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CD Javitas5

Apr 02, 2018

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    2.1) kompakt lemezek s a digitlis audio forradalom

    Az talakuls a CD-lejtsz s CD-k laboratriumi kurizumokA gazdasgos hztartsi gpek, amelyek forradalmastottk a zenei

    lemezipar, s lehetv tette multimdis szmtgpes fgga rendelkezsre ll kt technolgia: kis fogyaszts alacsony kltsg SSDlzerdida s sorozatban gyrtott nagymret integrlt ramkrk. NlklEzek a CD-lejtszt 1960 technolgia lenne akkora mosogatgp!

    Legtbbnk mindezt adottnak ritkn ad semmilyen gondolat, hogya csodlatos sszjtka preczis optika s sszetett elektronika - alegalbbis addig, amg valami elromlik. E dokumentum clja, hogyelegend httr CD technolgia s hibaelhrtsi tmutathogy brki, aki sszeren praktikus, hogy a hztulajdonos, ksrletez,hobbiest, gyes kez, vagy mrnk, kpes azonostani s kijavtani sokproblmaCD-lejtsz s esetleg lzerlemez lejtsz, CD-meghajtk s az optikai

    httrtr-meghajtk is.Akkor is, ha nem tudja a vltoz egy villanykrte, s nem tudja, melyikvgta forrasztpka az egyik, hogy elkerljk, olvass rvn ez a dokumentumlehetv teszi, hogy jobban tjkozott a CD-lejtsz. Aztn, hadnt, hogy ez szakmailag javtani, akkor nagyobb esllyelfelismerve rts vagy lefel jobbra becstelensg, ha foglalkoznak aszakember. Pldul egy rossz lzer nem a legvalsznbb okaAz a jtkos, nem jtszani lemezek - valjban elg messze le alista a tipikus hibk. A piszkos lencse a legvalsznbb. Ott - megtanultamr valamit!

    2.2) A dokumentum alkalmazsi kre

    Ez a dokumentum, amely kifejezetten a hibaelhrts s javtsA CD-lejtsz komponens sztere rendszerek, kompakt sztere, boomboxes,autegysgek s hordozhat, valamint a CD-ROM meghajt (belertve a SonyPlaystation).

    Az elsdleges klnbsg az ilyen tpus fog kapcsoldni, hogy a lemezbetltve - hordozhat ltalban fellrl rakhat nlkl loading fik vagy

    tlca:Azonban, ennek eredmnyeknt a szint a miniatrizls szksges hordozhats kisebb mrtkben, CD-meghajtk, minden apr, s a legtbb vagy az sszesaz elektromos alkatrszek felletszerelt mindkt oldaln egy gyakranmegkzelthetetlen nyomtatott ramkr az egsz egysget ssze acsavart egy elme a sajt, s a vgy, hogy elveszett.

    A ms tpus:

    * Laserdisc jtkosok s az optikai lemezes trol egysgek sok a kzsCD-lejtsz, tekintettel a mechanikai alkatrszek s front-endelektronika. Ezrt az informci ebben a dokumentumban is

    jelentenek kiindulpontja a hibaelhrts is. Azonbanezek lehetnek tovbbi szervo rendszerek (optikai felvtel tilt, aplda), valamint tovbbi s / vagy klnbz jelfeldolgoz

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    alrendszerek.

    * DVD (Digital Versatile - vagy vide - Disc) lejtszk (amelyek mostegyre szlesebb krben elrhet), fog szenvedni sok ugyanazokat a

    problmkat, mintCD-k s lzeres lemezek. gy, egy ismers az zemeltetsi s javtsi

    jelenlegi technolgia ad egy elnyt a csodlatos csodkat (shasonlan elkpeszt problmk), hogy jjjn. Van egy nagy mennyisginformcit

    DVD-technolgia a DVD GYIK . Electronics Nos, december, 1997, egyszp cikket Steven J. Bigelow, amely mindent a DVD-formtumteleptse s hasznlata a DVD-ROM meghajt a szmtgpen.

    Ne feledje, hogy ebben a dokumentumban, a "CD" hasznljk a leggyakrabban.Mindazonltal meg kell rteni, hogy a legtbb esetben, az informcitalkalmazzaa CD-meghajtk jtk gpek a CD, mint a Sony Playstation, lzerlemeznljtkos, minidisk lejtszk / felvevk, DVD-lejtszk, s egyb optikailemezes rendszerek. Lsd mg a dokumentum kifejezetten az ilyen egybtechnolgik: " Megjegyzsek a Hibakeress s javts Optikai lejtszks optikai adattrol meghajtk ". is, ahol emlkszem, a" lemez "vanrvidts csak olvashat mdium (pl. a norml audio CD-t vagy LD), mg a"disk"hasznljk az egyik, hogy az rhat (pldul CD-R vagy minidisk).

    Megjegyzs: Linkek a diagramok s fnykpek hivatkozni e dokumentumbanmegtallhat Sam CD FAQ fjlok .

    2.3) tpusai problmkat tallt a CD-lejtszk

    Szmos gyakori problma a CD-lejtszk lehet javtani anlkl, hogy szksgA szervizknyv vagy hasznlt bonyolult vizsgl berendezs (br amegbzhat multimter lesz szksg az elektromos tesztek s egyoscilloacopelegalbb 5 MHz-es svszlessg is nagyon kvnatos, a szervo igazts segyebekspecilis hibaelhrtsi). Milyen tpus problmkat tallt a CD-lejtsziskategrikba soroljk:

    1.. Mechanikus - piszok, kens, kops, leromlott gumi alkatrszek,piszkos / rossz

    vgllskapcsolk, fizikai srls. A piszkos lencse (bevonva por,dohnyfst maradk, vagy kondenzlt fzs zsr) - knnyen orvosolhat -

    valsznlegaz els szm oka a sok kzs problmk: lemez nem ismerik,keresik hiba, hallhat zaj, s kiszmthatatlan kvets, ragaszts, vagy

    kihagyom.

    Mg sok szakember is csaldom (vletlenl vagy szndkosan)ezek a tnetek, hogy mivel sokkal komolyabb (s drga) hibk.Ne tvesszen meg!

    Tiszttsa a lencse s minden ms elrhet optikai alkatrszek

    (ltalbanCsak a fordt tkrt, ha ez a), s egy mechanikus ellenrzst kelllennie

    http://www.videodiscovery.com/vdyweb/dvd/dvdfaq.htmlhttp://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/F_odfaq.htmlhttp://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/F_odfaq.htmlhttp://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/F_cdfaqfil.htmlhttp://www.videodiscovery.com/vdyweb/dvd/dvdfaq.htmlhttp://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/F_odfaq.htmlhttp://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/F_odfaq.htmlhttp://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/F_cdfaqfil.html
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    els dolog, amit tett minden ilyen problmk (s rendszeres megelzkarbantarts klnsen, ha a berendezs hasznlata a kevsb ideliskrnyezet). Lsd a: " FV, tisztts s kens . "

    2.. Elektromos Belltsok - durva kvets, finom kvets, fkusz, lzerram.

    Azonban nhny CD lejtsz mr nincs nhny ilyen belltst. Aszervo rendszerek teljesen digitlis -, hogy vagy dolgozni, vagy nem.

    3.. Hlzati problmk (fleg hordozhat) - gyenge akkumultor, a nemmegfelel, hibs,

    vagy a nem megfelel fali adapter.

    4, Bad kapcsolatok - trtt forrasztani a csapok sszetevk hangslyoztamint a hatr vagy interlock kapcsolkat, vagy hang-vagy hlzati

    csatlakozk, a belscsatlakozk, amelyeket meg kell tiszttani, s reseated, trtt nyomai a

    rugalmaskbelek, vagy ramkri tbla okozta krok cskkense.

    5. Elektromos alkatrsz meghibsodsa. Ezek ritkk, kivve a tlfeszltsg(vihar

    s villmcsaps) okozta krok, amelyek ha szerencsd csak fjniki alkatrszeket a tpegysg. (Vagy, duguls a 3 V hordozhat a12 V az aut. Tudod taln felejtsd el ezt is, hogy aCD lejtsz jra.)

    6. sszefrhetetlen fldrajzi elhelyezkeds :-). Ez nem igazn vonatkozik aCD

    jtkos, de lehet, hogy egy tnyez, berendezsek, pldul a SonyPlayStation s

    Nagyon valszn, DVD-lejtsz. Az vgtelen blcsessge (vagykapzsisg)

    gyrtk, belertve a "orszgkdok" a lemezeket, hogy a jtkeladott vagy film egy helyen nem lehet hasznlni egy msik. Teht, ha

    vsrolta lemezt a msik oldalon a vilg, s ez nem mkdik otthon, ksznmaz gyvdek .....

    Azt is gyakran javtani a CD-lejtsz, ami hibs ksznhet, hogy (1) vagya (2), kivveA lzer teljestmny, amit nem prblja csak a legvgs nlklszolgltats kzi s / vagy a megfelel mszerek szksg esetn - nemmegfelel belltsatnkreteheti a lzer. Ha a lemezeket ismeri egyltaln, vagy akkor is, ha akszlk csakkoncentrl-e, akkor lzer teljestmnye valsznleg ok. Mg a lzer didklehet, s nem sikerl, nem felttelezzk, hogy minden CD-lejtsz problmalzer kapcsoldik.Valjban csak egy kis rsze (valsznleg 10% alatt) miatt a hibaA lzer dida vagy tmogat ramkrket. Mechanikai problmk, mint aszennyezds s kens leggyakrabban kveti a szksgessgt elektromos(Szervo) belltsokat.

    A megolds, hogy a (3) s (4) problma nyilvnval -, de lehet, hogytudatos erfesztseket kell emlkezni, hogy ellenrizze ezeket, mielttfelttelezve, hogy ahiba oka az, hogy valami sokkal slyosabb.

    Kategria (5) hibk a tpegysg komponens (AC powered) CDa jtkosok is lehet javtani viszonylag knnyen.

    http://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/F_cdfaq4.html#CDFAQ_027http://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/F_cdfaq4.html#CDFAQ_027
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    A legtbb elektromos hibt nehz lesz megtallni anlkl, hogy aszolgltatskzi, vizsglati eszkzk, s a rszletes megrtse s ismereteaudio CD technolgia. Azonban lehet, hogy szerencss. n sikeresenjavtott problmkkal, mint a seek hiba (felvltva a vezet chip, mert

    futs tl meleg), s egy ajt rzkel hiba (vezethet ramkr megtallnirossz logikai chip). Mivel annyira az intelligencia a CD-lejtsz van afirmware - a programkd belsejben a mikrokontroller, mg a sematikus lehetlehet csak kisebb rtk, mert n is elg sok garantlni, hogy a firmwarenem dokumentlni kell. A szolgltats kziknyvek ritkn magyarzza * hogy* a berendezskellene dolgozni -, s akkor taln csak rosszul fordtottk japn!

    Akkor nagyjbl felejtsd el a javts elektromos problmk hordozhatberendezsek, esetleg rossz kapcsolatok (ltalban krlbell a hang-vagyhatalom emelk, bels csatlakozk, interlock kapcsol (mivel hangslyozni),vagymshol ksznheten a kszlk leesett). Szinte mindent egy hordozhat(s a legtbb CD-ROM meghajt, ami azt illeti, br ez nem annyira rossz)ici-pici felletszerelt alkatrszeket. Van ltalban csak minimlis hasznosinformcit nyomtatott ramkr. Nyomon a kbelezs egy rmlom.Mg a vizsglati pontok s kiigaztsok lehetnek jelletlen!

    2.4) javts vagy csere?

    Mg a CD-lejtszk s j knyelmi szolgltatsok folyamatosan bevezetsre,aalapvet funkcija a CD lejtszsa nem vltozott jelentsen az elmlt 15

    vben.Egyik sokat felvillanyozott "fejlesztsek", mint pldul a digitlisszrk, tlmintavtelezs,egy bit D / A, s mint a valszn, hogy klnbsget egyltaln alvezet a legtbb haland. Az emberek, akik trdnek, ezt csak azrt, mertjobban aggdnak a technolgia, mint a zenei lmnyt. Legtbbilyen gynevezett elleg vgeztk legalbb rszben a kltsgek cskkentse- nemfelttlenl a teljestmny javtsa rdekben.

    Ezrt, ha valban szksg van egy 250 lemezes CD-vlt, atvirnyt, amely tbb mint egy gomb B777 piltaflke s 2000 trackprogramozhatsg, egy 10 ves CD lejtsz megszlal ugyanolyan j, s

    javtst nem lehet egy rossz tlet. Sok rgebbi CD-lejtszk is plt tbbszilrdanmint a ma. Mg nhny j, high-end CD-lejtszk is pltbbnyire manyag optikai fedlzet s a gyenge futm.

    Ha meg kell kldeni, vagy hogy a CD-lejtsz vagy CD-ROM meghajt aszolgltat kzpont,A javts knnyen meghaladja a kltsge egy j egysget. Szolgltatkzpontokdjat akr $ 50 vagy tbb biztost az eredeti becsls javtskltsgeket, de ez ltalban jvrdik a teljes kltsge a javts(Persze, lehet, hogy csak jack ezt fel, hogy ellenslyozzk a padon id).Alkatrsz kltsgek gyakran nagymrtkben felfjt is - felteheten

    szndkoserfesztst a rszt a gyrtk kedvt javtsval rgebbi berendezsek.Azonban ezek a drga alkatrszek nem igazn nem olyan gyakran, mint az

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    ltalban hiszik - a lzer nem a legnagyobb valsznsggel, hogy rossz!Ennek ellenre elfordulhat, hogy mg egy "hivatalos" szervizbe akarhogy cserlje ki a drga optikai felvtel akkor is, ha ez nem szksges. nnem tudom, hogy mennyi ennek oka, hogy becstelensg, s mennyit kell hozznem rts.

    Ha meg tudod csinlni a javts magad, az egyenlet vltozik drmaianA rszek kltsgek a 1/2 1/4, amit egy szakember fogja terhelnis termszetesen az id ingyenes. Az oktatsi szempontokat isvonz. Most megtudhatod, sokat a folyamatban. gy van rtelmemegjavtani, hogy rongyos rgi Boombox utn.

    3. fejezet) CD Digital Audio technolgia

    3.1) ltalnos bemutatsa CD Technology

    Informci a CD van kdolva perc "gdrk" csak acmkvel oldaln a CD-t. A CD-t is fel van tntetve, nagyjbl ugyangy,mintegy rgi stlus LP de az sokkal szigorbb felttelek mellett - hasonlan akrlmnyek tartani a tiszta szobban egy flvezet ostya fab. A CDmegnyomsval ezutn alumnium bevonat vkuum kamrban, s a cmke oldalaspin-bevonva vd manyag gyanta s nyomtatott cmkvel.

    CD-R - rhat CD-k egy alig klnbz. CD-R-rt

    vannak elre kivgott egy spirlis megvezethorony majd bevonva egy szervessznezketmajd egy rteg arany film, gyanta, s a cmke. A festk rteg jelenik megzldes s deformldik hatsra a fkuszlt rs lzersugarat kpezgdrk s a fldeket.

    A legjabb vltozat - DVD vagy Digital Versatile lemezek (vagy DigitalVideoLemezek attl fggen, hogy ki hallgat) - vgrehajtsa szmos inkrementlisde igen jelents technolgiai fejlesztsek, amelyek sszesen kitesz egyltvnyos nvekedse informci srsg - szinte 10:01 ugyanazonmret lemezt. Ezek kz tartozik a nagyobb frekvencij lzer (670 vagyrvidebb lthat

    hullmhossz), kzelebb svtrkz, jobb kdols, s a ktoldalas lemez.Szerint a korai jelentsek a vgs specifikcik, DVD-k kpesek lesznektrolsra 8-szorosa a jelenlegi audio CD-k magasabb mintavteli sebessgs azbites felbonts, 2 ra MPEG kdols minsgi filmeket, smindenfle egyb informcik. A nyers adatok kapacitsa valahol5 s 10 GByte. Lsd a: " sszehasonltsa CD-s DVD-adatok "tovbbi informcikat.

    3.2) CD informcitrol s lejtszs

    A tnyleges adatokat kell rgzteni CD megy inkbb figyelemre mlt

    http://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/F_cdfaqb.html#CDFAQB_003http://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/F_cdfaqb.html#CDFAQB_003
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    talakuls, mert megy a nyers audi (vagy digitlis adat) mikroszkopikusboxbaA lemez felletn. Kereskedelmi vagy szakmai hangfelvtel, afolyamat kezddik elszr eltvoltsa feletti frekvencikon 20 kHzmajd az analg-digitlis talakts, ltalban a mintavteli frekvencia 48K

    minta / msodperc minden sztere csatornn. A kapott adatfolyam ezutnrgztett tbbsvos digitlis mgnesszalag. Minden kever-s pre-masteringmveleteket vgeznek azonos mintavteli. Az utols lps az talaktsa re-sampling (minta-rfolyamot, belertve nhny kifinomultinterpolci) a 44.1 K minta / msodperc sebessg tnylegesen ignybe a CD-n (88,2K sszesen mindkt csatorna). (Bizonyos esetekben, az sszes lpst lehetelvgezni a44.1 K arny.)

    Ezt kveti a rendkvl kifinomult kdolst a kapott 16-bitestwo's-kiegsztje mintk (felvltva L s R csatorna) aclja a hibk feldertse s korrekcija. Vgl, az adatok egy alaktjukalkalmas formban a rgztsi kzeg ltal Nyolc-to-tizenngy modulci(EFM)majd rt egy mester lemezt a preczis lzeres vgs eszterga. Asorozat galvanizl, eltvolts, s a szaporods lpsek majd eltbb "elre", amelyek segtsgvel valban nyomja a lemezeket teszela lejtszt.

    Termszetesen lehetsg van a sajt CD-k egy szerny r CD-Rfelvev (amely nem teszi lehetv trlse vagy jra-felvtel). Most,jrarhat CDtechnolgia teljesen jrafelhasznlhat lemezek segtsgvel rgztsre sszerkesztsre tenniinkbb, hogy a kazetta

    Mint egy hanglemez, az informci rgztett folyamatos spirl.Azonban egy CD, ezen a plyn (vagy horony sora gdrk - nem tvesztendA kivlasztott egy zenei CD) indul a vroskzpont kzelben, a CD s aspirlok (balra nzve a cmks oldalval) fel a klsl. A kiolvassi keresztl a 1,2 mm-es polikarbont lemez szubsztrtot Aluminizlt informcis rteg csak alatta a cmkt. A teljes hosszaA spirlis plyn a 74 perces lemez tbb mint 5000 mter - ami tbb,mint 3 mrfld valami ilyesmi 20.000 fordulat a lemez!

    A digitlis kdols a hibk feldertse s korrekcija az gynevezettKereszt Interleave Reed Salamon-kd vagy CIRC. Lerni ezta lehet legegyszerbben, a CIRC kd kt rszbl ll: interleavingAz adatokat gy, hogy lemorzsolds vagy srls lesz elosztva elegendfizikai terlet(Remlhetleg), hogy rekonstrult s a CRC (ciklikus redundanciaellenrzs), mint a hibaBiztonsgi kd. Egyttesen ezek a kt technika kpesek nhnymlt hibajavts. A felttelezs az, hogy a legtbb hibkelfordulnak robban eredmnyeknt a por specifikcik, karcolsok, mintpldul a tkletlensgektszrsszer lyukak az alumnium bevonat, stb Pldul, a kdokat erteljeselg ahhoz, hogy teljesen vissza egy burst hiba nagyobb, mint 4000 egymstkvetbitek - krlbell 2,5 mm a lemezen. A teljes hibajavts vgre (eznem mindig az minden CD-lejtsz), lehetsg van arra, hogy egy darab2 mm-es szalag sugrirnyban a lemezt, vagy frjon egy 2 mm-es lyukat alemezt, s nemaudio romlsa. Nhny teszt CD mr csak az ilyen tpus hiba vezetett

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    szndkosan.

    Kt megkzelts ksztett javthatatlan hibkat: interpolci snmts. Ha j minta krl rosszak, akkor lineris vagy magasabbrend interpolcit lehet hasznlni ket, hogy rekonstrulni. Ha tl sokadatot

    elveszett, a hang simn elnmul a msodperc trtrsze alatt. Attl fggenhogy hol ezek a hibk vonatkozsban a zenei kontextus, mg ezekdrasztikus intzkedseket lehet szrevehetetlen az emberi fl.

    Ne feledje, hogy a hibajavts CD formtumban mg nagyobb szerepetmint CD audio, mint brmely bit hiba elfogadhatatlan. Ez az egyik a sokmirt ez ltalban lehetetlen talaktani egy audio CD-lejtszt aCD-ROM meghajt. Azonban, mivel szinte minden CD-ROM meghajt kpeslejtszanizenei CD-k, sokat meg lehet hatrozni a termszet a problma elszrtesztelse CDROM egy zenei CD-t.

    3.3) CD (lemez) pts

    Az informcis rteg a fent emltettek szerint hasznostja "mlyedsekben",mint a trolsimechanizmus. (Minden, ami nem a gdr az gynevezett "fld"). Gdrkkevesebb, mint 0,2 depresszik um mlysgben (1/4 hullmhossz a 780 nm-eslzerfnytfigyelembe vve a tnyleges hullmhossz bell polikarbontmanyag alapul trsmutatja). gy a visszavert nyalb 180fokkal el fzis bees fny. Ahol van egy gdr, a visszavertgerenda a pit s a szomszdos terletek is inkbb, hogy megsznteti. Ennek

    eredmnye a magaskztti kontraszt gdrk s a fldeket, s j jel-zaj arny. Gdrkkrlbell 0,5 um szles s jnnek lpsekben 0,278 um, mint alapvethossztegy kicsit (kdolt, lsd albb), az informcis rteg a lemezt.

    Minden byte a feldolgozott informcit talaktjuk egy 14 bit hosszsgrunkorltozott kd vett egy kdknyvbl (keressi tblzatot), hogy nemkevesebb,2, vagy tbb mint 10 egymst kvet 1s 0s kztt. Addigra, hogy a 1-esektmenetet a pit a fld vagy fld a gdr, a minimlis brmely funkciA lemez nem kevesebb, mint 3 * p, s nem tbb, mint 11 * p, ahol p rtke

    0,278 um.Ezt nevezzk nyolc-tizenngy Modulci - EFM. gy a hossza egy gdrtartomny 0,833-3,054 um.

    Minden 14 bites kdszt van 3 tovbbi szinkron s alacsony frekvencijelnyoms bithozz, sszesen 17 bit kpvisel minden 8 bites byte. Mivel egyetlen bitA 0,278 um, a bjt, akkor kpviseli lineris trben 4,72 um. EFM-benegytt a szinkron bitek biztostjk, hogy az tlagos jel nincs DCkomponens s hogy van elg lek megbzhatan rekonstrulni az raaz adatok leolvassa. Ezek a szavak ssze 588 bites kereteket. Minden kerettartalmaz 24 byte audio adat (6 minta az L + R 16 bit) s 8 bitinformci kdolsra hasznlt (tbb frame) informcikat, mint az id,

    msorszm, index, stb:Szinkron (24 + 3).

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    Vezrl s kijelz (14 + 3).Adatok (12 * 2 * (14 + 3) bekezdse).Hibajavts (4 * 2 * (14 + 3) bekezdse).

    --------------------588 teljes bit / keret

    A blokk, amely ll 98 egymst kvet kp, a legkisebb egysg, amelylehet kezelni egy audio CD-t, s megfelel az id 1/75 a msodik.Kt bit az informcis byte jelenleg meghatrozott. Ezeket a Ps Q. P szolglja egyfajta globlis sync funkci jelz (tbbek kzttmellett) elejn s vgn kivlasztott s az id kztt belltsokat. Q bitfelhalmozott egyetlen szt kszlt egy rszt a 98 lehetsges biteket egyblokkbankdolja az id, a plya s az index szmt, valamint szmos egyblehetsgesfunkcik fggen, ha a lemez is tallhat, hogy milyen a lemez avan, s gy tovbb.

    Informci a CD rgztett lland lineris sebessg - CLV. Ezj s rossz. A CD audio - 1X sebessg - ez CLV krlbell 1,2 mter permsodik. (Ez tnyleg nem teljesen lland elmaradsa miatt lland kdolscsomagolssrsg s az adatok puffer kztt vltozik, de a 1,2 s 1,4 m-kntmsodperc). CLV lehetv teszi a csomagols a lehet legnagyobb informcia lemezen, mertgy azt a legsrbb helyszntl fggetlenl. Azonbannagy sebessg internet-hozzfrsi, klnsen a CD-meghajtk, az aztjelenti, szksg van, hogygyorsan vltoztatni a forgsi sebessge a lemez, ha keres kztt belss a kls plykon. Termszetesen nincs olyan benne rejl oka a CD-k, asebessg nem lland jelenti, hogy az adattviteli sebessg lennemagasabb, mint a kls plyk a belsk. Modern CD-ROM meghajtkszemveg, hogy tl jl hangzik ahhoz, hogy igaz legyen (s vannak) isfuttathatja lland szgletessebessg elrsben lltotta tviteli sebessg csak az adatok mellett akls szlna lemez.

    Ne feledje, hogy ellenttben a lemezjtsz, a pillanatnyi sebessge az orsnemmi hatrozza meg a plyn az audio jelet. Van nagy puffera RAM a lejtsz belsejben egyarnt hasznlhat FIFO elsimtsra adatokatolvasni lea lemezt tehermentesteni az ors szervo, illetve, hogy atmeneti trols rszeredmnyek alatt dekdols s a hibakorrekci. Szurok (a zenei rtelemben) gy hatrozzuk meg, az adatokleolvassara - egy kristly oszcilltor ltalban, amely szablyozza a D / A s azLSI chipsetidzts. Az egyetlen mdja annak, hogy lltsa plyn vltozik ez az ra.Egyes high-enda jtkosok kztt a plyn belltsa. Mivel a pontossg, a lejtszsAz olyan CD-lejtszban hatrozza meg a magas minsg kvarc oszcilltor,wow, slebegs - legfontosabb intzkedsek minsgnek fonogrf lemezjtsz -olyan kicsimint, hogy szrevehetetlen. Vgl, a mintavteli frekvencia 44,1 K mintkmsodpercenknt meghatrozza a hangkimenetet. Ehhez, az tlagos bitsebessgtlA lemez 4,321 M bit msodpercenknt.

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    Tracks egymstl 1,6 mikromter egymstl - a plya pitch 1,6 um. gy egy12cm lemez tbb mint 20000 szm a maga 74 perc zene. Termszetesen,ellenttbena merevlemez, s mint egy gramofon rekord, ez tnyleg egy spirlis plyntbb mint 3

    mrfld hossz! Azonban, amint azt fentebb megjegyeztk, a kiindulsi pontkzpontjnak kzelbena lemezt. A szlessge a gdrk a plyn valjban krlbell 0,5 um. Afkuszlt lzersugr kisebb, mint 2 um, a gdrk. Hasonltsuk ssze ezt azLP: Ahossz, hossz lejtszs LP taln egy kicsit tbb mint 72 perc zene ktoldalon vagy36. perc oldalanknt. (A legtbb nem rik el sehol ennyi zent, mivela groove tvolsg kell vltozik attl fggen, hogy mennyi basszustartalmat a zenevan, s szles csatornk tbb helyet foglalnak el.) A 33-1/3 rpm, ez aligtbb mint1200 hornyok krlbell 4 cm kpest 20.000 CD-lemez a trbenA tbb mint 1,25 cm! A kiolvas stlusok egy LP egy tipp sugarataln 2-3 mil (50-75 um).

    3.4), s akkor gondoltam, vezets a keskeny, kanyargsorszgton kemny volt!

    Ahhoz, hogy a kvnt CD lejtsz szervo rendszer teljestmnyt aszempontbl, ittegy analgia:

    Egy lland lineris sebessggel krlbell 1,2 mter msodpercenknt, amegkveteltkvetsi pontossgot elkpeszt: Megfelel nyomon kvetse a CD egyenrtkleszortjk a 10 mter szles autplya (felttelezve elfogadhat kvetsihibakevesebb, mint + / - .35 um), tbb mint 3200 mrfld egy msodpercre ajtk vagy annl14.400.000 mrfldre az egsz lemez nem vletlenl tkels svot!Valjban, ez rosszabb, mint a: focus fenn kell tartani minden ebben azidbenjobb, mint 1 um is (mondjuk, + / - 0,5 um). Teht, ez tbb, mint egyksrletireplgp le egy 10 mter szles tvonal magassgban mintegy 12 mrfldre(4mm tipikus fkusztvolsg objektv), a magassgi hiba kevesebb, mint+ / - 7 lb! Mindez ugyanakkor a cl plyn albbi mozog mindktvzszintesen (CD s ors kifutsa 0,35 mm) 1 mrfld s fgglegesen (lemezlnc-s ors tmolyg legfeljebb 1 mm) 3 mrfld per fordulat! Ezentlmenen,n megprblta figyelmen kvl hagyni a klnbz tpus szemetet (foltok,ujjlenyomatok,szlak, por, stb), hogy melyik alatt ezen a skln a hegy mretmretek. Elnzst a bekevert egysgeket. Elnzst krek, hogy a vilg tbbirszeahol a megfelel egysgeket hasznlnak mindent.)

    A szksges pontossg Hihetetlen, de igaz a sorozatban gyrtott technolgiahogy nylik a 1970-es vekben. s gy, hogy egy jl mkd CD

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    jtkos rendkvl immunis a kis dudorok s rezgs - sokkal inkbb, mint egyrgistlus lemezjtsz. Minden alapjn a reflexi egy tredke egy mWlthatatlan lzer fny!

    Termszetesen, ez is csak egy nap a szrakoztat kzpont a CD

    jtkos szervo rendszereket. Remljk, hogy a technolgiai ismeretek sohanemelveszett - a fonogrf felvtel jtszhat a tskt a rzsabokorsegtsgvela korongozs egy lemezjtsz. Csak egy kicsit tbb technolgia van szksgolvasni s rtelmezni a tartalmt egy CD-t!

    3.5) CD optikai felvtel mkdsi elvek

    A diagram mutatja a f funkcionlis komponensek a hrom fnynyalb optikai

    felvtel albb is elrhet PDF s GIF formtum:

    * Get CDT3BP: cdt3bp.pdf vagy cdt3bp.gif .

    Ez a kialakts jellemz az idsebb optikai pickup (br lehet, hogytallkoznaknhny ilyen). jabb tpusok jval kevesebb egyni alkatrszek egyestsesmegszntetse bizonyos alkatrszeket a teljestmny felldozsa nlkl(amely akrjobb). Tovbbi elnyk eredmnyeknt alacsonyabb kltsgek, jobbstabilits,s nagyobb megbzhatsgot. Ugyanakkor a mkdsi elvek hasonlak.

    A cl az optikai felvtel a CD-lejtsz, CD-meghajt vagy optikai lemezmeghajt, hogy visszaszerezze a digitlis adatokat a kdolt gdrk azinformcisrteg az optikai kzeg. (Az rhat optikai lemezek, ez is hasznlhatrni a lemezre kzeg.) CD-lejtszk, a kapott Datastream ist hifi hangzst. A CD-k s ms optikai trolkeszkzk, akkor lehet rtelmezni, mint programkd szveg, hang-vagy videmultimdia, sznes fnykpek, vagy egyb digitlis adatok.

    A legtbb alapvet mkdsi elvek hasonlak egysugaras CD pickupoks a pickupok hasznlt ms digitlis optikai meghajtk.

    Gyakran lltjk, hogy a lzersugr egy CD-lejtsz, mint a ceruzt egyfonogrf lemezjtsz. Br ez egy igaz llts, a tnyleges nagysgaEz az eredmny ltalban figyelmen kvl hagyjk. Vegye figyelembe, hogy afonogrf stylusaz elektromechanikus. Stylus elhelyezse - hasonl nyomon kvetse sfkuszoptikai hangszed - alapul stylus lovagls a rekord barzdkltal vezrelt felfggesztst felvtel patron s a hangot karjt. Azanalghang rzkelt leggyakrabban az elektromgneses indukci ltal termeltstylus a pillanatban mozgsa ide-oda mozgatja a mgnes egy pr rtelmetekercsek.

    Az optikai pickup elltni az sszes ezeket a funkcikat anlkl, hogymechanikaisegtsget a CD-rl. Ez csak akkor lesz vezetve egy tredke egy mW lzer

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    fny s nhny milligramm szilcium alap elektronikus ramkrt.

    Tovbb, a precizitst knnyen tbb mint 2 nagysgrenddelfinomabb, mint a fonogrfot. Kifinomult szervo rendszerek fenntartsrasszpontosts nyomon kvetse, hogy egy tredke a mikromter optimlis. (1 um egyenl

    1/25, 400 hvelyk). Az adatok kiolvassa szlelsvel a klnbsgmly gdrk s a fldeket az 1/4 hullmhosszsg lzerfny (krlbell0,15 um aCD)!

    * A lzersugr ltal generlt egy szilrdtest lzer dida 780 nm-nlemittl

    (Kzel IR). Optikai teljestmny a lzer dida nem tbb, mint egy pr mWs kilp egy k alak gerenda tipikus eltrs a 10x30 fokosaz X s Y irnyban rendre.

    * A diffrakcis rcs osztja a fny egy tvolsgi fnyszr s kt(elsrend)

    oldals gerendk. (A magasabb rend gerendk nem hasznljk.)Megjegyezzk, hogy a diffrakcis

    rcs ellltsnl hasznlt tbbszrs gerendk, nem a tbb kzsfunkci

    A sztvlasztsa fny alkot szneket. Az oldals gerendk hasznlatakitzshez s jelen lenni a plyn, amely olvas. A nyomkvet szervofenntartja ezt a kzpontost tartva az amplitd a kt oda-vissza

    gerendakiegyenltett.)

    * Ezutn a lzersugr thalad a polarizcis sugroszt (egyfajtaprizma vagy tkr, amely irnytja a visszatrs sugr a fotodida tmb),

    akoliimtoriencse, negyed hullm lemez, fordult tkr, s a cllencse mieltt vgl elri a lemezt.

    * A koliimtoriencse konvertlja eltr fny a lzer egyprhuzamos fny.

    * A fordulpont tkrrel (opcionlis fggen az adott optikai utathasznljk), akkor

    tkrzi a lzerfny akr a trgylencse s fkusz / kvetsmkdtet.

    * Az objektv hasonl sok szempontbl, hogy a j minsg mikroszkpobjektv. Ez van szerelve egy platform, amely biztostja a mozgskt irnyban. A mkdtet mkdik hasonlan a lengtekercsa hangszrk. Fix lland mgnesek biztostjk a mgneses tramely a tekercsek cselekedni. A hangsly mkdtet mozgsba hozza az

    objektvet felfel s lefel.A nyomkvet mozgatkar a tekercset, s ki, tekintettel a lemeztkzpont.

    * A prhuzamostott lzersugarak (belertve a 2 oldals gerendk) halad ta

    objektvvel s kzppontjban a diffrakci korltozott foltok ainformci - gdrk - rteg a lemezt (thalads utn a 1.2millimter tltsz polikarbont manyag kpez nagy rszt alemez).

    * A visszavert sugarak visszatrsre az eredeti tvonal, amg thaladnak apolarizcis nyalboszt ekkor vannak irnytva a fotodida

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    tmb. A polarizcis nyalboszt thalad a (vzszintesen polarizlt)lzersugarak stright keresztl. Azonban a kt lps (oda-vissza), aA negyedv hullm lemez forog a polarizci a visszatrs gerenda isfggleges helyett, s ez tkrzdik a polarizcis nyalboszt fela fotodida tmb.

    A visszatrs gerendk a lemez informcis rteg hasznljk szervo vezrlsA fkusz s nyomon kvetsre s az adat-helyrelltst.

    * Egy hengeres lencse slighlty megvltoztatja a vzszintes s fgglegesfoklis

    tvolsg a kapott helyet a fotodida tmb. A helysznen lesz majdtkletesen kr alak, ha az objektv helyesen van behelyezve.

    Bezrshozvagy messzire, s ez lesz elliptikus (pl. megnylt a 45 fokos tengelyha tl kzel van, de a 135 fokos tengely, ha tl messzire.)

    A kzponti rsze a fotodida tmb van osztva 4 egyenl negyedrejellt A, B, C, D. Focus tkletes, ha a jel = (A + C) - (B + D) = 0-ra.

    A tnyleges megvalsts hasznlhat asztigmatikus objektv helyettklnll hengeres lencse a kltsgek cskkentse, de a hats ugyanaz.

    taAz objektv a frccsnttt manyag, a kltsgek nem tbb a pensz a

    astigmat(Br az eredeti csiszols formk lehetett lvezet!). Ez mgLehetsges, hogy bizonyos esetekben, a termszetes asztigmatizmus a lzer

    didamaga is szerepet jtszik ebben a folyamatban.

    * Az oldals gerendk ltal ltrehozott diffrakcis rcs elhelyezse elrehts ftart kzrefogja a plyn a gdrk kvetnek (nemkzvetlenl a kt oldaln, mint az brn lthat -, de ez knnyebb voltdolgozzon!).

    Szegmensek mindkt oldaln a fotodida tmb kijellt E s F monitoraz oldals gerendk. Tracking tkletes, ha az E s F jelek egyenl.

    * Az adatok a jel sszege az A + B + C + D

    Lnyegben az optikai pickup s egy elektronikusan stabilizlt kormnyzottmikroszkp, amely informci kinyerse plyk 1/20 a szlessge egyhumn vrsvrsejt repls kzben mentn egy lineris sebessggel 1,2 mtermsodpercenknt!

    Lsd az: " rszei a CD-lejtsz vagy CD-ROM meghajt "s az" indtsiproblmk "tovbbi informcikat a komponensek s mkdst az optikai szenzort skpek s lersok a tipikus lzer didk, optikai pickup, soptikai fedlzetet.

    3.6) Optikai hangszed sszetettsge

    Az opto-mechanikai tervezse optikai pickup eltr. Eredetilegmeglehetsen bonyolult, terjedelmes, nehz s knyes tekintetben optikai

    sszehangols. Azonban, a folyamatosan fejlesztjk a design, cskkenti aA mret s a tmeg, s a kltsgek cskkentse, a gyrtk hoztak modern

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    pickupok figyelemre mltan kevs klnbz rszbl ll. Ezt iseredmnyezheti ateljestmnyt, mivel minden optikai fellete ad szrevtelek s rontja az asugrminsg. Emiatt a szksges lzerteljestmny cskkenteni kell, s ajelminsg javtania kell.

    * ltalban a legsszetettebb tpusok is a legrgebbi. Ezekkel, ottvoltak az egyes optikai elemek minden szakaszban a sugr t steljesen klnll lzer dida s fotodida csomagokat. Rviden,mg a rszleteket vltozatos, a teljes konstrukci nagyon hasonl volt adiagram s megadott lers a kvetkez rszt: " CD optikai felvtel

    mkdsi elvek ". Ezek is volt tbb optikai belltsok - amely bizonyosesetben szksges a gyakori figyelmet.

    Egy plda az ilyen tpus a Sony KSS110C optikai pickup . A legtbbalkatrszek

    vgre az egyes funkcikat, s ez nagyobb s nehezebb, mint a moderntervez.

    * A leggyakoribb tpusok mg kln lzer dida s fotodida tmbde lehet, hogy megsznt a hengeres s kollimtor lencsk s talnA polariztor s negyed hullm lemez. Kevs, ha a szksges

    belltsokat.

    A Sony KSS361A Optical Pickup jellemz ezeknek f tervez.A nagyon kis eltrsek (fknt szerels), a klnbz modellek is

    tallhatkminden tpus CD-lejtsz s CD-meghajtk gyrtst a Sony, Aiwa, smsok.

    Egy msik hasonl kialakts hasznljk a Sanyo K38N optikai pickup amelyvalamivel jabb s kompakt.

    Egy diagram s rszletes lersa f pickupok, lsd arsz: " Sony KSS sorozat optikai pickup ".

    * Egyes gyrtk mentek a kombinlt lzer dida / fotodidval (LD / PD)array csomag, amely gy nz ki, mint egy nagy LD, de 8-10 csapok.

    EltekintveAz objektv sszeszerels, az egyetlen rsz lehet a fordulpont tkr,s mg ez valban nincs szksg. Ez a felvtel is nagyon knny aslya (ami j a gyors hozzfrst CD-meghajtk), s rendkvl kompakt.

    Megsznteti a szksges sszetevk kln a kimen s visszajv gerendkkell eredmnyeznie jelents javulst az optikai teljestmnyt. Az

    egyetlenhtrnya lenne, hogy a gerendk mr nem teljesen merlegesA lemez "gdrk" felletre, s ez vezethet egy nagyon enyhe, valsznlegelhanyagolhat cskkens szlelhet a jel minsgt - tbb, mint tette

    fel aa megnvekedett jelszintet.

    A CMKS-81x optikai Pickup s Optical Pickup a Philips PCA80SC CDROMjellemz a modern design.

    A legkisebb is, mint az optikai olvast a Philips CR-206 CDcsak krlbell 1/2 "x 5/8" x 3/4 "ltalnos - csak a mrete a lencseterjed! Mert ez az egyetlen tvolsgi pickup, mg egyltaln nincs

    tovbbioptikai elem belsejben. A hrom tvolsgi felvtel lenne diffrakcisrcs eltt a lzer dida.

    http://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/F_cdfaq1.html#CDFAQ_012http://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/F_cdfaq1.html#CDFAQ_012http://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/kss110c.gifhttp://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/kss361a.gifhttp://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/k38n.gifhttp://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/F_cdfaqa.html#CDFAQA_005http://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/cmks81x.gifhttp://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/pcap.gifhttp://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/crp.gifhttp://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/F_cdfaq1.html#CDFAQ_012http://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/F_cdfaq1.html#CDFAQ_012http://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/kss110c.gifhttp://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/kss361a.gifhttp://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/k38n.gifhttp://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/F_cdfaqa.html#CDFAQA_005http://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/cmks81x.gifhttp://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/pcap.gifhttp://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/REPAIR/crp.gif
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    A diagram s rszletes lersa ilyen tpus pickup, lsd: aszakasz: " Super egyszer optikai pickup . "

    Tovbb a [ Next ]-rszes

    Ugrs az [ Table 'O Tartalomjegyzk ]

    The transformation of CD players and CDROMs from laboratory curiositiesto the economical household appliances that have revolutionized the musicalrecording industry and have made possible multimedia computing depend onthe availability of two technologies: low power low cost solid statelaser diodes and mass produced large scale integrated circuits. Withoutthese, a CD player using 1960's technology would be the size of dishwasher!

    Most of us take all of this for granted rarely giving any thought tothe amazing interplay of precision optics and complex electronics - atleast until something goes wrong. The purpose of this document is toprovide enough background on CD technology and troubleshooting guidanceso that anyone who is reasonably handy whether a homeowner, experimenter,hobbiest, tinkerer, or engineer, can identify and repair many problemswith CD players and possibly laserdisc players, CDROM drives, and opticalstorage drives as well.

    Even if you have trouble changing a light bulb and do not know which end ofa soldering iron is the one to avoid, reading through this document willenable you to be more knowledgeable about your CD player. Then, if youdecide to have it professionally repaired, you will have a better chance of

    recognizing incompetence or down right dishonesty when dealing with theservice technician. For example, a bad laser is not the most likely causeof a player that fails to play discs - it is actually fairly far down onthelist of typical faults. A dirty lens is most likely. There - you learnedsomething already!

    2.2) Scope of this document

    This document was developed specifically for the troubleshooting and repairof the CD players in component stereo systems, compact stereos, boomboxes,carunits and portables, as well as CDROM drives (including the SonyPlaystation).

    The primary differences between these types will relate to how the disc isloaded - portables usually are top loaders without a loading drawer ortray:

    However, as a result of the level of miniaturization required for portablesand to a lesser extent, CDROM drives, everything is tiny and most or all ofthe electrical components are surface mounted on both sides of an ofteninaccessible printed circuit board with the entire unit assembled usingscrews with a mind of their own and a desire to be lost.

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    For other types:

    * Laserdisc players and optical disk storage units have much in commonwith CD players with respect to the mechanical components and front-endelectronics. Therefore, the information contained in this document canrepresent a starting point for their troubleshooting as well. However,

    they may include additional servo systems (optical pickup tilt, forexample), as well as additional and/or different signal processingsubsystems.

    * DVD (Digital Versatile - or Video - Disc) players (which are just nowbecoming widely available), will suffer from many of the same problems asCDs and Laser Discs. Thus, a familiarity with the operating and repair

    ofcurrent technology will give you a head start on the amazing wonders (andsimilarly amazing problems) to come. There is a great deal of

    informationon DVD technology in the DVD FAQ. Electronics Now, December, 1997, has anice article by Steven J. Bigelow covering everything from the DVD format

    toinstalling and using a DVDROM drive in your PC.

    Note that throughout this document, the term 'CD player' is used mostoften.However, it should be understood that in most cases, the informationappliesto CDROM drives, game machines using CDs like the Sony Playstation,laserdiscplayers, MiniDisk players/recorders, DVD players, and other types ofopticaldisk systems. Also see the document specifically devoted to these othertechnologies: " Notes on the Troubleshooting and Repair of Optical DiscPlayersand Optical Data Storage Drives ". Also, where I remember, the term 'disc'isused to denote a read-only medium (e.g. a regular audio CD or LD) while'disk'is used for one that is recordable (e.g., CD-R or MiniDisk).

    Note: Links to all the diagrams and photographs referenced from thisdocumentcan be found in Sam's CD FAQ Files .

    2.3) Types of problems found in CD players

    Many common problems with CD players can be corrected without the need forthe service manual or the use of sophisticated test equipment (though areliable multimeter will be needed for any electrical tests and anoscilloacopeof at least 5 MHz bandwidth is highly desireable for servo alignment andmoreadvanced troubleshooting). The types of problems found in a CD player canbeclassified into several categories:

    1. Mechanical - dirt, lubrication, wear, deteriorated rubber parts,dirty/bad

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    can ruin the laser. If discs are recognized at all or even if the unitonlyfocuses correctly, then laser power is probably ok. While the laser diodescan and do fail, don't assume that every CD player problem is laserrelated.In fact, only a small percentage (probably under 10%) are due to a failure

    of the laser diode or its supporting circuitry. Mechanical problems suchasdirt and lubrication are most common followed by the need for electrical(servo) adjustments.

    The solutions to category (3) and (4) problems are obvious - but it maytakea conscious effort to remember to check these out before assuming that thefault is due to something much more serious.

    Category (5) failures in the power supply of component (AC line powered) CDplayers can also be repaired fairly easily.

    Most other electrical failures will be difficult to locate without theservicemanual, test equipment, and a detailed understanding and familiarity withaudio CD technology. However, you might get lucky. I have successfullyrepaired problems like a seek failure (replaced a driver chip because itwasrunning excessively hot) and a door sensor failure (traced circuitry tolocatea bad logic chip). Since so much of the intelligence of a CD player is inthefirmware - the program code inside the microcontroller, even the schematicmaybe of only marginal value since I can pretty much guarantee that thefirmwarewill not be documented. The service manuals rarely explain *how* theequipmentis supposed to work - and then perhaps only in poorly translated Japanese!

    You can pretty much forget about repairing electrical problems in portableequipment other than perhaps bad connections (usually around the audio orpower jacks, internal connectors, interlock switch (since it is stressed),orelsewhere due to the unit being dropped). Nearly everything in a portable(and most CDROM drives for that matter though this is not quite as bad) isitty-bitty surface mount components. There is generally only minimalusefulinformation printed on the circuit board. Tracing the wiring is anightmare.Even the test points and adjustments may be unmarked!

    2.4) Repair or replace?

    While CD players with new convenience features are constantly introduced,thebasic function of playing a CD has not changed significantly in 15 years.None of the much hyped 'advancements' such as digital filters,

    oversampling,one bit D/As, and such are likely to make any difference whatsoever in the

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    listening pleasure of most mortals. The people who care, do so onlybecausethey are more concerned with the technology than the musical experience.Mostof these so called advances were done at least in part to reduce costs -not

    necessarily to improve performance.Therefore, unless you really do need a 250 disc CD changer with aremote control that has more buttons than a B777 cockpit and 2000 trackprogrammability, a 10 year old CD player will sound just as good andrepair may not be a bad idea. Many older CD players are built more solidlythan those of today. Even some new high-end CD players may be built arounda mostly plastic optical deck and flimsy chassis.

    If you need to send or take the CD player or CDROM drive to a servicecenter,the repair could easily exceed the cost of a new unit. Service centersmay charge up to $50 or more for providing an initial estimate of repaircosts but this will usually be credited toward the total cost of the repair(of course, they may just jack this up to compensate for their bench time).Parts costs are often grossly inflated as well - possibly due to adeliberateeffort on the part of manufacturers to discourage repair of olderequipment.However, these expensive parts do not really fail nearly as often as iscommonly believed - the laser is not the most likely component to be bad!Despite this, you may find that even an 'authorized' repair center willwantto replace the expensive optical pickup even when this is not needed. I donot know how much of this is due to dishonesty and how much toincompetence.

    If you can do the repairs yourself, the equation changes dramatically asyour parts costs will be 1/2 to 1/4 of what a professional will chargeand of course your time is free. The educational aspects may also beappealing. You will learn a lot in the process. Thus, it may make senseto repair that bedraggled old boombox after all.

    Chapter 3) CD Digital Audio Technology

    3.1) General Introduction to CD Technology

    Information on a compact disc is encoded in minute 'pits' just under thelabel side of the CD. The CD itself is stamped in much the same way asan old style LP but under much more stringent conditions - similar to theconditions maintained in the clean room of a semiconductor wafer fab. TheCDpressing is then aluminum coated in a vacuum chamber and the label side isspin-coated with a protective plastic resin and printed with the label.

    CD-Rs - recordable CDs use a slightly different construction. CD-R blanksare prestamped with a spiral guide groove and then coated with an organicdye

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    layer followed by a gold film, resin, and label. The dye layer appearsgreenish and deforms upon exposure to the focused writing laser beam toformpits and lands.

    The newest variation - DVDs or Digital Versatile Disks (or Digital Video

    Disks depending on who you listen to) - implement a number of incrementalbut very significant improvements in technology which in total add up to aspectacular increase in information density - almost 10:1 for the samesize disc. These include higher frequency laser (670 or shorter visiblewavelength), closer track spacing, better encoding, and a double sideddisc.According to early reports on the final specifications, DVDs will be ableto store 8 times the audio of current CDs at a higher sampling rate andbit resolution, 2 hours of MPEG encoded high quality movies, andall kinds of other information. Raw data capacity is somewhere between5 and 10 GBytes. See the section: " Comparison of CD and DVDSpecifications "for additional information.

    3.2) CD information storage and playback

    The actual information to be recorded on a CD undergoes a rather remarkabletransformation as it goes from raw audio (or digital data) to microscopicpitson the disc's surface. For commercial or professional audio recording, theprocess starts with pre-filtering to remove frequencies above about 20 kHzfollowed by analog-to-digital conversion, usually at a sampling rate of 48K

    samples/second for each stereo channel. The resulting data stream is thenrecorded on multi-track digital magnetic tape. All mixing and pre-masteringoperations are done at the same sampling rate. The final step isconversionthrough re-sampling (sample-rate conversion including some sophisticatedinterpolation) to the 44.1 K samples/second rate actually used on the CD(88.2K total for both channels). (In some cases, all steps may be performed atthe44.1 K rate.)

    That is followed by extremely sophisticated coding of the resulting 16-bittwo's-complement samples (alternating between L and R channels) for the

    purpose of error detection and correction. Finally, the data is convertedto aform suitable for the recording medium by Eight-to-Fourteen modulation(EFM)and then written on a master disk using a precision laser cutting lathe. Aseries of electroplating, stripping, and reproduction steps then producemultiple 'stampers', which are used to actually press the discs you put inyour player.

    Of course, it is possible to create your own CDs with a modestly priced CD-Rrecorder (which does not allow erasing or re-recording). Now, re-writableCD

    technology with fully reusable discs enables recording and editing to bedonemore like that on a cassette tape

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    Like a phonograph record, the information is recorded in a continuousspiral.However, with a CD, this track (groove or row of pits - not to be confusedwith the selections on a music CD) starts near the center of the CD andspirals (counterclockwise when viewed from the label side) toward the outer

    edge. The readout is through the 1.2 mm polycarbonate disc substrate tohe aluminized information layer just beneath the label. The total lengthof the spiral track for a 74 minute disc is over 5,000 meters - which ismorethan 3 miles in something like 20,000 revolutions of the disc!

    The digital encoding for error detection and correction is called theCross Interleave Reed Soloman Code or CIRC. To describe this assimply as possible, the CIRC code consists of two parts: interleavingof data so that a dropout or damage will be spread over enough physicalarea(hopefully) to be reconstructed and a CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) likeerrorcorrecting code. Taken together, these two techniques are capable of someremarkable error correction. The assumption here is that most errors willoccur in bursts as a result of dust specs, scratches, imperfections such aspinholes in the aluminum coating, etc. For example, the codes are powerfulenough to totally recover a burst error of greater than 4,000 consecutivebits - about 2.5 mm on the disc. With full error correction implemented(thisis not always the case with every CD player), it is possible to put a pieceof 2 mm tape radially on the disc or drill a 2 mm hole in the disc and havenoaudio degradation. Some test CDs have just this type of defect introduceddeliberately.

    Two approaches are taken with uncorrectable errors: interpolation andmuting. If good samples surround bad ones, then linear or higherorder interpolation may be used to reconstruct them. If too much data hasbeen lost, the audio is smoothly muted for a fraction of a second.Dependingon where these errors occur in relation to the musical context, even thesedrastic measures may be undetectable to the human ear.

    Note that the error correction for CDROM formats is even more involvedthan for CD audio as any bit error is unacceptable. This is one of manyreasons why it is generally impossible to convert an audio CD player into aCDROM drive. However, since nearly all CDROM drives are capable of playingmusic CDs, much can be determined about the nature of a problem by firsttesting a CDROM drive with a music CD.

    3.3) CD (disc) construction

    The information layer as mentioned above utilizes 'pits' as the storagemechanism. (Everything that is not a pit is called a 'land'.) Pits aredepressions less than .2 um in depth (1/4 wavelength of the 780 nm laserlighttaking into consideration the actual wavelength inside the polycarbonateplastic based on its index of refraction). Thus, the reflected beam is 180

    degrees out of phase with incident beam. Where there is a pit, thereflected

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    beam from the pit and adjacent land will tend to cancel. This results inhighcontrast between pits and lands and good signal to noise ratio. Pits areabout .5 um wide and they come in increments of .278 um as the basic lengthofa bit (encoded, see below) on the information layer of the disc.

    Each byte of the processed information is converted into a 14 bit runlengthlimited code taken from a codebook (lookup table) such that there are nofewerthan 2 or more than 10 consecutive 0s between 1s. By then making the 1stransitions from pit to land or land to pit, the minimum length of anyfeatureon the disc is no less than 3*p and no more than 11*p where p is .278 um.This is called Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation - EFM. Thus the length of apitranges from .833 to 3.054 um.

    Each 14 bit code word has 3 additional sync and low frequency suppressionbitsadded for a total of 17 bits representing each 8 bit byte. Since a singlebitis .278 um, a byte is then represented in a linear space of 4.72 um. EFMinconjunction with the sync bits assure that the average signal has no DCcomponent and that there are enough edges to reliably reconstruct the clockfor data readout. These words are combined into 588 bit frames. Eachframecontains 24 bytes of audio data (6 samples of L+R at 16 bits) and 8 bits ofinformation used to encode (across multiple frames) information like thetime,track, index, etc:

    Sync (24 + 3).Control and display (14 + 3).Data (12 * 2 * (14 + 3)).Error correction ( 4 * 2 * (14 + 3)).

    --------------------588 total bits/frame

    A block, which is made up of 98 consecutive frames, is the smallest unitwhichmay be addressed on an audio CD and corresponds to a time of 1/75 of asecond.Two bits in the information byte are currently defined. These are called Pand Q. P serves a kind of global sync function indicating (among otherthings) start and end of selections and time in between selections. Q bitsaccumulated into one word made of a portion of the 98 possible bits in ablockencodes the time, track and index number, as well as many other possiblefunctions depending where on the disc it is located, what kind of disc thisis, and so forth.

    Information on a CD is recorded at a Constant Linear Velocity - CLV. Thisisboth good and bad. For CD audio - 1X speed - this CLV is about 1.2 meterspersecond. (It really isn't quite constant due to non constant coding packingdensity and data buffering but varies between about 1.2 and 1.4 meters per

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    second). CLV permits packing the maximum possible information on a discsinceit is recorded at the highest density regardless of location. However, forhigh speed access, particularly for CDROM drives, it means there is a needtorapidly change the speed of rotation of the disc when seeking between inner

    and outer tracks. Of course, there is no inherent reason why for CDROMs,thespeed could not be kept constant meaning that data transfer rate would behigher for the outer tracks than the inner ones. Modern CDROM drives withspecs that sound too good to be true (and are) may run at constant angularspeed achieving their claimed transfer rate only for data near the outeredgeof the disc.

    Note that unlike a turntable, the instantaneous speed of the spindle is notwhat determines the pitch of the audio signal. There is extensivebufferingin RAM inside the player used both as a FIFO to smooth out data read off ofthe disc to ease the burden on the spindle servo as well as to providetemporary storage for intermediate results during decoding and errorcorrection. Pitch (in the music sense) is determined by the data readoutclock - a crystal oscillator usually which controls the D/A and LSI chipsettiming. The only way to adjust pitch is to vary this clock. Some high-endplayers include a pitch adjustment. Since the precision of the playback ofthe any CD player is determined by a high quality quartz oscillator, wowandflutter - key measures of the quality of phonograph turntables - are sosmallas to be undetectable. Ultimately, the sampling frequency of 44.1 Ksamplesper second determines the audio output. For this, the average bit ratefromthe disc is 4.321 M bits per second.

    Tracks are spaced 1.6 micrometers apart - a track pitch of 1.6 um. Thus a12cm disc has over 20,000 tracks for its 74 minutes of music. Of course,unlikea hard disk and like a phonograph record, it is really one spiral trackover 3miles long! However, as noted above, the starting point is near the centerofthe disc. The width of the pits on a track is actually about .5 um. Thefocused laser beam is less than 2 um at the pits. Compare this to an LP: Along long playing LP might have a bit over 72 minutes of music on two sidesor36 minutes per side. (Most do not achieve anywhere near this much musicsincethe groove spacing needs to vary depending on how much bass content themusichas and wide grooves occupy more space.) At 33-1/3 rpm, this is just over1,200 grooves in about 4 inches compared to 20,000 tracks on a CD in aspaceof just over 1.25 inches! The readout styles for an LP has a tip radius ofperhaps 2 to 3 mils (50 to 75 um).

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    be better). Additional benefits result is lower cost, improved robustness,and increased reliability. However, operating principles are similar.

    The purpose of the optical pickup in a CD player, CDROM drive, or opticaldiskdrive, is to recover digital data from the encoded pits at the information

    layer of the optical medium. (With recordable optical disks, it is alsousedto write to the disk medium.) For CD players, the resulting datastream isconverted into high fidelity sound. For CDROMs or other optical storagedevices, it may be interpreted as program code, text, audio or videomultimedia, color photographs, or other types of digital data.

    Most of the basic operating principles are similar for single-beam CDpickupsand for pickups used in other digital optical drives.

    It is often stated that the laser beam in a CD player is like the stylus ofaphonograph turntable. While this is a true statement, the actual magnitudeofthis achievement is usually overlooked. Consider that the phonographstylusis electromechanical. Stylus positioning - analogous to tracking and focusinan optical pickup - is based on the stylus riding in the record's groovescontrolled by the suspension of the pickup cartridge and tone arm. Theanalogaudio is sensed most often by electromagnetic induction produced by thestylus's minute movements wiggling a magnet within a pair of sense coils.

    The optical pickup must perform all of these functions without anymechanicalassistance from the CD. It is guided only be a fraction of a mW of laserlight and a few milligrams of silicon based electronic circuitry.

    Furthermore, the precision involved is easily more than 2 orders ofmagnitudefiner compared to a phonograph. Sophisticated servo systems maintain focusand tracking to within a fraction of a micrometer of optimal. (1 um isequalto 1/25,400 of an inch). Data is read out by detecting the difference indepth of pits and lands of 1/4 wavelength of laser light (about .15 um intheCD)!

    * The laser beam is generated by a solid state laser diode emitting at 780nm

    (near IR). Optical power from the laser diode is no more than a coupleof mW

    and exits in a wedge shaped beam with a typical divergence of 10x30degrees

    in the X and Y directions respectively.

    * A diffraction grating splits the beam into a main beam and two (firstorder)

    side beams. (The higher order beams are not used). Note that thediffraction

    grating is used to generate multiple beams, not for its more commonfunction

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    of splitting up light into its constituent colors. The side beams areused

    for tracking and straddle the track which is being read. The trackingservo

    maintains this centering by keeping the amplitude of the two return beamsequalized.)

    * Next, the laser beam passes through a polarizing beam splitter (a type ofprism or mirror which redirects the return beam to the photodiode array),

    acollimating lens, a quarter wave plate, a turning mirror, and the

    objectivelens before finally reaching the disc.

    * The collimating lens converts the diverging beam from the laser into aparallel beam.

    * A turning mirror (optional depending on the specific optical path used)then

    reflects the laser light up to the objective lens and focus/trackingactuators.

    * The objective lens is similar in many ways to a high quality microscopeobjective lens. It is mounted on a platform which provides for movementin two directions. The actuators operate similarly to the voice coilsin loudspeakers. Fixed permanent magnets provide the magnetic fieldswhich the coils act upon. The focus actuator moves the lens up and down.The tracking actuator moves the coil in and out with respect to the disccenter.

    * The collimated laser beams (including the 2 side beams) pass through theobjective lens and are focused to diffraction limited spots on theinformation - pits - layer of the disc (after passing through the 1.2millimeters of clear polycarbonate plastic which forms the bulk of thedisc).

    * The reflected beams retrace the original path up until they pass throughthe

    polarizing beam splitter at which point they are diverted to thephotodiode

    array. The polarizing beam splitter passes the (horizontally polarized)laser beams stright through. However, two passes (out and back) throughthe quarter wave plate rotates the polarization of the return beam to bevertical instead and it is reflected by the polarizing beam splitter

    towardthe photodiode array.

    The return beams from the disc's information layer are used for servocontrolof focus and tracking and for data recovery.

    * A cylindrical lens slighlty alters the horizontal and vertical focaldistances of the resulting spot on the photodiode array. The spot will

    thenbe perfectly circular only when the lens is positioned correctly. To

    closeor to far and it will be elliptical (e.g., elongated on the 45 degree

    axisif too close but on the 135 degree axis if too far).

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    The central part of the photodiode array is divided into 4 equalquadrants

    labeled A,B,C,D. Focus is perfect when the signal = (A+C)-(B+D) = 0.

    The actual implementation may use an astigmatic objective lens ratherthan a

    separate cylindrical lens to reduce cost but the effect is the same.Sincethe objective lens is molded plastic, it costs no more to mold an

    astigmat(though grinding the original molds may have been a treat!). It is evenpossible that in some cases, the natural astigmatism of the laser diodeitself plays a part in this process.

    * The side beams created by the diffraction grating are positioned forwardand

    back of the main beam straddling the track of pits being followed (notdirectly on either side as shown in the diagram - but that was easier todraw!).

    Segments on either side of the photodiode array designated E and Fmonitor

    the side beams. Tracking is perfect when the E and F signals are equal.

    * The data signal is the sum of A+B+C+D.

    In essence, the optical pickup is an electronically steered and stabilizedmicroscope which is extracting information from tracks 1/20 the width of ahuman red blood cell while flying along at a linear velocity of 1.2 metersper second!

    See the sections: " Parts of a CD player or CDROM drive " and " StartupProblems "for more information on the components and operation of the optical pickupanddescriptions and photos of some typical laser diodes, optical pickups, andoptical decks.

    3.6) Optical pickup complexity

    The opto-mechanical design of optical pickups varies widely. Originally,they

    were quite complex, bulky, heavy, and finicky with respect to opticalalignment. However, in their continuing effort to improve the design,reducethe size and mass, and cut costs, the manufacturers have produced modernpickups with remarkably few distinct parts. This should also result inbetterperformance since each optical surface adds reflections and degrades thethebeam quality. Therefore, the required laser power should be reduced andthesignal quality should improve.

    * Generally, the most complex types are also the oldest. With these, there

    were individual optical elements for each stage in the beam path andcompletely separate laser diode and photodiode array packages. In short,while details varied, the overall construction was very similar to the

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    diagram and description given in the section: " CD optical pickupoperating principles ". These also had several optical adjustments - whichin some

    cases needed frequent attention.

    An example of this type is the Sony KSS110C Optical Pickup . Most

    componentsperform individual functions and it is larger and heavier than moremodern

    designs.

    * The most common types still have a separate laser diode and photodiodearray

    but may have eliminated the cylindrical and collimating lenses andperhaps

    the polarizer and quarter wave plate. There are few if any adjustments.

    The Sony KSS361A Optical Pickup is typical of these mainstream designs.With very minor variations (mostly in mounting), various models may be

    foundin all types of CD players and CDROM drives manufactured by Sony, Aiwa,

    andothers.

    Another similar design is used in the Sanyo K38N Optical Pickup which issomewhat newer and more compact.

    For a diagram and detailed description of these mainstream pickups, seethe

    section: " Sony KSS series optical pickups ".

    * Some manufacturers have gone to a combined laser diode/photodiode (LD/PD)array package which looks like a large LD but with 8 to 10 pins. Aside

    fromthe objective lens assembly, the only other part may be the turning

    mirror,and even this is really not needed. Such a pickup can be very light inweight (which is good for fast-access CDROM drives) and extremely

    compact.

    Eliminating the components needed to separate the outgoing and returnbeams

    should result in substantial improvement in optical performance. Theonly

    disadvantage would be that the beams are no longer perfectlyperpendicular

    to the disc 'pits' surface and this may result in a very slight, probablynegligible reduction in detected signal quality - more than made up for

    bythe increased signal level.

    The CMKS-81X Optical Pickup and Optical Pickup from Philips PCA80SC CDROMare typical of these modern designs.

    The smallest ones such as the Optical Pickup from the Philips CR-206CDROM

    are only about 1/2" x 5/8" x 3/4" overall - just about the size of thelens

    cover! For this single-beam pickup, there are absolutely NO additionaloptical elements inside. A three-beam pickup would have a diffractiongrating in front of the laser diode.

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    For a diagram and detailed description of this type of pickup, see thesection: " Super simple optical pickups ".

    Go to [ Next ] segment

    Go to [ Table 'O Contents ]

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