“Discovering America” • Norse – Ericson – Hopscotch – Greenland – L’Anse aux Meadows – Maine? – Newport?
“Discovering America”
• Norse
– Ericson
– Hopscotch
– Greenland
– L’Anse aux Meadows
– Maine?
– Newport?
Crusades
• Crusades– Food– Venice & Genoa
• Marco Polo– Trade by sea poss.
• Gutenberg• Bubonic Plague
– Less people– More food– Feudalism– Nationalism
• Renaissance– New instruments
Prince Henry
• Prince Henry
– Portugal inches along African coast
– Sao Tome • Slaves/Plantations
• Barthomeu Dias
– Genoa & Venice
– Da Gama
Columbus
• Spain– Isabella/Moors
• Columbus– Bad with the ruler
– San Salvador• Bahamas
– Hispaniola• La Navidad
– Returns with natives
– 4 trips
– Columbian Exchange• Goods, ppl & ideas
Magellan
• Treaty of Tordesillas
– Portugal
– Brazil only
– de Gama 1498
• Cabral
– Vespucci
• Balboa
• Magellan
– West voyage not feasible
Conquistadores
• Conquistadores– Unemployed in Spain– Cortez
• Aztec– Empire, tribute, sacrifice
• Spain most powerful after
– Pizarro• Smallpox • Inca
• French– Verrazano– Cartier– Champlain
• Lived with Indians
Huguenots
• Huguenots– Challenge to Spain
– St. Augustine 1st
• England– Northwest Pass– Cabot—Newfoundland
– Frobisher (China)
– John Hawkins Africa to Haiti
– Walter Raleigh trade/ Indians
England enters the Picture
• England supplants Spain
– Henry VIII
– Elizabeth• Reform
– Drake
– Roanoke Island
– Armada• Spain defends Cath.
• English pond
England Colonizes in a Big Way
• Hakluyt
– New trade partners
– Ease unemployment• Pressure valve
• 1530-1680 Pop doubled causing many to leave
• Joint-stock company
– VA London
– VA Plymouth
– Takes time for profit
• Jamestown– License to poach– Terrible location
• Swamp, drought
– Gentlemen/servants– Search for gold
• 38/144– Malnutrition, disease,
European traditions of labor
– Could have done better if they learned to farm
– John Smith• Harsh• “The Starving Time”
• Powhatan Confederacy– Aid led to survival
– Weapons for reinforcing
• Lord de la Warr– Irish tactics
• Raid, burn, steal
• Natives inferior
• Almost exterminated due to VA success
• John Rolfe– Made VA a stable colony
– Seals peace by marriage
• Spread of the vile weed– Scattered settlements
– Constant encroaching
• Labor force– Indentured
• Lack of labor
• Poor, willing
• Cheap, abundant
• 2x or 3x pay
• Most migrants to Chesapeake
• Many premature deaths
• Society of servants and ex-servants
• Sometimes sold
• Extended– legally – Stole, ran away,
pregnant
– Women no marriage
– Freedom dues
– Headright• Wealthy gentry class
– More land, more workers
– New arrivals in 1619• Africans & wives?
• House of Burgesses
– Series of harsh rulers
– Representative self-government• Local laws only but, it set
a precedent of self-government at local level in colonies
• James hates tobacco and distrusted H of B.
• Charter revoked 1624, reinstated 1629
• Maryland
– Proprietary• Lord B’more
• Sanctuary
– But… conflict
» Majority Protestants as yeoman
» Catholics as gentry
– Act of Toleration 1649
• Depended on tobacco & indentured servants
• Polarized society post 1649– Land, money in east
– Untamed in the west
– Gov. Berkeley• No elections for 15 years
• Only male landowners & heads of households
• Monopolized fur trade w/ Indians
• Bacon’s Rebellion– Big guys & little guys,
Berkeley removed
– New workforce
• New England
• Pilgrims– Separatists
– Too corrupt
– Holland
– Mayflower Compact• Political body & legal auth
• Will of majority
– Squanto• Pilgrims as allies
• Thanksgiving
• Mass. Bay Colony
– Covenant• Contract for a mission
– “City Upon a Hill”• Reform the Church of Eng.
– King’s puppet
– Families, educated, college
– Voting rights• Property owning males
• Popular got big tracts
The sewer where the “Lord’s debris” collected and rotted
• Connecticut
– Thomas Hooker
– All males
– Fundamental Orders of CT.
• Rhode Island
– Roger Williams
• Land belonged to…
• Freedom of religion
– Newport 1658
– Anne Hutchinson
• Comm. Directly with God
Relations with Indians
• Pequot War of 1637
– White settlement disrupted trade
– Narragansett allies
– Heavily criticized• Tried to Christianize
• Indians knew only unity stops encroachment
• King Philip’s War
– Encroachment• Surrounded Indian towns
• Sassamon
• Mohawk
• Great Swamp
• Sold into slavery
• Debt, ruined frontier, hatred
• Eunice Williams stayed
• Mary Rowlandson–Redemption Rock
Trouble in New England
• Salem
– Tituba• Witchcraft
• Specters
– Causes• Continual disorder
explained by blame
– Indian attacks
– Decline of Puritan s.
– Ergot
The Other Colonies
• New York– 1609 Hudson
– Albany
– New Netherlands
– New Amsterdam• Manhattan
• Patroonships
• Headright– Diverse
– Huguenots
• Peter Stuyvesant
• Duke of York– James
• Pennsylvania– Wm. Penn
– Quaker
– Proprietary
– Indians• Purchase land, deal fairly,
respect claims
• Those having probselsewhere
– Religious toleration• “in the souls there is no
sex”
• Carolina
– Restoration as others
– Barbados• Charles Town
• Slaves
• Staple crop
– Eliza Lucas
– VA influence
• Georgia
– Oglethorpe
– Buffer/Reform• Between two empires
– Savannah
Governing the Colonies
• Navigation Acts– raw materials– Revenue & divert trade
– Only English/colonial ships
– Enumerated list
– Make money/ competition
– Salutary Neglect• Robert Walpole
– Ignore leads to more wealth
• James II & WM/Mary get rid of Sal. Neg.
• Admiralty Courts 1796
• Crown attacks colony’s charters– Mass Bay revoked
– Dominion of New England• Under direct crown
control
• Land titles invalidated
– Edmund Andros
– Glorious Revolution• Mass Bay restored w/
• Other colonists revoke
– Leisler’s Rebellion
– John Coode
• More Indian Wars– New York
• Beaver Wars
• Iroquois– European diseases
– Replenish
– North Carolina• Tuscarora
– Many enslaved
– 6th Nation
• South Carolina– Yamassee
• Abuse (slavery)
• Threatened Lands
• Spanish intrigue
• Slavery– Portuguese
• Africans practiced violence– European didn’t have
too
– Xtianized them instead
– Triangular Trade• Products & trade basis of
European economy
• Middle Passage– Deaths & suicides
– Rebellion• Stono
• No overturn, no winning fight for freedom
• Colonial Experiences– The Great Awakening
• First Shared
– Religious Indifference• Convert non-believer
• Revive piety
– Revivals• Jonathan Edwards
– “Sinners…
• Religious Diversity
• Enlightenment– Life, liberty, property
• John Locke– Right of rebellion
• Peter Zenger
– Religion• Deism
• God the Clockmaker
– Ben Franklin• Poor Richard’s
• The French in America– Champlain
• Coureurs de bois– FR wants fur trade
• Black Robes
– Robert de la Salle• Mississippi
– No suppression Indians
– Like European goods letting FR stay
• Kept Spanish away
• Wars with France
– King William/Queen Anne
• Mostly European
• Frontier towns attacked
– Still need English prot.
– King George’s War
• Louisbourg
– Colonists furious
» Boston widows
• French/Indian War
– Contested land• Ohio Valley
• French forts
• Gov. Dinwiddie
– Washington
» Surrenders
» British retaliate
• Nova Scotia
– Albany Congress• Albany Plan for Union
– Ben Franklin
» Win Indians– non-committal
» Colonists meet annually
» Refused by colony & crown
• Independence– not enough, too much
– General Braddock• Duquesne– war!
• Colonists refused
• British feel colony bear responsibility
• Indians side with French–less land hungry
– William Pitt• Better commanders
– Local recruitment
• Finance thoroughly, but…
– Boon to colonial economy
– Turning pt.
• Focus on NA not WI
– Attack Quebec
– Cripple FR colonies
– Plains of Abraham
» Wolfe/Montcalm
» Iroquois ally GB
– Treaty of Paris• Indians lose land
• England east, Spain west
– Colonial hangover• Colonists
– Military confidence
– Colonists treated poorly
» No promotions
» Discipline brutal
» Amateurs
• British concerns– Am. Trade w/ enemy
– Am. Headed west
• Pontiac’s Rebellion
– Refused to surrender lands
– British raised prices
– Several Br. Forts attacked
– Many lives
– Germ warfare
• Proclamation of 1763
– Keep peace
– Soldiers stationed here
• British problems– War debt
– Colonists should help pay for empire
– Pitt’s role
– Standing Army (where?!?)
– Quartering Act
• Sugar Act– Molasses Act
– Rewards for capture
• Stamp Act
– Internal tax
– James Otis• No rep in Parle
• Direct rep here
• Grenville virtual
– Sons & Daughters• Boycott
– VA Resolves• Patrick Henry
• Caesar, Chas I and George
– Stamp Act Congress• First successful union
• 9 of 13
• Rights & Grievances
– Tax and represent redux
– Jury w/o trial
– Restrict on trade
• Prevent distribution
– Andrew Oliver
» Effigy
– Thomas Hutchinson
» All resigned
• Boycott worked
• Declaratory Act
• Townsend Acts
– Revenue Act of 1765
– Customs collectors paid by crown
– Tax on lead, glass, paint, tea
– Writs of assistance
– New York Assembly
– Circular Letter• Sam Adams
• Tax w/o consent?
• VA Assembly agrees dissolved
• Currently
– Taxes
– Houses searched
– Troops stationed at the center of hotbeds
• Boston Massacre
– March 5, 1770
– Soldiers withdrawn
– Townsend repealed
• Gaspée
– Crown’s commission to find perpetrators
– Committees of Correspondence• Cooperation to oppose
• Boston Tea Party– British East India Tea Co.
• Smuggled tea
• Tax lowered
• Favoritism
• Hurt current suppliers
• Hurt smugglers
• “Intolerable” Acts– 1. Boston Harbor
– 2. Mass. Charter
– 3. Trials in England
– 4. New Quartering Act
– 5. Quebec Act• New borders
– Land granted to Catholics!
– No precedent
– General Gage
• First Continental Congress– Rights & Grievances
• Hope for cooler heads in Parlement– no response
• Continental Association
– Manage boycott
– Ben Franklin
» “we must hang together…”
– Colonists forced to choose sides
– Meet again in one year
• Lexington & Concord 4/75
– Stockpiles
– Paul Revere/Wm. Dawes
– Sam Adams/John Hancock
– Boston under siege
• Second Continental Congress– G. Washington C-in-C
– Mass Militia named Cont. Army
• Bunker Hill– 3 attempts
– Pyrrhic victory
– Hessians
– Ports closed
– Halifax
• Ethan Allen
• Canadian Invasion
– Not just about MA
– Benedict Arnold
• Common Sense
– Thomas Paine
• Hessian’s (unpopularity)
– What happened to the family war
• Independence needed– Richard Henry Lee
– “These colonies…”• Adams, Franklin, Jeff
• SC & GA edit– All men…
– Life, liberty &
– Government purpose to allow
– Government derives power
– If government fails to allow
• Issues for the new government
– How to share power
– Controlled by who?
– Women?
– Slave status
• All signers… treason
– All states write their own• Executive loses
• Battle of New York– No pursuit– saved?– Desertion– Response
• The Crisis
• British ad/disad– Army
• Do Pats measure up?
– 3000 miles***– Re-conquer judiciously
• New Jersey
– Delaware
– Trenton• Hessians
– Princeton
• Americans
– Good officers as well as bad
– Home game
– Women• Nurses
• Domestic
• Shurtleff
• Pitcher
• Britain cuts off New Eng– Howe
– Philadelphia• Brandywine
• No accomplishment
– Burgoyne
– Saratoga• One of the biggest
• French– decisive – Repossess (revenge)
– Fear reconcile
• Home-rule
• Valley Forge– Baron von Steuben
» Inexperienced/» undermanned
• War in the West– Joseph Brandt
• Iroquois Alliance moved to Canada
– Dragging Canoe• Western settle.
– Indians mostly neutral to leaning British
• War on the Sea– John Paul Jones
• Bonhomme Richard
– Privateers
• War in the South– Charleston/ Savannah
• Tories pledge allegiance to crown
• Tories in charge of conquered– Treason; joining Brits,
food, ammo
– Penalty; house arrest, voting, property
• African- Americans join post Charleston
• Nathaniel Greene– conciliatory– We fight…– Guerrilla (post Camden
and Arnold)» Marion» Sumter» Drag Brits inland
• Yorktown– De Grasse– Chesapeake, VA, NC– Cut their losses– “Oh God! It is all over”– “World Turned Upside
Down”
• Treaty of Paris
– All lands west to Miss.
– Newfoundland
– Independence recognized
– Property confiscated
• State Constitutions– Governors – Bi-cameral– Limit voting rights
• 25-50%
– Southern solidarity– Slaves not fully human– NJ– Quok Walker
• VA had bill of rights• Republican government
– Elect reps– Weak central gov’t
• Articles of Confederation– 1st Constitution
• Foreign affairs• Maintain army• Borrow• Issue currency
– Not backed– Not worth…
– Could not• Regulate trade• Draft• Tax• Laws 9/13, amend 13/13• No exec, no judiciary• Tariff tried
• One vote per
• Ratification problems– Western lands
– 3/1781
– Accomplishments• Won war
• Foreign affairs
• New states
• Land policy– Ordinance of 1785
• 1st independent source of revenue
• 6x6• Education• Auction• Speculators• 640 for $1 each• Indians still obstacle
• Ordinance of 1787– Northwest Territory– 3 to 5 (equal) states
• 60,000
– Bill of Rights– Equal to other states– No slavery but…
• Fugitives
• Problems with Money
– Soldiers wages
– March on PHL
– Paper worthless
– Dept of Finance• Robert Morris
• 5% imports
– Denied (gov’t too powerful?)
• Post war depression– Rice crop– Farms confiscated– WI closed– Britain flooded states
• Spain closed Miss– No US expansion
• Shays’ Rebellion– Mass broke– Tax farmers– Confiscate land– Shays marches to courts/
arsenal• If govt destroys rights of people.
– A of C not strong enough
• Slavery
– Immediate to gradual freedom
– VA manumission
– “All men…”• Quok Walker
• South… not human
• NJ
• Const. Convention
– Annapolis Conf.
– Madison/Hamilton• Change A of C– too weak
• 55 delegates– lawyers, rich
• Closed doors
– VA Plan• Proportional or equal rep
• VA Plan meant new Const
• Bi-cameral
• Pop. proportioned
• Exec chosen by legis.
– Small states rejected
– NJ Plan• Big prob– how to satisfy
big/small states
• Uni-cameral
– Tax/reg. trade
• Plural execs
• Great Compromise– Roger Sherman
– Bi-cameral• House, Senate
• Electoral Colleg
• 3/5 clause
• Slavery till 1808
• 9 of 13 ratify
• Ratification– Federalists/anti-Federalist
• Fear distance power
• Bill of Rights
– Delaware
– New Hampshire
– VA• Bill to be added
– NY• Federalist Papers
– Failure of A of C
• First Election
– Washington• Adams
• Dept of Treasury– Hamilton
• State– Jefferson
• War
• “Cabinet”– Advisers
• No constitutional mention
– Adams did little• Senate
• 1st Congress
– Tariff
– Judiciary Act of 1789• Supreme Ct.
• John Jay
• Law of the land
• 1st 10 years hardly any big cases
• John Jay
• Bill of Rights– Madison (promised)
• 2nd militia
– 12-10
– No mention of who can vote
– Speech, press, religion, jury
• Financial problems– Hamilton– fan of elite/British
– Consolidate power at nat’llevel– encourage nat’l credit• Tariff for “protection”
• South no, North yes
• Report on Public Credit– Fed debt at par
• Speculators (wealthy stake)• Little debt good thing
– Assumption– restore faith in fed govt• States have stake but subservient• South not happy• Washington D.C.
• National Bank– does Const. give power?– Model B. of Eng.– Vault, loans, currency– Strict– Jefferson – Loose (Elastic)
• Necessary and…• Any means not prohibited by
Constitution • Political parties– 2nd term• Opposition is disloyal
• Whiskey Rebellion– Hamilton’s programs
• 25%• West farmers
– No protect against Indians
• Bartering• Serious threat• Nationalize PA militia• Nat’l govt no tolerate resistance to
laws
• Frontier problems– Indians look to Eng./Sp.– US want to clear them out– Anthony Wayne
• Fallen Timbers• Greenville
– Ohio– 20,000; 9,000 annuity, hunt on
ceded land
• European problems– Revolution
• England declares war– US bound ideo to Fr
– Econ to GB
• Neutrality– Biggest problem for
new nation
– Ham saw customs collections as too important
• Citizen Genet
• Jefferson resigns
• British impress
– Jay’s Treaty• Hamilton’s role• Northwest
– Loyalists property?– Article V– Prewar debts? A of C
couldn’t enforce pay
• Pay for ships• Allow trade w/ Brit. W.I.• Freed slaves not addressed• France capture US ships
– Congress increases $$$
• House wants to refuse to fund
• Executive Privilege
– Pinckney’s Treaty• Spain
• Right of Deposit
• Mississippi
• Stay out of Indian affairs
• Washington’s Farewell
– Precedent
– Party system
– Alliances
– Kept out of war
• Election of 1796– One issue– Jay’s
– Adams
– Jefferson
– 71-68
– 12th Amendment
• Adam’s presidency– Problems w/ France
– XYZ Affair• Anti-French sentiment
• Shipping
• Talleyrand
– Undeclared war• Dept of Navy• US wins in West Indies• Convention of 1800• Adams keep US out of war
– Alien & Sedition Acts• Aimed at Republicans
– 14 year
• Sedition Act1st Amend?
– KY & VA resolutions• Compact• Nullification
– Feds disagree– Sup. Ct.
• Election of 1800– Adams
• A/S• Taxes for Navy• Whiskey• Jay’s Treaty• No War!
– Jefferson• Atheist• Jacobin• Sally Hemings• Hamilton role• Tie• “Revolution”
• Jefferson Presidency
– States center– weak nat’l
• Compact
• Citizen Farmer
– Capital
– Debt paid down
• Gallatin
• Army/navy
• Excise tax
• Sedition Act
• Naturalization repealed
• Kept par, (most others)
• Midnight Appointments
– Federalists
– John Marshall
– Marbury v. Madison
– Writ of Mandamus
– Judicial Review
– Samuel Chase
• Foreign Policy• Tripoli
• Stephen Decatur
– Louisiana Purchase• French control/empire?
• Right of Deposit
• Eli Whitney
• Livingston/Madison
• Haiti
– Toussaint L’Ouverture
• Napoleon needs $$$ more
• Feds oppose
• Strict v. Loose
• Doubled size
• Lewis & Clark
– Good relations
– Flora/fauna
– Water route
– Oregon
– Sacajawea
– Louisiana 1812
• Domestic Issues– Essex Junto
• New England, NY, NJ– Feds losing influence
– Burr as governor
– Hamilton
– Southwest Empire?
• 2nd Term– Problems w/ Britain &
France• Continental System
• Orders in Council
• Impressment
– 6,000 1808-1811
• Chesapeake v. Leopard
• Embargo Act
– Disaster
– Smuggling
• Non- Intercourse Act
• Election of 1808
– Madison
– Feds gain seats
– Macon’s Bill #2
– War Hawks• Henry Clay
• John C. Calhoun
• Andrew Jackson
• All anti-British
– Tippecanoe • Wm. Henry Harrison
• Tecumseh
• Federation
• Tecumseh flees
• Causes for War
– War Hawks want Canada
– Florida
– Impressment
– Federalists oppose
– Sectional vote
– Orders in Council suspended but news travels slow
• War of 1812
– Ads: • Britain tied up w/Nap
• Home game
• Canada target w/ little pop.
– Dis-ad:• Small army &
old/untrained
• “Mr. Madison’s War”
• Invasion of Canada
– William Hull
– NY Militia
• Lake Erie
– Oliver Hazard Perry
– Thames• Retreating British
• Tecumseh
• York
• At Sea
– USS Constitution• 2 big victories
– Inland lakes
– Privateers
– British blockade• Economy crippled
• Treasury broke
– Bank expired
• 1814 Napoleon defeated
– Chesapeake• Washington
• Baltimore
– Francis Scott Key
– Hudson• Plattsburgh
• Macdonough
• War too costly
– Southwest Campaign• Jackson
– Horseshoe Bend
– Treaty of Ghent• Status Quo Ante Bellum
• New Orleans
– Hartford Convention• Feds last hurrah
• Openly traded w/ Britain
• State militias
• 3/5 clause
• 60 day embargo
• 1 term President
• No successive President from same state
• 2/3 vote for new states
• Poor timing
• Era of Good Feelings
– 1816 Elections• James Monroe
• Little opposition
– Nationalism High
– BUS re-chartered 1816• Local banks
• War effort hurt
– Tariff of 1816• Protective
– Florida• Adams-Onis
– Rush-Bagot/Convention of 1818• Demilitarized
• 49th Parallel
• Panic of 1819
– Westward migration
– Steamships
– Wildcat
– Distrust of BUS• McCulloch v. MD
• MO Compromise
– Whitney & LA Purchase• Slavery forefront
• Profitable & expanding
– Balanced Senate• Tallmadge Amendment
– Gradual Abolition
– Precedent?
» LA Purchase
» South too?
– Compromise by Clay• MO/ME
• 36’36”
• Foreign Policy (Monroe)– Monroe Doctrine
• Great Britain
• West closed
• US stays out of Europe
• GB motives
• Election of 1824– Caucus
– One party
– Crawford—Clay– Adams – Jackson
– Jackson wins popular
– Jackson wins electoral• Plurality
• House
• Clay’s role
• Corrupt Bargain?
• Adam’s Presidency– Least successful
• Left most intact
• Sarcastic
– Internal improvements
– National Road• War of 1812? Transport
troops
– Canals• Erie
• Canal Era
• New England Farmers
– National University?
– Naval College?
• Election of 1828
– Jackson• Democratic Republicans
• Property qual. Dropped
– RI 1842
• Mudslinging
• Rachel
– Adams• National Republicans
• Jackson’s Presidency– Suspicious, Log Cabin– King Mob– inauguration – Spoils System
• Loyalists– Corrupt, incompetent
• Beginnings of patronage
• Jackson & Tariff of 1828– Inherited– Abominations
• South manuf. little• South sold worldwide• Slavery?• Clothes for slaves
• Slavery interference next?• MO fires rekindled• Denmark Vesey 1822
– SC Exposition• Calhoun• KY & VA Resolutions
• “Nullies”– People had power not
states– Tariff of 1832– Too little– Nullified– Secession?
– Jackson… “Hang the first”
– Clay Compromise• 1833 Tariff to 1816 levels
– Force Bill• Pres. use army/navy to
collect
– SC repealed nullification• Nullified Force Bill
• Indian Removal– Trail of Tears– Five Civilized Tribes
• Cherokee
• Alphabet
• Sequoyah
• Slave owners
– Worcester v. GA• Sovereign– GA rules don’t
apply
• “John Marshall has made his decision…”
– West to “save” them• Many dependent on govt
payments for survival
– Sauk/Fox• Blackhawk
– Seminole/Osceola
• Eaton Malaria– Peggy wife of John
– Sec’y of War
– Floride Calhoun
– Rachel
– Cabinet resigned
– Martin Van Buren– VP frontrunner
• Bank War & Election of 1832– BUS controlled economy– Answers to no one
• Primary motive = profit
– Controlled gold/silver– Foreclosed on many farms– Nicholas Biddle– Clay asks for re-charter 4
years early (1832)– Made credit abundant so
expanded economy
– Vetoed • More than all others
• Increased power of Exec.
• Clay & National Republicans– Nomination conventions
with platforms (1st )
– First third party• Anti-Mason
– Started convention sys.
• William Wirt
• Anti-Jackson
• Morphed in with Whigs
• Killing the Bank
– Mandate
– Taney
– Biddle tries to create crisis
– “Pet” banks
– More wildcats
– Specie Circular• “Hard” currency only
• Led to another panic
• Whigs & Election of 1836– King Andrew the First
– Only issue– Jackson• South hates tariff
• North hates slavery
• Clay hates Jackson
• West lovers American System
• Anti-Masons
– Favorite Sons– Wm. Henry Harrison
• Van Buren’s Presidency
– First born in “America”
– “Machine-made”• Other Dems resented
– Trouble in Maine• Aroostook
• Webster-Ashburton 1842
– Abolitionism in full swing
– Panic of 1837• Land spec.
• Wildcats
• Specie Circular
• Wheat crop fail
• Pet banks failed
– Government $$$
• Buren– laissez faire
• Independent Treasury Bill
– Trail of Tears 1838
– Texas
• Election of 1840– Tippecanoe & Tyler too!
– “Log Cabin Campaign”
– Martin van Buren
• John Tyler– “His Accidency”
– Anti-tariff, bank, internal improvements
• Whig Congress– Ended Independent
Treasury
– Passed BUS• Vetoed
• Mass resignations
• Expelled by Whig caucus
• Texas
– Mexico 1821• Needed population
• Stephen Austin
• Mexico wants
– 300 Roman Cath.
– Mexicanized
• Many just ahead of US law
• Many bring slaves
• Mexico emancipated 1830
• Austin to Mex. City
• All local rights suspended by Santa Anna
– Raises army
• Lone Star Republic
– 1836 independence
– Sam Houston Pres.
– Alamo• Davy Crockett/ Jim Bowie
– Martyrs
– San Jacinto• Forced terms
• Independence
• Rio Grande
• Repudiated
• TX Annexation?– No, recognize
– Northern protest
– Mexico– province in revolt
• Texas attracts plenty of attention– Cotton, no tariffs
• Election of 1844– Texas biggest issue
– Clay– waffled
– Polk– Dem—dark-horse• Pro-annexation
– Texas, Oregon, California
– “54’40 or fight”
– Liberty Party– NY!
– Tyler sees election as mandate• Joint resolution
• Oregon– Britain losing pop. Race
– Robert Gray
– Lewis & Clark
– Manifest Destiny
– Polk cooled post-TX• War
• South not excited for Oregon
• Oregon not excited for South or Polk
• Problems with Mexico
– Polk wants Calif.
– Mex. Recalls ambassador post annex
– Neuces Rio Grande “no man’s land”
– Slidell to buy
– Zack Taylor to Rio Grande
– “American blood shed…”• US declared war
• “Spot resolutions”
• Northerners not happy
– Henry David Thoreau
– But, Britain ready to seize
• War with Mexico
– Polk hopes for quick victories
– Santa Anna offers help
– Taylor heads south• Buena Vista
– Winfield Scott• Veracruz
• Together, must capture Mex. City
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
– NM & CA
• Effects of war
– 1st invasion
– 13,000 dead• Mostly disease
– Experience for next war• Who did fighting?
• Slavery issue rekindled
– Wilmot Proviso
– Southern “Slavocracy”
• Election of 1848
– Democrats– Lewis Cass• Popular sovereignty
• No stand on slavery in territories
– Whigs– Zack Taylor• Hero
• Slaveholder
• No stand in territories
– Free Soil Party– Van Buren
– Amalgamation of those…• Against slavery
• Pro-Wilmot
• Racists not into sharing
• Abolitionists
• NY again!
• California Dreaming– John Sutter
– Growing fast
– Need government bad
– Taylor encourages statehood
– Bypass territory status
– Still tied in Senate• Nothing on horizon for
South
• As precedent for rest of Mexican Cession
• Compromise of 1850– Clay
– Taylor dead
– Fugitive Slave Law• Underground RR
• Harriet Tubman
– CA free– permanently tilted
– NM & Utah– pop. Sov.
– Slave trade in DC
• North opposition to FSL– $5 free, $10 returned
– Aid in escape? Fines and jail
– Personal Liberty Laws• Denied use of jails
• MA nullify
– South losing face
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin
– Harriet Beecher Stowe 1852
• Election of 1852
– Democrats– Franklin Pierce• Dark-horse
• Pro-slavery northerner
• “the hero of many a bottle”
– Whigs– need another war hero• No to Fillmore
• Winfield Scott
• Whigs not in agreement– End of Party
• Pierce Presidency– Pro-expansion
– Wm. Walker– Nicaragua
– Cuba– Ostend Manifesto
– Gadsden Purchase• Terminus?
– Kansas-Nebraska Act• Northern Terminus too?
• Stephen Douglas
• Two territories– Pop. Sov.
– Voided MO Comp.
– North gave up on any enforcement of FSL
– New Party
• Republicans– Prevent spread
– Dem becomes Southern
– Rep. in South?
• Bleeding Kansas
– NE Emigrant Aid
– Beecher’s Bibles
– South there was an understanding
– Territorial government • Border Ruffians
• Lecompton
• Topeka
• Pierce chooses
– Violence• Lawrence
• Pottawatomie Creek
– John Brown
– Senate Problems• Charles Sumner
• “The Crime Against Kansas”
• Andrew Butler– Preston Brooks
• Election of 1856– Democrats tainted by
Kansas
– James Buchanan• Doughface
• Pro-popular sovereignty
– Republicans• Fremont
• No slavery in territories
– Know-Nothing• Anti-
• Milliard Fillmore
• Dred Scott
– Roger Taney• No citizen
• Property
• 5th Amendment
• MO Comp Unconst.
• Rep. called opinion
– Defiance of SC
– Buch. & Taney part of “Slave Conspiracy”
– Southerners incensed
• Illinois Senate Election 1858– Lincoln –Douglas
Debates• Freeport Doctrine
• Douglas wins/loses South– Split Dems
• Lincoln gets attn
• Harper’s Ferry– John Brown– part II
– “Secret Six”
• Election of 1860– Democrats split
– North wing• Douglas
– South wing• John C. Breckinridge (KY)
– Federal protection of slavery
• Republicans– Lincoln
• RRs, Homesteads, Tariff
• NO EXTENSION OF SLAVERY
– Const. Union Party• John Bell (KY)
• Secession
– South Car. + 6
– Montgomery– CSA • Republican Party forced
them either now or later
• North won’t fight
• North needs cotton
– Jeff Davis
– Buchanan “Lame Duck”
– Compromise?• Crittenden
– Inaugural• Respect where existed
• War in hands of South
• Fort Sumter
– Anderson/ Beauregard
– South aggressor helps • Border states stay but
– MD, MO, KY
– Habeas corpus
– 75,000 for 90
– Upper South secedes• Richmond
• South blockaded
– Ad South• Defensive– military
superior– cotton
– Dis-Ad• No factories– lousy
transportation– 9 million minus 3.5– state’s rights
– Ad North• Factories– RR—Navy– 22
million + immigration
– Dis-Ad • military top to bottom
– Southern Aims• European intervention
– Cotton
– Warehouses full
– Egypt—India
– North traded grain, corn
– Diplomacy• Trent
• CSS Alabama– 15.5 million fine
– Staffing• North– 1863– subs– NYC
• South– 1862– subs – “Rich man’s war but a
poor man’s fight”
– Finances • North– Nat’l Banking
System– greenbacks, bonds, tariffs
• 1st millionaires
• South
– Bonds, graybacks, farm tax
– Blockade & invasion crushed economy
– Transportation suffered
– Women• Jobs– farms, industry
• Sewing machine
• Spies
• Professional nurses
– Clara Barton, Dorothea Dix
• And the War Came– Bull Run
– “picnic”
– Skedaddled
– South– overconfident
– North– fight harder
• McClellan & Peninsula– Jackson tricks
– Stuart encircles
– Lee defeats
• War at Sea– Blockade becomes more
effective
– Merrimac (VA)
– Monitor
• On to Antietam– 2nd Bull Run
– Lee invades MD
– McClellan restored• Plans found, bloodiest
day, draw, Burnside
– Results• GB & France no recog.
• Emancipation Proc.
– “he did where he couldn’t and didn’t…”
• Moral cause stronger
• Off-year elections lost
• South thought he was starting an insurrection
• Now destroy the “Old” South
• African Americans– 180,000; 38,000 dead
– 54th Mass• Wagner, Rob’t Shaw
• Fort Pillow
• On to Gettysburg– Burnside
• Fredericksburg
– Hooker• Chancellorsville
• Stonewall Jackson
– Meade
– Lee invades North again• Take attn off VA
• Rile peace protestors
• Pickett’s Charge
• “High water mark”
• Gettysburg Address
– War in the West• Lincoln finds his general
• Henry & Donelson
– Keep KY & open TN
– Shiloh
– New Orleans
– Vicksburg • Loss of western supply
• Day after Gettysburg
– Chattanooga & Chickamauga• Cleared TN of Rebels
• Grant promoted
• Sherman takes West command
– Atlanta– Savannah• Total war
• Live land
• Sherman “neckties”
• Destroyed supplies/morale
– Desertions up
• Worst for South Car.
• Elections of 1864
• National Union Party
– Andrew Johnson
– Democrats• McClellan
– Sheridan/Sherman seal
– Soldiers furloughed
– South more despondent
• Grant in the East– Lee
– Wilderness—Spotsylvania—Cold Harbor• The “Butcher”
– Petersburg
– Richmond
– Lee corned at Appomattox
– Davis caught in GA
– Lincoln • Ford’s Theatre
• John Wilkes Booth
• Reconstruction– Economy
• Banks
• Transportation
• Farms
• Cotton– overreliance
– Freedmen’s Bureau• O. O. Howard
– Clothing, food, medical care, education
– 1st large federal welfare
– Help AA adjust to freedom
– President Andrew John• TN
• Used for Border States
• Presidential Recon
– Lincoln
– 10%
– Wade-Davis 50%
» Congress– who has the right?
» Suicide–conquered
» Pocket-veto
– Two Camps• Moderates
• Radicals
– Johnson Tries• Used Lincoln’s
• Congress not in session
• Personal petitions
– Granted pardons undermining
• Ratify 13th
• Declare secession illegal
– Many ignored him
– Black Codes• Servility
• Contracts
• Sharecroppers
• No land, no vote, no jury
– South Congressmen• Alex Stephens
• Republicans alarmed
• 12 new votes
• Johnson declares Reconstruction a success
– Republican accomplishments• Tariff, Homestead Act,
Pacific RR Act
– South gains 12 seats
– Congress takes over• Freedmen vetoed
• Civil Rights Bill– vetoed & overruled
• 14th Amendment
• 10 states refuse
• Off-year elections
– Radicals• Sumner (Senate) &
Stevens (House)
• Reconstruction Act
– 5 districts
– Tenure of Office Act
– Edwin Stanton
– Impeached
• 15th Amendment
– Election of 1868
– Grant• 500,000 new voters
– Ku Klux Klan• Intimidate, Redeem
• Enforcement Act
– Redemption• Grand-father clause,
literacy test, poll tax
– Grant’s Admin• Corrupt
• Hurts Recon
• Democrats win House 1874
• Election of 1876
– Democrats– Tilden
– Republicans– Hayes
– South Car, LA, FLA
– Compromise• Hayes
• Troops pulled
• South RR & aid
• Cabinet member
• Most gains erased
• 1890s Jim Crow
• 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson
• 1954 Brown v. Board
• Solid South
– Reagan 1980