CCNA

CCNA 1. Topology (network design)

I. Bus topology

II. Star topology (it only use in switch)

III. Ring topology

IV. Hybrid topology

V. Mesh topology

2. Cabling

I. Straight cable

II. Cross cable

III. Rollover cable/console cable

IV. Serial cable

3. Straight cable

Different devices – start cable

Switch – PC

Router – PC

If intelligent device hub/switch then cable is used to straight connect.

Coding of straight cable

ORANGE / WHITE ORANGE / WHITE ORANGE ORANGE

GREEN / WHITE GREEN / WHITE

BLUE BLUE BLUE / WHITE BLUE / WHITE

GREEN GREEN WHITE WHITE

4. Cross cable

It is used to same device.

Pc – PC

Hub – hub

Switch – switch

Router – router

ORANGE / WHITE GREEN / WHITE

ORANGE GREEN GREEN / WHITE ORANGE / WHITE

BLUE BLUE BLUE / WHITE BLUE / WHITE

GREEN ORANGE WHITE WHITE

5. CONSOL cable

It connects to router so pc configure to router IOS (interface operating system)

ORANGE / WHITE BROWN ORANGE BROWN / WHITE

GREEN / WHITE GREEN BLUE BLUE / WHITE

BLUE / WHITE BLUE

GREEN GREEN / WHITE BROWN / WHITE ORANGE

BROWN ORANGE / WHITE

Types of cable

I. Co-axial cable

II. Fiber optic cable

III. UTP - un twisted pair cable

IV. STP - shield twisted pair cable

Bounded

Connection Oriented

Wired Cable

Unbounded

Wireless Connection

Wireless

Co-axial cable

Data transfer rate (DTR) : 4-6mbps , it is used to BNC connector or (T connector)

BNC (barrel net connector) used in bus topology.

Fiber optical cable

Data transfer rate = 1000mbps used in isdn line. (Integrated service digital network).

Clove

UTP (un-shield twisted pair) – it is 4 pair wire, it connects to RJ-45 connector.

Category of cable

I. Cat-5 cable

II. Cat-5e cable

III. Cat-6 cable

IV. Cat-6e cable

Network device

I. Switch

II. Hub

III. Repeater

IV. Router

V. Brouter

VI. Bridge

ORANGE ORANGE

WHITE

GREEN

GREEN

WHITE

BLUE

BLUE

WHITE BROWN

OSI model (open system interface)

I. Application layer

II. Presentation layer

III. Session layer

IV. Transport layer

V. Network layer

VI. Data link layer

VII. Physical layer

APPLICATION LAYER: it is an interface where the users actually communicate with

a computer. This layer is responsible for following task sending mail, file transfer

access and management, virtual terminal (remote access) TELNET, authentication,

directory service. It is a directory service which is used to store the information

about the objects like users; group and computers it also provides centralize

management.

PRESENTATION LAYER : this layer is responsible to present the data.

Note: attachment of headers layer by layer is known as encapsulation.

De-attachment of headers is known as de-capsulation.

This layer is responsible to present the data.

This layer is also responsible for encryption/decryption, coding and decoding.

i.e. - (WinZip).

ASCII ASCIII

EBCDIC

SESSION LAYER : this layer is responsible to establish and terminate the session and

create the session.

This layer is also responsible for dialogue control between the devices (modes).

Simplex unidirectional

Half duplex both direction but not at a time

Full duplex both direction simultaneously

This layer is also responsible for detection and connection and insert checkpoint.

Bit synchronization: synchronizing the data.

Protocol: work on this layer

NETWORK LAYER :- It receive the segment from the transport layer and convert then in to

packets this is responsible to define the path to data packet from source IP to destination IP ADD.

i. Routed Protocol- these protocols are used to define the path to the data packet in a TCP/IP

Local area network.

ii. Routing Protocol- These protocol are RIP, IGRP and OSPF.

Default Gateway- It is an exit point from a network and entry point in to

Device- Router, Layer 3 Switch, Bridge Router (B Router), Static Routing, Default routing,

Dynamic Routing.

Net

Bio

s Name Service 137(VDP)

Session Service 139(ICP)

Data Gran 138(VDP)

DATA LINK LAYER :- This layer receive packet from the network layer and encapsulate the in

to the

This layer

SAP- It 1 byte frame and it use 6 bit to identify the encapsulated data. It can identify p to 64

protocols.

SNAP- It is a 2 bytes frame and identify up 65,535 protocols.

Cisco-L2F= Layer 2 forwarding.

Microsoft-PPTP= point to point tunneling protocol

L2TP=

DATA LINK LAYER

MAC (media access controller)

this layer is responsible to define the path from source MAC add to

Destination MAC add.

LLC (logical link controller)

this layer is responsible for the

this layer also add meaning full bits headr & trailan (CRC/FCS) it define the encapsulated data.

SAP-services access point. SNAP- sub network access point.

802.3-ethernet

802.5-token ring

802.4-token bus

802.8-FDDI

Switch – manageable, non-manageable

i. ADD Leaving

ii. Forward Filtering

iii. Loop Avoidance.

It operates at the data link layer.

It breaks up the collision domain.

It first time broadcast and 2nd time unicast.

It has 1 broadcast domain and multiple collision domain.

It has memory element- ASIC (Application specific integrated circuit).

COMPRESION BETWEEN SWITCH AND BRIDGE

SWITCH BRIDGE It also operates at layer 2. It is Hardware based It also operates at layer & whereas bridge is

software based It has higher no. of ports It less no. of ports

STP is available in switch per port wise In a bridge STP is available per bridge wise

PHYSICAL LAYER :- It define the physical media. It converts the frames in bits stresam.

DCE- Data communication equipment.

DTE- Data terminal equipment.

EG- Hub, Cables, Connector, Repeaters, Modem, A.P, CSU/DSU- channel services unit/ data

services unit.

Protocol

SMPT 25 TELNET 23 HTTP 80 HTTP/S 443

SMB 445 TSTP 69 DNS 53 DHCP 67,68

POP+2 109 POP+3 110 NFS 115 NNTP 119

IMAP 143 FTP 20 (DATA)

21(CONTRO) BOOTP SERVER 67,68 SMPT (simple mail transfer protocol) – it is use to send the mails.

TELNET (terminal network /remote access) – it is used to access the remote

machine using the command line.

HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) – it is use to access webpages from a web

server,

HTTP/S - it is use to access secure web server.

SMB (server message block protocol) – this protocol is responsible for file or folder

and printer sharing.

TFTP (trivial file transfer protocol) – this application is use to take backup a

routers105 a bit configuration.

DNS (domain name service) – it translate human readable name to ip address and

vice-verse (fully qualified domain name)

DHCP (dynamic host configuration protocol) – this service is used to assign ip

address to the client automatically -67-server, 68-client.

POP (post office protocol) – it is used to receive the mail.

NFS (network file system) – it is responsible for file and printer sharing in UNIX and

UNUX.

NNTP (network news transfer protocol) – it is used to transfer the name in a

network.

IMAP (internal message access protocol) – it is use to access the mails.

FTP (file transfer protocol) – it is used to download and upload the files area the

internet.

T.C.P/IP address (transmission controller protocol/internet protocol)

• Presser-Depressor: Application Layer, Host to Host Layer (Transport Layer), Internet Layer,

Network Layer, Interface Layer (Data Link Layer).

Using LM Host File

Broadcast file information

API (application programming interface).

C:\>arp –d

C:\>nbstat –c (display NetBIOS cache)

C:\>nbstat –r (Display and reload NetBIOS cache)

IP (Internet protocol):- It is a 32bits decimal No. It consists of 4 octets. It is separated by

DOT (.). It is categorized in to 5 class. 192.168.1.10

Subnet- It is 32bits value which is used to determine how many NID and HID in on IP ADD.

Private IP Add.

CLASS A IP 1-126

CLASS B IP 128-191

CLASS C IP 192-223

Reserved IP Add.

CLASS D IP 224-239 NASA

CLASS E IP 240-254 MULTICAST/RESEARCH

APIPA (Automatic Private IP Add).

169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.254

Loop Back IP Add.

IP 127 LOOP BACK TESTING (USE FOR BROADCASTING)

Net BIOS

Name Service 137 UPD

Session Service

139 TCP

Datagram Services 138 UPD

16 character/ show 15 character.

Sub-NETING:- To break a large network in to small subnet is called

SUBNETING.

CIDR (Classless Inter Domain Routing):- It is method which is used by

I.S.P. to assign IP address to the client, like office, Home and large

organization.

FLSM (Fixed length Subnet Mask)

SUBNETING:

1st (Example)

Class C IP- 202.15.61.0/25 bit

Default Subnet Mask- 255.255.255.0

No of subnet = 2n , 21 = 2 subnet

No of host/subnet = 2h-2, 27-2=126 host/subnet

Binary to decimal conversion

27+26+25+24+23+22+21+20

128+64+32+16+8+4+2+0

255.255.255.128 subnet mask value

0+255=256-128=128 Block size

N o

o f s u b n e t

B l o c k s i z e

Valid subnet, First host, Last host, Broad cast.

Valid subnet 0 128 First host 1 129 Last host 126 254

Broad cast 127 255

2nd (Example) Class C IP 198.168.1.0/27 Default subnet mask 255.255.255.0 No of subnet = 2n, 23=8 subnet No of host/subnet = 2h-2, 25-2, 32-2=30 host/subnet 255.255.255.224 subnet mask value 0+255=256-224=32 Block size Valid subnet, First host, Last host, Broad cast.

Valid subnet 0 32 64 96 128 160 192 224 First host 1 33 65 97 129 161 193 225 Last host 30 62 94 126 158 190 222 254

Broad cast 31 63 95 127 159 191 223 255

CLASS C IP 192.0.0.1 – 223.255.255.255

Total BIT

Off BIT

ON BIT

Subnet Mask Host Subnet

Block Size

No of Subnet

25 7 1 255.255.255.128 126(128) 128 2

26 6 2 255.255.255.192 62(64) 64 4

27 5 3 255.255.255.224 30(32) 32 8

28 4 4 255.255.255.240 14(16) 16 16

29 3 5 255.255.255.248 6(8) 8 32

30 2 6 255.255.255.252 2(4) 4 64

CLASS B IP 128.0.0.1 -191.255.255.255.

Total BIT

Off BIT

ON BIT

Subnet Mask Host Subnet

Block Size

No of Subnet

17 15 1 255.255.128.0 32766(32768) 128 2 18 14 2 255.255.192.0 16382(16384) 64 4 19 13 3 255.255.224.0 8190(8192) 32 8 20 12 4 255.255.240.0 4094(4096) 16 16 21 11 5 255.255.248.0 2046(2048) 8 32 22 10 6 255.255.252.0 1022(1024) 4 64 23 9 7 255.255.254.0 510(512) 2 128 24 8 8 255.255.255.0 254(256) 1 256 25 7 9 255.255.255.128 126(128) 1 512 26 6 10 255.255.255.192 62(64) 64 1024 27 5 11 255.255.255.224 30(32) 32 2048 28 4 12 255.255.255.240 14(16) 32 4096 29 3 13 255.255.255.248 6(8) 8 8192 30 2 14 255.255.255.252 2(4) 4 16384

Variable Lens Subnet Mask (VLSM)

CLASS C VLSM :-

Lab A 60 Computers (Host)

Lab B 100 Computers (Host)

Lab C 20 Computers (Host)

Lab D 14 Computers (Host)

Select the large requirement.

Network 194.101.12.0

Lab A 100 194.101.12.1

194.101.12.126 Subnet mask 255.255.255.128

(194.101.12.127) Broadcast Address (B.A.)

Lab B 60 194.101.12.128

194.101.12.129

194.101.12.189

194.101.12.190 Subnet mask 255.255.255.192


Lab C 20 194.101.12.192

194.101.12.193

194.101.12.221

194.101.12.222 Subnet mask 255.255.255.224


Lab D 14 194.101.12.224

194.101.12.225

194.101.12.238 Subnet mask 255.255.255.240


CLASS B VLSM

Lab A 2000 Computers (Host)

Lab B 1000 Computers (Host)

Lab C 350 Computers (Host)

Lab D 255 Computers (Host)

Lab E 100 Computers (Host)

Lab F 10 Computers (Host)

Network 168.112.0.0

Lab A 2000 168.112.0.1

168.112.7.253

168.112.7.254 subnet mask 255.255.248.0

168.112.7.255 Broadcast Address (B.A.)

Lab B 1000 168.112.8.0

168.112.8.1

168.112.11.254 subnet mask 255.255.252.0


Lab C 350 168.112.12.0

168.112.12.1

168.112.13.254 subnet mask 255.255.254.0


Lab D 255 168.112.14.0

168.112.14.1

168.112.15.254 subnet mask 255.255.254.0


Lab E 100 168.112.16.0

168.112.16.1

168.112.16.126 subnet mask 255.255.255.128


Lab F 10 168.112.16.128

168.112.16.129

168.112.16.140

168.112.16.142 subnet mask 255.255.255.240


ROUTER

2500 Series

Serial port:- This is 60th pins female connector which is use to

connect a router to another router using serial cable.

Attachment unit interface (AUI):- It is 15th pins female connector

which is use connects a router to the LAN or SWITCH using connector.

Console cable (CAN) :- It is a RJ-45 port which is used to connector a

PC to the ROUTER which to configure the router.

AUX port:- It is also a RJ-45 which is access a router using DIAL UP

connection.

Basic rate interface (BRI):- It is also RJ-45 port which uses to connect

a router in to the WAN using ISDN and LEASELINE.

CSU- Channel Service Unit DSU- Data Service Unit

Router

WAN

Router

CSU/DSU

CSU/DSU

-System Configuration Dialogue-

It shows that message when router doesn’t fined the valid

configuration file in the NVRAM.

Hyper Terminal:- win XP, Win server 2003-it is inbuild software.

Putty software:- win vista, win 7, win 2008.

START-RUN= HYPERTRN

Router> (USER MODE)

Router>enable

Router# (PRIVILEGE MODE)

Router#configure terminal

Router(config)# (GLOBAL CONFIGURATION MODE)

-PREVILAGE MODE COMMAND-

Router#show run

Router#show version

Router#show flash

Router#show interface f0/0

Router#show protocol (DATA LINK LAYER)

Router#show IP protocol (NETWORK LAYER PROTOCOL)

Router#show IP interface brief

Router#show show controllers s1/0

Router#show startup-config

Router#show IP route

Router# clock set 2:3:45 June 15 2011 (HH:MM:SS MONTH DATE YEAR)

Router#copy run start (RAM to NVRAM)

Router#copy start run (NVRAM to RAM)

Router#write (SAVE)

-GLOBAL CONFIGURATION MODE-

Router(config)#hostname ccna

Router(config)#banner motd # types any matter# (type text message with #)

Router(config)enable password 12345 (set for privilege mode)

Router(config)#line consol 0 (set for global configuration mode)

Router(config-line)#password 12345

Router(config-line)#login

Router(config)#line aux 0



Router(config)#line vty 0-1180 (terminal access)



How Assign The IP

Router>enable

Router# configure terminal

Router(config)#interface serial 1/0 (select the interface no.)

Router(config)#IP address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 (write the IP address)

Router(config)#clock rate 64000 (clock rate always set on the DCE port)

Router(config)#do show controllers serial 1/0 (check port is DCE or DTE)

Router(config)#no shutdown (for up the port)

STATIC ROUTING

It is a feature of IP. It is use in small networks. The routing tables are

build and sustain manually. There is no overhead on the router’s CPU

and it consumes less Bandwidth and RAM.

It is more difficult job to configure in large networks

The administrator has to know about the IP address of serial and fast

Ethernet interface of directly connected router.

ROUTER/0

Router>enable


Router(config)#interface serial 1/0

Router(config-if)#IP add 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0

Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000

Router(config-if)#no shutdown

Router/0 Router/1 Router/2

-00

Switch Switch Switch

Router>enable


Router(config)#interface f0/0


Router(config-if)# no shutdown

ROUTER/1

Router>enable





Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config) #int erface serial 1/1 Router(config-if)#IP add 20.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000 Router(config-if)#no shutdown

Router>enable


Router(config) #interface f0/0



ROUTER/2

Router>enable






Router>enable





ROUTER/0

Router(config)#IP route 40.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.2



ROUTER/1



ROUTER/2




(ROUTER/0)

Router>enable






Router/0

Router/1

Router/2

Router/3

Router/4

Switch

F0/0

70.0.0.1

Router>enable





(ROUTER/1)

Router>enable






Router>enable





(ROUTER/2)

Router>enable


Router(config) #interface serial 1/0



Router>enable






Router>enable





(ROUTER/3)

Router>enable





Router>enable






Router>enable





(ROUTER/4)

Router>enable


Router(config) #interface serial1/0



Router>enable





(ROUTER/0)

Router(config)#ip route 60.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.2







(ROUTER/1)







(ROUTER/2)







(ROUTER/3)







(ROUTER/4)








DEFAULT ROUTING This type of routing is used to send the data packet to that destination which is not

present in the routing table.

Router/0 Router/1

Switch Switch

F0/0

ROUTER/0


ROUTER/1


DYNAMIC ROUTING

This type of routing is use in stub network.

The network which has only is exit and entry point is called stub network

Administrator Distance (AD Value) :- it is an integer value which lies between (0 to 255) use to determine the reliability of a protocol. The protocol which has lowest AD value which will be more preferable. Autonomous System No. (AS No.) : - it is a collection of network under a common administration DOMAIN is which all router’s share same routing information. Range -1 to 65,535. NOTE- the protocol which has lowest AD value will be more preferable.

Directly connected - 0 Static routing - 1 RIP V1, RIP V2 - 120 IGRP - 100 EIGRP - 90 OSPF - 110 IS-IS - 115 Ex. EIGRP - 170

Type: - show IP protocol

RIP - Routing Information Protocol. IGRP - Interior Gateway Routing Protocol. EIGRP - Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol. OSPF - Open Shortest Path First. IS-IS - Intermediate System to Intermediate System. Ex.EIGRP - External Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol.

R/0 Routing Table R/1 Routing Table R/2 Routing Table

10.0.0.0/8 S 1/0 0 10.0.0.0/8 S 1/0 0 10.0.0.0/8 S 1/0 1 20.0.0.0/8 S 1/0 1 20.0.0.0/8 S 1/1 0 20.0.0.0/8 S 1/1 0

30.0.0.0/8 F 0/0 0 30.0.0.0/8 F 0/0 1 30.0.0.0/8 F 0/0 2

40.0.0.0/8 F 0/0 1 40.0.0.0/8 F 0/0 0 40.0.0.0/8 F 0/0 1 50.0.0.0/8 F 0/0 2 50.0.0.0/8 F 0/0 1 50.0.0.0/8 F 0/0 0

DISADVANTAGE: - There is more over head on the routers CPU and it consume more

bandwidth and RAM.


-00


RIP V2

It is a class less routing protocol. It also supports CIDR/VLSM. It send it’s update using

multicast (224.0.09). It support authentication MD5 (message digital version 5). It also

discontinuous network.

Dynamic Routing Protocol

IGP (Interiol Gateway Protocol)

IS-IS 115

Distance-vector

RIP v1

RIP v2

IGRP 100

EIGRP 90 OSPF 110

Dijekstra (SPF)

Link State

EIGRP OSPF

EGP

Routing Table

(1)

Routing Table

(1)

Neighbour Table

(2)

Topology Table (3)

ROUTER/0

Router>enable






Router>enable





ROUTER/1

Router>enable



-00






Router>enable





ROUTER/2

Router>enable






Router>enable





ROUTER/0

Router(config)#router rip Router(config-router)#version 2 Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 Router(config-router)#network 30.0.0.0

ROUTER/1

Router(config)#router rip Router(config-router)#version 2 Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 Router(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 Router(config-router)#network 40.0.0.0

ROUTER/2

Router(config)#router rip Router(config-router)#version 2 Router(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 Router(config-router)#network 50.0.0.0

EIGRP It is a hybrid routing protocol. It is also cisco proprietary protocol. It is a classless routing

protocol. It supports VLSM & CIDR. Its AD Value is 90.It also support AS No. It has auto

route summaries. It’s by default metric is (BW + Delay) *BW + Delay + reliability + MTU+

Load]

[Max Transmission unit].

It has fast conversion. It also supports discontiguous Network. Communicate VIG RTP

(Reliable Transport Protocol).

Best path selection via diffusing update algorithm (DUAL)

It support Routed protocol using PDM (Protocol Dependent Module)

It sends its update using multicast 224.0.0.10

IPv6/EIGRP

IPv4/EIGRP

APPLE TALK/EIGRP

IPX/EIGRP

Neighbor Discovery:-

i. HELLO Packet Received

ii. AS NO. Must Match

iii. Identical Metric (K Value)

1) Feasible Distance :- is the best metric along all the path to a remote network.

2) Reported Distance:-it is the best metric of a remote network as reported by

neighbor.

3) Neighbor Table:- if cache the information about the neighbor.

SAVE IN RAM.

ROUTER/0

Router>enable







-00


Router>enable





ROUTER/1

Router>enable






Router>enable





ROUTER/2

Router>enable






Router>enable




ROUTER/0 Router(config)#router eigrp 10 Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 Router(config-router)#network 30.0.0.0

ROUTER/1

Router(config)#router eigrp 10 Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 Router(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 Router(config-router)#network 40.0.0.0

ROUTER/2

Router(config)#router eigrp 10 Router(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 Router(config-router)#network 50.0.0.0

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

It is a link state routing protocol. It is an open standard routing

protocol. Its AD value is 110. It is a classless routing protocol. It support

VLSM/CIDR. It also support area and WILD CARD MASK. It support

unlimited HOP count.

NOTE:- Inverse of subnet mask is known as WILD CARD MASK.

Class A = 255.0.0.0 - 0.255.255.255

Class B = 255.255.0.0 - 0.0.255.255

Class C = 255.255.255.0 - 0.0.0.255

0 = bits need to match

1 = bits not need to match

It has manual summarization support. It also support discontiguous

network. It send its update multicast (224.0.0.5) It sub hierarchical

network.

Cost = 108/bandwidth

SPF- Algorithm

Q. why do we create hierarchical network in OSPF terminology.

ANS. 1- To decrease routing overhead.

2- Speed up the conversion.

Area: it keep the routing traffic separate.

3- To confine the instability in the network in to the single

area.

Exchange hello packet in every 10 sec.

Dead interval 4 times of exchange of hello packet 40 sec.

ASBR – Autonomous system border area

ABR- Area border router

Back bone area-= 0

off- back bone

Area = 1-65,535

ROUTER/0

Router(config)#router ospf 1

Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0


ROUTER/1




Router/1

Router/0

Router/2

00

Router/4

Router/3

Area 1 Area 3

Area 0

Area 2

ROUTER/2




ROUTER/3




ROUTER/4




ACCESS CONTROL LIST

The router performs packet filtering using ACCESS CONTROL LIST (ACL)

Type of ACL :-

Standard ACL = 1-99

Extended ACL = 100-199

Name ACL = any word

ACL also use the WILD CARD MASKING.

Standard ACL:- This ACL understand only source address standard ACL

should be place close to the destination ACL NO. For standard ACL lies

between 1-99.

ROUTER/1

Router(config)#access-list 10 deny 30.0.0.0 0.0.0.255

Router(config)#access-list 10 permit any


Router(config-if)#ip access-group 10 out


-00


Outside

Outside Outside Inside

Inside

Outside Inside


-00


Extended ACL:- This ACL understand both source & destination IP add.

But it should be place close to the source because it will save the

bandwidth of the network. It lies between 100-199.

ROUTER/1

Router(config)#access-list 101 deny 30.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 40.0.0.0

0.0.0.255

Router(config)#access-list 101 permit any any


Router(config-if)#ip access-group 101 out

-NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION (NAT)-

It is an in build feature of a router it translation private IP add to public

IP add and vice-verse. It operates at the network layer. It also provides

security to the private network. It also conserves public IP add.


-00

Switch Switch

Inside Local Inside Global

Outside Local Outside Global

IP Address 192.168.1.2 Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway 192.168.1.1

IP Address 11.0.0.2 Subnet Mask 255.0.0.0 Default Gateway 11.0.0.1

Type of NAT-

Static NAT:- It provide one to one mapping.

Dynamic NAT:- It also provide one to one mapping but it use pool of

public IP add ( first come and first serve bases.

NAT OVERLOAD:- one to many (it use single public IP add)

PAT (port add translation)

CCNA

Documents

enable routerconfigure

routerconfigure

shutdown router2

shutdown router1

wild card

global configuration

open shortest

interface