CDMA Communication

About Company(RELIANCE COMMUNICATIONS LTD.)

Chairmans ProfileAnil Dhirubhai AmbaniRegarded as one of the foremost corporate leaders of contemporary India,Shri Anil D Ambani, 53, is the chairman of all listed companies of the Reliance Group, namely, Reliance Communications, Reliance Capital, Reliance Energy and Reliance Natural Resources limited.

He is also Chairman of the Board of Governors of Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, Gandhi Nagar, Gujarat.Till recently, he also held the post of Vice Chairman and Managing Director of Reliance Industries Limited (RIL), Indias largest private sector enterprise.Anil D Ambani joined Reliance in 1983 as Co-Chief Executive Officer, and has been centrally involved in every aspect of the company's management.He is credited with having pioneered a number of path-breaking financial innovations in the Indian capital markets. He spearheaded the countrys first forays into the overseas capital markets with international public offerings of global depositary receipts, convertibles and bonds. Starting in 1991, he directed Reliance Industries in its efforts to raise over US$ 2 billion. He also steered the 100-year Yankee bond issue for the company in January 1997.He is a member of:Wharton Board of Overseers, The Wharton School, USA

Central Advisory Committee, Central Electricity Regulatory Commission

Board of Governors, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad

Board of Governors Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur

In June 2004, he was elected for a six-year term as an independent member of the Rajya Sabha, Upper House of Indias Parliament a position he chose to resign voluntarily on March 25, 2006.

Awards and Achievements:Conferred the CEO of the Year 2004 in the Platts Global Energy Awards

Rated as one of Indias Most Admired CEOs for the sixth consecutive year in the Business Barons TNS Mode opinion poll, 2004

Conferred The Entrepreneur of the Decade Award by the Bombay Management Association, October 2002

Awarded the First Wharton Indian Alumni Award by the Wharton India Economic Forum (WIEF) in recognition of his contribution to the establishment of Reliance as a global leader in many of its business areas, December 2001

Selected by Asiaweek magazine for its list of Leaders of the Millennium in Business and Finance and was introduced as the only new hero in Business and Finance from India, June 1999.

Communication BusinessIndia s leading integrated telecom company Reliance Communications is the flagship company of the Reliance Group. Listed on the National Stock Exchange and the Bombay Stock Exchange, it is Indias leading integrated telecommunication company with over 150 million customers.Our business encompasses a complete range of telecom services covering mobile and fixed line telephony. It includes broadband, national and international long distance services and data services along with an exhaustive range of value-added services and applications. Our constant endeavour is to provide an enhanced customer experience and achieve customer satisfaction by upscaling the productivity of the enterprises and individuals we serve.Reliance Mobile (formerly Reliance India Mobile), launched on 28 December 2002, coinciding with the joyous occasion of the late Dhirubhai Ambanis 70th birthday, was among the initial initiatives of Reliance Communications. It marked the auspicious beginning of Dhirubhais dream of ushering in a digital revolution in India. Today, we can proudly claim that we were instrumental in harnessing the true power of information and communication, by bestowing it in the hands of the common man at affordable rates.

WirelessWith over 150 million subscribers across India, Reliance Mobile is Indias largest mobile service brand. Reliance Mobile services now cover over 24,000 towns, 6 lakh villages, and still counting.

We have achieved many milestones in this short journey. In 2003, AC Nielsen voted Reliance Mobile (formerly Reliance India Mobile) as Indias Most Trusted Telecom Brand. In July 2003, it created a world record by adding one million subscribers in a matter of just 10 days through its Monsoon Hungama offer.

What sets Reliance Mobile apart is the fact that nearly 90 per cent of our handsets are data-enabled, and can access hundreds of Java applications on Reliance Mobile World.

Long DistanceGlobal network Reliance Communications is a National Long Distance (NLD) and International Long Distance (ILD) service provider, rendering national and international transport links between other telecommunication service providers' networks.It is also an infrastructure provider for end-to-end bandwidth requirements as well as providing dark duct and dark fibre on lease to service providers and companies.Highlights of International and National Long Distance (ILD & NLD) servicesILD gateways in Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata and Ernakulam.

International Points of Presence (PoPs) in New York, Los Angeles, London and Hong Kong integrated seamlessly with domestic gateways.

Submarine fibre cable network connecting gateways to India in ring architecture for resilience.

Satellite route for media diversity.

Centralised NOC for International and National network management

TDM and VoIP based interconnects.

Domestic and international data leased circuit.

Value added services MPLS IP-VPN, FR, ATM.

International capacity built to manage >250 mn minutes per month.

Internet Services

The successful rolling out of real broadband services across the nation marks the second chapter of Reliance Communications commitment to usher in a digital revolution in India. Reliance Communications is setting new standards for the world to follow through inventive use of cutting-edge technologies in the field of fibre optics, Ethernet, microwave radios, switching, routing, digital compression and encoding.

The mass roll out of broadband being carried out by Reliance Communications across the length and breadth of the country, offering speeds of up to 100 Mbps to millions of users, in itself is a technological marvel.

Services Provided By Reliance Mobile Wireless Phone Wireless Terminal Blackberry Roaming BroadNet Home Phone (Land Line) Reliance NetConnnect Reliance Mobile World Reliance India Call Reliance Passport Reliance IPTV Office Centrex One Office Duo Audio Conferencing Reliance PCO Toll-Free ITFS Broadband Leased Line VPN Video Conferencing IDC

Code division multiple access(CDMA)

Code division multiple access(CDMA) is achannel access methodused by various radio communication technologies. It should not be confused with the mobile phone standardscalledcdmaOne,CDMA2000(the3Gevolution of cdmaOne) andWCDMA(the 3G standard used byGSMcarriers), which are often referred to as simplyCDMA, and use CDMA as an underlying channel access method.One of the concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing several transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies (seebandwidth). This concept is calledmultiple access. CDMA employsspread-spectrumtechnology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By contrast,time division multiple access(TDMA) divides access bytime, whilefrequency-division multiple access(FDMA) divides it byfrequency. CDMA is a form ofspread-spectrumsignalling, since the modulated coded signal has a much higherdata bandwidththan the data being communicated.An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in which people wish to talk to each other simultaneously. To avoid confusion, people could take turns speaking (time division), speak at different pitches (frequency division), or speak in different languages (code division). CDMA is analogous to the last example where people speaking the same language can understand each other, but other languages are perceived asnoiseand rejected. Similarly, in radio CDMA, each group of users is given a shared code. Many codes occupy the same channel, but only users associated with a particular code can communicate.

Uses One of the early applications for code division multiplexing is inGPS. This predates and is distinct from its use inmobile phones. TheQualcommstandardIS-95, marketed as cdmaOne. TheQualcommstandardIS-2000, known as CDMA2000. This standard is used by several mobile phone companies, including theGlobalstarsatellite phonenetwork. TheUMTS3G mobile phone standard, which usesW-CDMA. CDMA has been used in theOmniTRACSsatellite system for transportationlogistics.

Steps in CDMA ModulationCDMA is a spread spectrum multiple accesstechnique. A spread spectrum technique spreads the bandwidth of the data uniformly for the same transmitted power. A spreading code is a pseudo-random code that has a narrowAmbiguity function, unlike other narrow pulse codes. In CDMA a locally generated code runs at a much higher rate than the data to be transmitted. Data for transmission is combined via bitwiseXOR(exclusive OR) with the faster code. The figure shows how a spread spectrum signal is generated. The data signal with pulse duration ofis XORed with the code signal with pulse duration of. (Note:bandwidthis proportional towhere= bit time) Therefore, the bandwidth of the data signal isand the bandwidth of the spread spectrum signal is. Sinceis much smaller than, the bandwidth of the spread spectrum signal is much larger than the bandwidth of the original signal. The ratiois called the spreading factor or processing gain and determines to a certain extent the upper limit of the total number of users supported simultaneously by a base station.Each user in a CDMA system uses a different code to modulate their signal. Choosing the codes used to modulate the signal is very important in the performance of CDMA systems. The best performance will occur when there is good separation between the signal of a desired user and the signals of other users. The separation of the signals is made bycorrelatingthe received signal with the locally generated code of the desired user. If the signal matches the desired user's code then the correlation function will be high and the system can extract that signal. If the desired user's code has nothing in common with the signal the correlation should be as close to zero as possible (thus eliminating the signal); this is referred to as cross correlation. If the code is correlated with the signal at any time offset other than zero, the correlation should be as close to zero as possible. This is referred to as auto-correlation and is used to reject multi-path interference.

Code division multiplexing (Synchronous CDMA)Synchronous CDMA exploits mathematical properties oforthogonalitybetweenvectorsrepresenting the data strings. For example, binary string1011is represented by the vector (1, 0, 1, 1). Vectors can be multiplied by taking theirdot product, by summing the products of their respective components (for example, if u = (a, b) and v = (c, d), then their dot product uv = ac + bd). If the dot product is zero, the two vectors are said to beorthogonalto each other. Some properties of the dot product aid understanding of howW-CDMAworks. If vectorsaandbare orthogonal, thenand:

Each user in synchronous CDMA uses a code orthogonal to the others' codes to modulate their signal. An example of four mutually orthogonal digital signals is shown in the figure. Orthogonal codes have a cross-correlation equal to zero; in other words, they do not interfere with each other. In the case of IS-95 64 bitWalsh codesare used to encode the signal to separate different users. Since each of the 64 Walsh codes is orthogonal to one another, the signals are channelized into 64 orthogonal signals. The following example demonstrates how each user's signal can be encoded and decoded.

Asynchronous CDMAWhen mobile-to-base links cannot be precisely coordinated, particularly due to the mobility of the handsets, a different approach is required. Since it is not mathematically possible to create signature sequences that are both orthogonal for arbitrarily random starting points and which make full use of the code space, unique "pseudo-random" or "pseudo-noise" (PN) sequences are used inasynchronousCDMA systems. A PN code is a binary sequence that appears random but can be reproduced in a deterministic manner by intended receivers. These PN codes are used to encode and decode a user's signal in Asynchronous CDMA in the same manner as the orthogonal codes in synchronous CDMA (shown in the example above). These PN sequences are statistically uncorrelated, and the sum of a large number of PN sequences results inmultiple access interference(MAI) that is approximated by a Gaussian noise process (following thecentral limit theoremin statistics).Gold codesare an example of a PN suitable for this purpose, as there is low correlation between the codes. If all of the users are received with the same power level, then the variance (e.g., the noise power) of the MAI increases in direct proportion to the number of users. In other words, unlike synchronous CDMA, the signals of other users will appear as noise to the signal of interest and interfere slightly with the desired signal in proportion to number of users.All forms of CDMA usespread spectrumprocess gainto allow receivers to partially discriminate against unwanted signals. Signals encoded with the specified PN sequence (code) are received, while signals with different codes (or the same code but a different timing offset) appear as wideband noise reduced by the process gain.Since each user generates MAI, controlling the signal strength is an important issue with CDMA transmitters. A CDM (synchronous CDMA), TDMA, or FDMA receiver can in theory completely reject arbitrarily strong signals using different codes, time slots or frequency channels due to the orthogonality of these systems. This is not true for Asynchronous CDMA; rejection of unwanted signals is only partial. If any or all of the unwanted signals are much stronger than the desired signal, they will overwhelm it. This leads to a general requirement in any asynchronous CDMA system to approximately match the various signal power levels as seen at the receiver. In CDMA cellular, the base station uses a fast closed-loop power control scheme to tightly control each mobile's transmit power.

Advantages of asynchronous CDMA over other techniques

Efficient practical utilization of fixed frequency spectrumIn theory, CDMA, TDMA and FDMA have exactly the same spectral efficiency but practically, each has its own challenges power control in the case of CDMA, timing in the case of TDMA, and frequency generation/filtering in the case of FDMA.Flexible allocation of resourcesAsynchronous CDMA offers a key advantage in the flexible allocation of resources i.e. allocation of a PN codes to active users. In the case of CDM (synchronous CDMA), TDMA, and FDMA the number of simultaneous orthogonal codes, time slots and frequency slots respectively are fixed hence the capacity in terms of number of simultaneous users is limited. There are a fixed number of orthogonal codes, time slots or frequency bands that can be allocated for CDM, TDMA, and FDMA systems, which remain underutilized due to the bursty nature of telephony and packetized data transmissions. There is no strict limit to the number of users that can be supported in an asynchronous CDMA system, only a practical limit governed by the desired bit error probability, since the SIR (Signal to Interference Ratio) varies inversely with the number of users. In a bursty traffic environment like mobile telephony, the advantage afforded by asynchronous CDMA is that the performance (bit error rate) is allowed to fluctuate randomly, with an average value determined by the number of users times the percentage of utilization.

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)

Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are standardized multiplexing protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams over optical fiber using lasers or highly coherent light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs). At low transmission rates data can also be transferred via an electrical interface. The method was developed to replace the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) system for transporting large amounts of telephone calls and data traffic over the same fiber without synchronization problems. SONET generic criteria are detailed in Telcordia Technologies Generic Requirements document GR-253-CORE. Generic criteria applicable to SONET and other transmission systems (e.g., asynchronous fiber optic systems or digital radio systems) are found in Telcordia GR-499-CORE.SONET and SDH, which are essentially the same, were originally designed to transport circuit mode communications (e.g., DS1, DS3) from a variety of different sources, but they were primarily designed to support real-time, uncompressed, circuit-switched voice encoded in PCM format. The primary difficulty in doing this prior to SONET/SDH was that the synchronization sources of these various circuits were different. This meant that each circuit was actually operating at a slightly different rate and with different phase. SONET/SDH allowed for the simultaneous transport of many different circuits of differing origin within a single framing protocol. SONET/SDH is not itself a communications protocol per se, but a transport protocol.Difference from PDHSDH differs from Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) in that the exact rates that are used to transport the data on SONET/SDH are tightly synchronized across the entire network, using atomic clocks. This synchronization system allows entire inter-country networks to operate synchronously, greatly reducing the amount of buffering required between elements in the network.Both SONET and SDH can be used to encapsulate earlier digital transmission standards, such as the PDH standard, or they can be used to directly support either Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) or so-called packet over SONET/SDH (POS) networking. Therefore, it is inaccurate to think of SDH or SONET as communications protocols in and of themselves; they are generic, all-purpose transport containers for moving both voice and data. The basic format of a SONET/SDH signal allows it to carry many different services in its virtual container (VC), because it is bandwidth-flexible.

KEY FEATURES:1. SONET is a time-division multiplexing (TDM) architecture that was designed to carry voice traffic. All traffic in SONET is broken down into slots of 64-kbps DS0 increments. A DS0 is the voice line that is typically hard-wired into homes. TDM architectures are not ideal solutions for transporting data. Cable and DSL providers have shown this with their high-data-throughput broadband offerings that do not incur the same costs as comparable TDM services would incur.2. When it was discovered that computer data could be transported over telephone circuits, service providers (SPs) leveraged their existing SONET rings. SONET rings were designed and deployed to transport voice but could transport voice by breaking down the data needs into manageable pieces and transporting in 64-kbps increments. When anything less than 100 percent of a TDM circuit was used, the remainder is stuffed with arbitrary data and therefore wasted from both the customer's and SP's perspective. Frame Relay technology offered statistical multiplexing, which offered a solution to the inefficiencies of SONET-based services. Unfortunately, the designers of Frame Relay did not have quality of service (QoS) in mind with the design of the technology. Many carriers also offered zero committed information rate (CIR) services only, which guaranteed the end user absolutely no class of service (CoS). Customers found this unacceptable.3. ATM offered a solution to the QoS issues of Frame Relay and offered scalability in the optical carrier (OC-n) domain. ATM relied on a fixed-size cell that is not compatible with the Ethernet technologies that most LANs employ. ATM-designed hardware includes a segmentation and reassembly (SAR) layer to translate Layer 2 frames (Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, and so on) into ATM cells. The SAR functionality introduced slight delays in the network, but it is prohibitively expensive and complex to design. Because of the issues associated with ATM, many vendors have not deployed OC-192 ATM interfaces at this time. There is also a concept known as cell tax with ATM deployments. ATM introduces extra overhead into each transmission because of its fixed size of 53 bytes. If a Layer 2 (Ethernet) frame does not fall on a cell boundary, the rest of the cell is padded to meet the 53-byte cell requirement. ATM cells might be efficiently multiplexed into a SONET frame, but the architecture has delays and inefficiencies that must be accounted for.4. Packet over SONET (PoS) is a highly scalable protocol that overcomes many of the inefficiencies of ATM, while providing legacy support to internetworks with existing SONET architectures. PoS provides a mechanism to carry packets directly within the SONET synchronous payload envelope (SPE) using a small amount of High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) or PPP framing.

WHEN DO WE USE SDH?

When networks need to increase in capacity, SDH simply acts as a means of increasing transmission capacity. When networks need to improve flexibility, to provide services quickly or to respond to new change more rapidly. When networks need to improve survivabilty for important user services. When networks need to reduce operation costs, which are becoming a heavy burden.

LAYER MODEL OF SDH

SDH ELEMENTS

SDH Nodes Add-Drop Multiplexer (ADM)A new type of network element (NE) that integrates synchronous multiplexing and digital switching. Digital Cross Connect System (DCS)Provide a gateway interface back to the network management computer. Regenerator

SDH Arcs SDH Network PathAn SDH network Path is the logical connection between the point at which a tributary signal is assembled into its virtual container, and the point at which it is disassembled from the virtual container.It is the logical connection between two multiplexers.Low Order (LO) PathHigh Order (HO) Path

SDH Multiplexer SectionIt comprises the transmission medium and associated equipment between a Cross Connect and a Multiplexor.

SDH Network Regenerator SectionIt comprises the transmission medium and associated equipment between a network element and a regenerator or two regenerators.

SDH TOPOLOGIES (CISCO BASED)

1. Linear ADM ConfigurationsYou can configure ONS15600SDH nodes as a line of add/drop multiplexers (ADMs) by configuring one STM-N port as the working path and a second port as the protect path. Unlike rings, point-to-point (two node configurations) and linear (three node configurations) ADMs require that the STM-N ports at each node are in 1+1 Linear Multiplex Section Protection (LMSP) to ensure that a break to the working path automatically routes traffic to the protect path.

2. Multiplex Section-Shared Protection RingsThe ONS15600SDH can support 16 concurrent two-fiber multiplex section-shared protection rings (MS-SPRings). Each MS-SPRing can support up to 24 ONS15600SDH nodes. Because the working and protect bandwidths must be equal, you can create only STM-16 or STM-64 MS-SPRings.

In two-fiber MS-SPRings, each fiber is divided into working and protect bandwidths. For example, in an STM-16 MS-SPRing, VC4s 1 to 8 carry the working traffic, and VC4s 9 to 16 are reserved for protection . Working traffic (VC4s 1 to 8) travels in one direction on one fiber and in the opposite direction on the second fiber. CTC circuit routing routines calculate the shortest path for circuits based on many factors, including user requirements, traffic patterns, and distance. For example, in , circuits going from Node 0 to Node 1 will typically travel on Fiber 1, unless that fiber is full, in which case circuits will be routed to Fiber 2 through Node 3 and Node 2. Traffic from Node 0 to Node 2 (or Node 1 to Node 3) can be routed on either fiber, depending on circuit provisioning requirements and traffic loads.

The SDH K1, K2, and K3 bytes carry the information that governs MS-SPRing protection switches. Each MS-SPRing node monitors the K bytes to determine when to switch the SDH signal to an alternate physical path. The K bytes communicate failure conditions and actions taken between nodes in the ring.If a break occurs on one fiber, working traffic targeted for a node beyond the break switches to the protect bandwidth on the second fiber. The traffic travels in a reverse direction on the protect bandwidth until it reaches its destination node. At that point, traffic is switched back to the working bandwidth.Figure shows a traffic pattern sample on a four-node, two-fiber MS-SPRing.Four-Node, Two-Fiber MS-SPRing Traffic Pattern Sample

Figure shows how traffic is rerouted following a line break between Node 0 and Node3.All circuits originating on Node 0 that carried traffic to Node 2 on Fiber 2 are switched to the protect bandwidth of Fiber 1. For example, a circuit carrying traffic on VC4-1 on Fiber 2 is switched to VC4-9 on Fiber 1. A circuit carried on VC4-1 on Fiber 2 is switched to VC4-10 on Fiber 1. Fiber 1 carries the circuit to Node 3 (the original routing destination). Node 3 switches the circuit back to VC4-1 on Fiber 2 where it is routed to Node 2 on VC4-1.Circuits originating on Node 2 that normally carry traffic to Node 0 on Fiber 1 switch to the protect bandwidth of Fiber 2 at Node 3. For example, a circuit carrying traffic on VC4-1 on Fiber 1 switches to VC4-10 on Fiber 2. Fiber 2 carries the circuit to Node 0 where the circuit switches back to VC4-2 on Fiber 1 and is then dropped to its destination.Figure Four-Node, Two-Fiber MS-SPRing Traffic Pattern Following Line Break

3. Subtending RingsSubtending rings reduce the number of nodes and cards required and reduce external shelf-to-shelf cabling. The ONS15600SDH supports ten concurrent rings. Figure shows an ONS15600SDH with multiple subtending rings.Figure ONS 15600 SDH with Multiple Subtending Rings

4. Extended SNCP Mesh NetworksIn addition to single MS-SPRings, SNCPs, and ADMs, you can extend ONS15600SDH traffic protection by creating extended SNCP mesh networks. Extended SNCP rings include multiple ONS15600SDH topologies and extend the protection provided by a single SNCP to the meshed architecture of several interconnecting rings.In an extended SNCP ring, circuits travel diverse paths through a network of single or multiple meshed rings. When you create circuits, CTC automatically routes circuits across the Extended SNCP ring, or you can manually route them. You can also choose levels of circuit protection. For example, if you choose full protection, CTC creates an alternate route for the circuit in addition to the main route. The second route follows a unique path through the network between the source and destination and sets up a second set of cross-connections.For example, in Figure, a circuit is created from Node 3 to Node 9. CTC determines that the shortest route between the two nodes passes through Node 8 and Node 7, shown by the dotted line, and automatically creates cross-connections at Nodes 3, 8, 7, and 9 to provide the primary circuit path.

PASOLINKHigh Quality Smart Radio Solution

Communication infrastructures nowadays have been rapidly and dynamically evolving. The market requirements are always sophisticated with continuous demands for greater speed, flexibility, and performance. Microwave radio links have lower capacity compared with fiber optics, but microwave radio links are overwhelmingly flexible and reliable.

NEC's PASOLINK has proven high performance for radio link network around the world, satisfying customers' demands rapidly and being strategically used in their radio links. Concisely, NEC's PASOLINK has been contributing to and improving world-wide communications network with its latest wireless advanced technologies.NEC's PASOLINK Series provides a full range of economical short- and long-haul point-to-point microwave radio systems designed for a wide range of applications, such as mobile backhauls, broadband networks, enterprise solutions, and emergency networks.NECs PASOLINK Series consists of following products- iPASOLINK iPASOLINK AX ePASOLINK PASOLINK NEO PASOLINK NEO HP PASOLINK NEO iP PASOLINK NEO/a PASOLINK NEO/c PASOLINK NEO Extension

iPASOLINKiPASOLINK-series is a new line of digital microwave product that allows the seamless shift to next-generation mobile backhaul. These are access radio products that can be used for mobile backhaul, aggregation node and IP network for metro area. Flexible platform allows seamless shift from 2G to 3G and LTE/WiMAX with various system requirements such as high transmission capacity, IP architecture, etc.The main features of iPASOLINK series are as follows: Two or more networks such as 2G/3G/LTE/WiMAX can be supported at the same time. Full packet transmission with L2 switch function with VLAN/ QoS. (Native IP) TDM (E1 ad STM-1) with cross connection switches. (Native TDM) Hitless Adaptive Modulation Radio (AMR) End-to-End Pseudo Wire Emulation (PWE3) Various synchronization method such as Synchronous Ethernet, TDM, etc.Telecommunications service providers can now support migration plan for their network with minimal impact on CAPEX and OPEX since there is no need to replace equipment on their mobile network.Expanded support for Mobile backhaul applications.

Key Specifications Hitless Adaptive modulation High functionality L2 switch TDM interface : STM-1,E1 with cross connect function Flexible clock synchronization Pseudo wire emulation Ethernet ring and TDM ring, dual ring network

Technical Merits Nodal radio solution Ring protection architecture available High transmission efficiency Advanced VLAN/ QoS implementation

Operation Merits Flexible network configuration Reduce the network components Good maintenability with advanced EMS (MS5000 and PNMSj (PASOLINK Network Management System Java Version)) Saving CAPEX and OPEX

Flexible Radio Network Design Flexible configuration (1+0, N+0, 1+1 HS/SD/FD)Easy changeable and upgradable as per user needs iPASOLINK 100 1+0

iPASOLINK 200 1+0/2+01+1 (HS/SD/FD), CCDP (1+0)

iPASOLINK 400 1+0 to 4+0/ 1+1 (HS/SD/FD), CCDP (1+0/1+1)

iPASOLINK 1000 1+0 to 12+01+1 to 6 x (1+1) (HS/SD/FD),CCDP (1+0/1+1)

Bandwidth and modulation range selectable by software : 7 to 56MHz QPSK up to 256 QAM

Frequencies: 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 18, 23, 26, 28, 32, 38, and 42 GHziPASOLINK AXThis microwave digital radio from NEC was designed to meet the requirements of IP networks used in 4G (LTE/WiMAX) mobile backhaul. The small but innovative components of this radio allow for super speedy deployment. The design concept focuses on reducing not only CAPEX, but also OPEX. Ideally, in a highly evolved L2/L3 network, the wireless transmission route should be as straightforward as possible, but feature a high capacity and high reliability. iPASOLINK AX makes this evolution possible by providing the necessary functions while removing less-used functions. iPASOLINK AX is also forward compatible and can support MPLS and L3 evolution.High spectrum efficiency QPSK to 256QAM adaptive modulation

Easy deployment Zero footprint Power Over Ethernet (PoE) All-in-one package Can be directly mounted on antenna

High reliability Advanced error correction 1+1 hot standby supportMan-machine interface Browser-based GUI In-band NMS SNMP v1/v2

Frequencies: 6, 7, 8, 13, 15, 18, 23 and 38 GHz

ePASOLINKePASOLINK is an equipment designed for future high-speed networks. NEC's PASOLINK series lineup of short-haul access digital microwave relay systems offers a wide range of access frequencies in the 6 to 52 GHz band and a wide traffic capacity range of 10 to 400 Mbps. The new ePASOLINK applies a frequency spectrum in the 71 to 86 GHz band (71-76 and 81-86 GHz) and an even wider traffic range of 240 to 1200 Mbps.

Performance Multi-protocol support in native mode: Up to 4 SDH/SONET +5 Ethernet Interfaces Up to 1200 Mbps throughput delivering the equivalent of full gigabit Ethernet plus 200 Mbps Efficient spectrum utilization using QPSK modulation Configurable RF channels ease deployment

Carrier-Grade Carrier Ethernet services enabled through built-in Gigabit Ethernet Layer 2 switch Carrier-grade network management Effective network planning via RF channel tuning across the entire 70/80 GHz band Rapid and flexible deployment

Proven Reliability Based on a proven design - thousands of GbE terminals installed Up to 99.999% Carrier-grade availability

Security Highly secure narrow beam-width antennas AES Encryption option provides the ultimate in data protection at full-line-rate gigabit speeds

Frequencies: 71-76, 81-86 GHz

PASOLINK NEOPASOLINK NEO offers a wide range of capacities, frequency bands, modulation levels and interfaces with a single common IDU, simply by changing the interface card without having to replace the main IDU or ODU radio equipment. The PASOLINK NEO system meets the increasing demand for digital transmission services and will satisfy the needs for mobile and fixed network access links, private links, New Generation Networks, temporary networks or emergency links. Its innovative, intelligent design provides scalable solutions with optimal investment value for reduced CAPEX and OPEX. The PASOLINK NEO system meets the increasing demand for digital transmission services and satisfies the needs for mobile and fixed network access links, private links, new generation networks, temporary networks, and emergency links. Its innovative, intelligent design provides scalable solutions with optimal investment value for CAPEX and OPEX reduction.

Design Concept Common platform design(plug-in system modules fora single common IDU)

Key Specifications Frequency bands: 6 to 52 GHz Capacities: PDH (5/10/16/20/32/40/48/2x40/2x48E1, 1/2E3) SDH (STM-1, 2xSTM-1) LAN: 10/100Base-T(X),1000Base-SX/LX, 1000 Base-T Modulation: QPSK, 16/32/128QAM

Scalability up to your needs Capacity upgradable by software 5E1 to 16E1 or 5E1 to 32E1 or 40E1 to 48E1 16E1 to 32E1 or 16E1 to 48E1 (interface card swap) 16E1 to STM-1 (interface card swap) Modulation selectable by software QPSK up to 128 QAM Flexible configuration(1+0, 1+1 HS/SD/FD)Easy changeable and upgradableas per your needs

Technical Merits Nodal radio solution:Digital cross connect (DXC) improves network connectivity at the nodal station High system gain Compact design: 1+0, 1+1 andRepeater configuration in 1U IDU Automatic Protection Switch (APS)for STM-1 Cross Polarized operation for2xSTM-1/2x40E1/2X48E1 VLAN implementation Gigabit Ethernet over STM-1

Operation Merits Superior reliability available Easy network configuration Good maintenability with advanced PNMSj(PASOLINK Network Management System Java Version) Saving CAPEX and OPEX

Frequencies: 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 18, 23, 26, 28, 32, 38, and 52 GHz

PASOLINK NEO High Performance (HP)PASOLINK NEO High Performance (HP) is designed for high-speed future networks of advanced point-to-point digital microwave access radio. It employs a common platform design concept that provides scalable configurations to respond fiexibly to a diverse range of market needs. NEO HP is designed with completely new technology using sub-micron silicon technology and the latest signal processing circuit. Therefore this digital radio delivers incomparable scalable performance and versatile interfaces. This performance will handle advanced IP networks of the future that will grow rapidly and massively. By adopting the same field-proven common-platform design of the PASOLINK NEO series, NEO HP offers unrivaled reliability, while further improving scalability. NEO HP meets the increasing demand for digital transmission services, and satisfies the needs for integration with a variety of services such as WiMAX backbone, wireless xDSL and private intranetworking.

Design concept Low Capex/Opex Broadband Packet Radio

Key specifications Frequency bands: 6 to 38 GHz Radio Transmission Capacity:155 Mbps to 1.6 Gbps Interface:2 x GbE + 2 x FE(10/100/1000 Base-T or1000 Base-LX/SX + 10/100 Base-T)GbE (1000 Base-T or1000 Base-LX/SX)STM-1 optical or electrical (1 or 2)1 or 2 E1 (wayside) Modulation:16 QAM/128 QAM/256 QAM*(Continuous mode)QPSK/16 QAM/32 QAM/64 QAM/128 QAM/256 QAM (AMR mode)Scalability Capacity and bandwidth upgradable by software and configuration 155 Mbps (28 MHz)=> 200 Mbps (28 MHz)*=> 310 Mbps (56 MHz)=> 620 Mbps (56 MHz CCDP)=> 1.2 Gbps (112 MHz CCDP)=> 1.6 Gbps* (112 MHz CCDP) Modulation selectable by software From 16 QAM up to 256 QAM Flexible system configuration: 1+0, 1+1 (HS/SD/FD) Common ODU for NEO series

Technical merits Peerless high reliability Super-low latency High system gain Low power consumption Easy and stable cross polarized operation for 620/800 Mbps* (56 MHz) or 310/400 Mbps* (28 MHz) Automatic protection switch forSTM-1 interface Gigabit Ethernet High throughput and low latency Jumbo frame available(up to 9600 bytes) Link aggregation up to 620/ 800* Mbps (for GbE VLAN) VLAN support excluding external box Port based VLAN Tag-based VLAN, 802.1Q 75E1/150E1 High-capacity PDH (Optional) PWE3 (Optional)

Frequencies U6, L6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 18, 23, 26, 28, 32, and 38 GHz

PASOLINK NEO iPPASOLINK NEO is the industry's leading IP Microwave backhaul system with unmatched reliability, latency and throughput in the field.PASOLINK NEO iP enhances the performance and capacity of PASOLINK NEO microwave products with new switching, aggregation and traffic engineering features that bring intelligent flexibility and control to any backhaul network. The switching and traffic engineering functions can be optionally provided in our stand alone solution PASOLINK NEO iP.Beyond the Ethernet and aggregation features of other NEO Series products, a vast array of Multiservice Transport and Traffic Engineering functions whitch include Multi-service aggregation, Pseudo wire technology, Synchronization technology, MPLS switching, advanced QoS and Shaping, EthernetOAM and sophisticated protection mechanisms are supported. Design concept Re-organized for cost effective capacity scale Unifies backhaul networks into"one backhaul network" to reduce complexity and increase flexibility Reduces backhaul OPEX, particularlyfor leased bandwidth

Network transformation and optimization TDM and ATM Optimization Network unification and transition to packet All Packet or Hybrid backhaul End to end QoS and Traffic Engineering

Technical merits TDM/ATM PWE3 MPLS VLAN / QoS Bandwidth management (Shaping) Link AggregationPASOLINK NEO/aPASOLINK NEO/a is a smart, new solution for the evolving market toward triple play and all-IP networks in all segments. Its advanced design provides reliable digital access links that fully exploit the potential of end-to-end advanced networks. The system meets increasing demand for digital transmission services satisfying the needs for common carrier access links, private links, urban area networks, rural area networks, temporary networks or emergency links for voice and data transmissions. The field-proven PASOLINK equipment offers very high performance reliability, high system flexibility, and easy installation. The PASOLINK NEO/a system provides several interface types of PDH, SDH and LAN with transmission signal of 5 to 48 x E1, 63 x E1, STM-1, 10/100 Base-T and GbE per rack. Resembling the PASOLINK series, this system consists of antennas, outdoor unit (ODU) and indoor unit (IDU). Each radio channel is connected through a coaxial cable. Available configurations are non-protected type (1+0), protected type (1+1) and one- to six-way Digital Cross Connect. The protected type is available as twin-path type or hot-standby type.Design concept Six-way in one box IDU SDH and PDH combined operation

Key specifications Frequency bands: 6 to 52 GHz Radio Transmission Capacities: 5 to 48x2 Mbps (for PDH Mapping) 63x2 Mbps (for SDH Mapping) 155 Mbps 2x155 Mbps DXC function: 1008E1x1008E1 matrix switch capability CS (hardware) redundant availability Modulation: QPSK/16/32/128 QAM

Scalability Up to six-way nodal expansion Software selectable modulationFrom QPSK up to 128 QAM XPIC system in a single box Flexible configuration(1+0, 1+1, HS/SD/FD) Flexible configuration for any type of network topology Repeater, Tree and Star, etc. MODEM and ODU resemble PASOLINK NEO series

Technical Merits Nodal radio solution DXC function is a practical application for nodal network station with complex wiring More flexible and efficient expansion Smart, new DXC function facilitates network capacity solution Supports ADM function VLAN implementation MSP for SDH optical interface

Operational merits Superior reliability Easy network configuration Full front access CAPEX and OPEX reductionEasy remote route connection setting and operation from distant sites

Frequencies: U6, L6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 18, 23, 26, 28, 32, 38, 52 GHz

PASOLINK NEO/cNECs PASOLINK series (PASOLINK NEO, PASOLINK NEO/c) lineup of short-haul access digital microwave relay systems offers a wide range of access frequencies in the 6-52 GHz band for PASOLINK NEO, and 7-38 GHz band for PASOLINK NEO/c. Traffic capacity ranges from 5 x 2 to 48 x 2 Mbps, 155 Mbps and 2 x 155 Mbps (STM-1) for PASOLINK NEO, and 5 x 2 to 16 x 2 Mbps for PASOLINK NEO/c. All PASOLINK systems are compact and lightweight, and consist of an antenna, an ODU (Outdoor transmitter/receiver Unit) and an IDU (Indoor modulator/demodulator Unit).

Design concept Small Size and Light Weight: Lighter, more compact microwave relay systems High Reliability, High System Gain: PASOLINK systems continue to lead the industry Broad Compatibility: Free combination of PASOLINK NEO and NEO/c ODU and IDU

Technical merits 10/100BASE-T(X) Interface (1+1/1+0 LAN Expansion): In addition to the current E1 interfaces, two 10/100 BASE-T(X) interface ports are provided.They enable flexible allocation of bandwidth between E1 and 10BASE-T traffic. Each of the 10/100BASE-T(X) channels can be assigned any of the following data rates: 10 to 80 Mbps, and the remaining capacity can be allotted to E1 usage. Automatic Transmitter Power Control (ATPC): reduces interference affecting nearby systems, improves residual BER performance, and alleviates up-fade problem. Hitless Switch (1+1): Can be used to provide an antenna space diversity system. Transversal Equalizer: Helps compensate for selective fading. Powerful Forward Error Correction (FEC): Reed-Solomon FEC realizes excellent transmission characteristics. Good maintainability with advanced PNMSj (PASOLINK Network Management System Java version)

Frequencies 7, 8, 13, 15, 18, 23, 26, 38 GHz

PASOLINK NEO ExtensionPASOLINK NEO Extension, NEC's Compact STM-1 Multiplexer,is a multiplexer of the PASOLINK family that works with PASOLINK NEO, NEO/c and NEO HP for mobile communication networks.

Wide variety of network topologies PASOLINK NEO Extension supports various network topologies such as Liner, SDH/PDH Ring, 75E1 PDH, Ether over SDH/PDH.

Wide variety of interfaces PASOLINK NEO Extension provides various interfaces such as E1, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet and STM-1.

Flexible bandwidth using GFP, VCAT and LCAS For IP packet transport, PASOLINK NEO Extension supports the establishment of transparent paths over Ethernet. For efficient and reliable Ethernet transport, VC-12-X virtual concatenation (VCAT) and GFP (Generic Framing Procedure) are adopted. The GFP adaptation encapsulates Ethernet MAC frame for subsequent transport over SDH networks. VCAT enables GFP adaptation to establish flexible bandwidth. While VCAT provides the ability to right size SDH, Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) increases the flexibility of VCAT by allowing dynamic reconfiguration of VCAT channels.

ADM mode Maximum 80E1 add drop is available.

MultiMUX PDH mode Maximum 75E1 channels are mapped on the STM-1 frame effectively using overhead byte. This mode is applicable for point-to-point configuration.

Ether over PDH Ether over PDH utilizing GFP, VCAT and LCAS is configured.