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Chaosia purpurea, a new mycorrhizal species associated with
epiphytic orchids in tropical Asia
Takayuki Aokia, Takashi Yaguchib, Yoshitaka Onoc, Tsutomu
Hattoria,*
a National Institute of Fungi, 1-1 XXX, Tsukuba, Ibaraki
305-1234, Japan
b University of YYY, ., Japan
c University of ZZZ, ., Japan
*Corresponding author. National Institute of Fungi, 1-1 XXX,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-1234, Japan.
E-mail address: [email protected] (T. Hattori).
Text: 15 pages; tables: 2; figures: 3
Supplemental materials: 2 Supplementary Tables and 3
Supplementary Figures
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ABSTRACT(Full papers: 200 words or less. Short
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Please provide an abstract with a length of no more than 200
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Keywords: Atractiellales, Phalaenopsis, Phylogeny,
Pucciniomycotina, TaxonomyComment by : Use a comma to delimit
words
(up to 5 words or phrases; in alphabetical order; do not repeat
words already present in the title; not capitalize initials of
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1. Introduction(primary heading; in bold; hierarchically
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2. Materials and methods
2.1. Morphology[second-level heading; in italics; hierarchically
numbered; you may use the second-level headings (but not
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Start second-level headings at the left margin in boldface (but
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Okada, personal communication, August 19, 2017).
2.2. Molecular phylogeny
2.2.1. DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing and sequence
alignment(third-level heading; in italics; hierarchically
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Third-level headings are in italics; bold formatting is not
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3. Results
3.1. Morphology
Start the first paragraph after main headings here. Do not start
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text (e.g., Fig. 1; Fig. 1A, B; Fig. 1Aa, b, Ba, b; Figs. 1, 2;
Figs. 1, 2, 4; Figs. 13).
3.2. Taxonomy
Chaosia purpurea S. Takam., G. Okada & Y. Ono, sp. nov. Figs
1, 2.Comment by : Add a dot for abbreviated names.Comment by : Use
"&" or "et", preferably "&". Do not use "and".Comment by :
not Figs. 12.
MycoBank no.: MB #####.
Diagnosis: to be described in English. Diagnosis is a brief
statement composed of key words and phrases to clearly distinguish
a proposed taxon from allied taxa. Diagnosis here is different from
a technical Description below.
Type: COUNTRY, locality, host or substrate, date of isolation or
collection, isolator or collector, registration numbers: e.g.,
MALAYSIA, Perlis State, Chuping, in roots of Phalaenopsis violacea
Teijsm. & Binn., 1 Jan 2017, leg. Y. Ono (holotype,
TNS-F-#####; isotype, TFM:FPH-#####; ex-type cultures, JCM ##### =
CBS #####).
Gene sequences ex-holotype: AB ##### (18S), AB ##### (ITS), AB
##### (EF-1).
Etymology: Purpureus, from the color of orchid flower.
Start the description in English. Record measurements as length
by width (or diameter). Place exceptional dimensions in
parentheses. Indicate mean values separately.
Example: Conidia (10)1316(18.5) 78(9) m, 15.5 7.5 m on average.
Comment by : Use en dash, not hyphen.Comment by : Use "", not a
letter "x".
Chlamydospores 1012(13) m diam, finely warted.
Habitat and distribution: xxxxxxxxxx.
Additional specimens/cultures examined: xxxxxxxxxx.
3.3. Molecular phylogeny
4. Discussion
4.1. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Chaosia species
4.2. Ecology of Chaosia purpurea
4.3. Key to species of Chaosia
1a. Mycelial layer tomentose
.............................................................................................
2
1b. Mycelial layer smooth
..................................................................................................
3
2a. Button spherical (0.81.2 cm) attached to a thick subiculum,
expanded basidiome 1.42.5 cm wide, exoperidium not splitting in two
layers, capillitial threads 3.45 m diam, branched and tapering tips
......................................................... C.
purpurea
2b. Button ovate and bluntly pointed (25 cm) with a poorly
developed subiculum, expanded basidioma 36 cm wide, exoperidium
splitting in two layers, capillitial threads up to 11 m diam, often
branched near the tapering tips ..........C. velutina
3a. Expanded basidiome 15 cm in diam, spores 3.25.5 m diam,
ornamented with columnar processes up to 0.6 m high
......................................................... C.
saccata
3b. Expanded basidiome 22.5 cm diam, spores 23 m diam,
ornamented with low verrucae up to 0.2 m high
...................................................................................
C. minutispora
Disclosure
The author(s) declare(s) no conflicts of interest. All the
experiments undertaken in this study comply with the current laws
of the country(-ies) where they were performed.
AcknowledgementsComment by : Acknowledegments, not
Acknowledgments.
This study was supported, in part, by a Grant-in-Aid for
Scientific Research (no. XXXXX) from the Japan Society for the
Promotion of Sciences. We thank Dr. YYYYY, National Museum of
Nature and Science, Tsukuba, for providing Phalaenopsis plants for
inoculation experiments.
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Figure legendsComment by : Indicate the specimen/strain
number(s).Fig. 1 Aspergillus niger (CBS 1234). A: xxxxx. B:
xxxxx.orFig. 1 Aspergillus niger. A: xxxxx (CBS 1234). B: xxxxx
(CBS 2345).
Fig. 1 Chaosia purpurea (TNS-F-#####). A: Light micrograph (LM)
of a transverse section through the root of Phalaenopsis violacea.
B: TEM image showing root colonization in P. violacea. C:
Simple-septate basidia (LM). D: Basidiospores (LM). E:
Basidiospores (SEM). Bars: A 20 m; B 1 m; CE 5 m.Comment by : Do
not cite author name(s) in the legends.
Fig. 2 Neighbor-joining tree derived from the 18S rRNA gene
sequences from the 50 fungi classified in the Atractiellales. The
scale bar indicates one base change per 100 nucleotide positions.
Bootstrap values were calculated from 1000 replications.
(Fig. 1 Sample figure 1.)Comment by Hattori Tsutomu: Figures
should be submitted in separate files with enough high resolutions
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Authors).Comment by Hattori Tsutomu: Figure number and Figure
Legends should not include on the figure, itself)Comment by : Pota
et al. (2013). Mycoscience, 54, 1928.
Fig. 2 Sample figure 2.Comment by Hattori Tsutomu: Figure number
and Figure Legends should not include on the figure, itself)Comment
by : Zhao & Cui. (2013). Mycoscience 54: 231240.
(Fig. 3. Sample figure 3. (The font size should be adjusted as
readable when printed in A4 size page; to be larger than that shown
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figure, itself)Comment by : Meeboon et al. (2013). Mycoscience, 54,
183187.
Table 1 Comment by : Please upload tables in separate files from
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Comparison of Chaosia purpurea with similar species.
Species
Associated plant
Size of basidiospores (m)
Source
C. purpurea
Phalaenopsis violacea
1015 712
This study
C. viridi
P. appendiculata
1823 915
Tubaki (1950)
C. nigra
P. amboinensis
610 56.5
Kobayasi and Hiratsuka (1920)
Table 2
Taxa sequenced in this study.
Anamorph
Locality
Strain no.
DDBJ/GenBank/EMBL accession no.
18S
ITS
EF-1
Chaosia purpurea
Malaysia
ATCC ##### a
AB ######
AY ######
AF ######
C. purpurea
Thailand
CBS #####
AB ######
AY ######
AF ######
C. nigra
Indonesia
JCM #####
AB ######
AY ######
AF ######
Helicogloea lagerheimii
Sweden
MAFF #####b
AB ######
AY ######
AF ######
Atractiella solani
Poland
NBRC #####
AB ######
AY ######
AF ######
a Ex-holotype.
b Ex-neotype.
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7