birds represents for both human and
animal health.
Keywords: Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, chlamydiosis,
Chlamydophila psittaci, hyacinth macaw, illegal trade
巴西走私查緝的紫藍金剛鸚鵡的鸚鵡熱披衣菌感染
翻譯:羅婉瑄
Tânia Freitas Raso, D.V.M., Ph.D., Rodrigo Hidalgo Friciello
Teixeira, D.V.M., M.S., Adriano Oliveira Torres Carrasco, D.V.M.,
Ph.D., João Pessoa Araújo Júnior, D.V.M., Ph.D., and Aramis Augusto
Pinto, D.V.M., Ph.D.
摘要:紫藍金剛鸚鵡是鸚鵡最大的種類。非法貿易是導致瀕臨滅絕的主要因素之一。
在這項研究中,在巴西聖保羅州沒收的26隻,非法貿易且飼養狀況不佳的紫藍金剛鸚鵡。通過補體固定測試,檢驗測是否有對披衣菌的抗體存在,並用半巢式聚合酶鏈結反應,檢測是否有鸚鵡熱披衣菌的DNA。結果顯示,紫藍金剛鸚鵡有65.4%至少有一項測試呈現為陽性。未呈現臨床症狀的鳥,可長期間歇地散佈披衣菌,導致此疾病的傳播。而全球貿易是造成疾病爆發的最重要的原因之一。本研究中陽性樣本比例偏高,顯示野生鳥類非法貿易,對人類和動物健康的潛在風險。
關鍵字:紫藍金剛鸚鵡學名、披衣菌、鸚鵡熱披衣菌學名、紫藍金剛鸚鵡、非法貿易
Pages 173-175
ESCHERICHIA COLI–PRODUCING EXTENDED-SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASE
CTX-M-15 IN A CAPTIVE SOUTH AMERICAN TAPIR (TAPIRUS TERRESTRIS)
Jiri Klimes, D.V.M., Ph.D., Marketa Machalkova, D.V.M., Monika
Dolejska, M.S., Ph.D., Alois Cizek, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dagmar
Janoszowska, M. S., Pavel Alexa, D.V.M., Ph.D., Katerina
Albrechtova, D.V.M., Jiri Vojtech, and Ivan Literak, D.V.M.,
Ph.D.
Abstract:
Only a few reports exist on the occurrence of resistant bacteria
in zoo animals. Therefore, an isolation of multiresistant
Escherichia coli from the lungs of a captive South American tapir
(Tapirus terrestris) lead to its characterization and further
investigation of samples from animals inhabiting the same paddock
and from the shared environment. The tapir suffered from an
intermandibular abscess and pneumonia and was euthanatized after
unsuccessful therapy, including administration of antibiotics. The
authors performed selective isolation of extended-spectrum
beta-lactamase (ESBL)–positive E. coli strains and identification
of resistance genes using polymerase chain reaction. Seven
multiresistant, ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were obtained, all
belonging to the B2 phylogenetic group and showing identical
profile on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. These isolates carried
several resistance genes, including the gene blaCTX-M-15. This case
demonstrates the transmission of related epidemiologically
important E. coli isolates whose potential transmission to other
animals and zoo staff can be assumed.
Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Escherichia coli,
extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, South American tapir, Tapirus
terrestris
在圈養下的南美貘具傳播廣效性Beta-內硫酸分解酵素CTX-M-15的大腸桿菌
翻譯:羅婉瑄
J iri Klimes, D.V.M., Ph.D., Marketa Machalkova, D.V.M., Monika
Dolejska, M.S., Ph.D., Alois Cizek, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dagmar
Janoszowska, M. S., Pavel Alexa, D.V.M., Ph.D., Katerina
Albrechtova, D.V.M., Jiri Vojtech, and Ivan Literak, D.V.M.,
Ph.D.
摘要:關於動物園動物中有關抗藥性細菌的發生,只有少數報告。在南美貘的肺部,分離到具多種抗藥性的大腸桿菌,因此進一步去調查同一場域,共同飼養的動物。該動物患有頜下膿瘍和肺炎,經使用抗生素等方式治療後沒成功,進行安樂死。作者以選擇性培養分離出擴展型β-內酰胺分解酶(ESBL)陽性的大腸桿菌菌株,並使用聚合酶鏈結反應對抗藥性基因鑑定。分離出7種多重抗藥性的ESBL大腸桿菌分離株,均屬於B2系統演化群,並且凝膠電泳上顯示出相同的特徵。這些分離株攜帶了幾種抗藥性基因,包括基因blaCTX-M-15。這可以顯示大腸桿菌分離物在流行病學中的風險,推論在其他動物和動物園工作人員是潛在的傳播者。
關鍵字:抗生素抗藥性、大腸桿菌、擴展型β-內酰胺酶、南美貘、南美貘學名
Pages 176-180
DETECTION OF MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSPECIES PARATUBERCULOSIS BY
IS900-BASED PCR ASSAYS FROM AN ALPACA (VICUGNA PACOS) KEPT IN A
GERMAN ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN
Pia Münster, Dipl. Agr. Biol., Inger Völkel, Dr. med. vet.,
Aloys von Buchholz, Dr. med. vet., Claus-Peter Czerny, Prof. Dr.
med. vet.
Abstract:
An alpaca (Vicugna pacos) bred and kept in a German zoological
garden exhibited clinical signs consistent with paratuberculosis.
The presence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) was
confirmed in feces and in the ileocecal lymph node (ILN) by
IS900-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and culture. A
bacterial burden of 7.6 × 106 MAP/g in feces and 4.4 × 107 MAP/g in
lymph node tissue was determined by real-time PCR. For further
characterization, a conventional PCR was developed. After
sequencing of the 864-bp PCR amplicon covering nucleotide positions
13 to 876 within the IS900, the alpaca isolate shared 100%
nucleotide homology with the bovine MAP-K10 IS900 reference
sequence (GenBank: AE16958), indicating a cattle strain. This
report supports the present occurrence of MAP in German camelid
populations and highlights the need to expand routine MAP
surveillance to South American camelids held in European zoos.
Keywords: Alpaca, Johne's disease, Vicugna pacos, Mycobacterium
avium ssp. paratuberculosis, zoological garden
一隻飼養在德國動物園中的羊駝以IS900-BASED聚合酶鏈結反應偵測鳥分枝桿菌副結核亞種菌
翻譯:郭俊成
Pia Münster, Dipl. Agr. Biol., Inger Völkel, Dr. med. vet.,
Aloys von Buchholz, Dr. med. vet., Claus-Peter Czerny, Prof. Dr.
med. vet.
摘要:一隻圈養在一個德國動物園的羊駝,持續出現副結合病的臨床症狀。從糞便及迴盲淋巴結採樣後,透過IS900-based聚合酶鏈結反應分析及培養後,確診為鳥分枝桿菌副結核亞種。利用即時聚合酶鏈結反應技術,確定在糞便中的負荷菌量是7.6
× 106 MAP/g,在淋巴結組織是4.4 × 107
MAP/g。為了進一步的定性,一個常規的聚合酶鏈結反應技術也被發展採用。經過定序864鹼基的聚合酶連鎖反應分析,在IS900內序列涵蓋了13到876的擴增子,這隻羊駝分離出與牛型MAP-K10
IS900參考序列(GenBank:
AE16958)的核酸100%同型性,證實為牛型菌株。這篇報告支持了在德國駱駝科動物族群,存在鳥分枝桿菌副結核亞種菌的情形,也凸顯在歐洲動物園應該擴大例行性檢查中南美駱駝科動物中,鳥分枝桿菌副結核亞種菌的需求。
關鍵字:羊駝、約尼氏病、羊駝學名、鳥型分枝桿菌、副結核病、動物公園
Pages 181-185
SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE-ONSET TORTICOLLIS IN A GIRAFFE
(GIRAFFA CAMELOPARDALIS RETICULATA)
Liza I. Dadone, V.M.D., Kevin K. Haussler, D.V.M., D.C., Ph.D.,
Dipl. A.C.V.S.M.R., Greg Brown, D.V.M., Melanie Marsden, D.V.M.,
James Gaynor, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.A., Dipl. A.A.P.M, Matthew S.
Johnston, V.M.D., Dipl. A.B.V.P. (Avian), DellaGarelle, D.V.M.
Abstract:
A 2-yr-old male reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis
reticulata) presented with severe midcervical segmental torticollis
upon arrival as an incoming shipment. Despite initial medical
management, the giraffe developed marked neck sensitivit