SYSTEMATIC ASSESSMENT OF SYSTEMATIC ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNITY BASED GROUNDWATER COMMUNITY BASED GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCE IN MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCE IN ANDHRA PRADESH ANDHRA PRADESH Study for DEPARTMENT OF IRRIGATION AND COMMAND AREA Study for DEPARTMENT OF IRRIGATION AND COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT, GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH / WORLD BANK DEVELOPMENT, GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH / WORLD BANK BY AFPRO BY AFPRO September – December 2006 Presentation by: Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy http://saibhaskar.com
Community Based Ground Water Management Study, the study team was led by Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy
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SYSTEMATIC ASSESSMENT OF SYSTEMATIC ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNITY BASED GROUNDWATER COMMUNITY BASED GROUNDWATER
MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCE IN MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCE IN ANDHRA PRADESHANDHRA PRADESH
Study for DEPARTMENT OF IRRIGATION AND COMMAND Study for DEPARTMENT OF IRRIGATION AND COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT, GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA AREA DEVELOPMENT, GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH / WORLD BANKPRADESH / WORLD BANKBY AFPROBY AFPRO
September – December 2006
Presentation by: Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddyhttp://saibhaskar.com
Study steps
A literature survey on CBGWM as it is emerging in AP, in the context of three projects, APWELL, APFAMGS http://apfamgs.org/ and CWS http://cwsy.org/
Visits to 30 sample villages selected according to the detailed methodology provided in the ToR
A sample survey of 15 groundwater users from each of the 30 villages to obtain primary data to quantify important socio-economic parameters for the assessment of effectiveness of interventions.
Interviewing farmers and officials of various relevant departments of the GoAP
Structure of Presentation
1. Background and rationale of the study.
2. Objectives and methodology of the study.
3. Overview of the groundwater development and management scenario in AP with special focus on the projects being studied.
4. Findings of the study according to the two main objectives and sub-objectives.
5. Summary of the findings and recommendations.
1. Background and rationale of the study.Introduction
GoAP has taken up the revival and restoration of about 3000 minor irrigation projects in the State with World Bank assistance through the SMIP.
It is proposed to include CBGWM as a sub-component of this project.
Lesson learning from APWELL, APFAMGS projects and CWS initiatives for contributing to their sustainability.
Assessment could inform the APDAI pilots on CBGW management options.
Background and Rationale of the Study
A systematic assessment of CBGWM interventions in APWELL/APFAMGS/CWS projects was to guide the GoAP on future policy, and in particular to build a stronger case for the CBGWM components to be included in SMIP and APDAI.
For this assessment a representative selection of 30 APWELL/APFAMGS/CWS villages are included to cover the range of main aquifer typologies and socio-agronomic situations.
2. Objectives and methodology of the study. OBJECTIVE - 1
Assess systematically how far the CBGWM interventions in APWELL/APFAMGS/CWS are contributing to achieving the long-term goal of sustainable and adaptive resource use.
OBJECTIVE - 2
Review the design and institutional structure of the CBGWM interventions that have been or are being implemented in the state and assess, through parameters/approaches as quantifiable and verifiable as possible, the effectiveness of these interventions. The four dimensions for assessment of effectiveness are the following:
Relevance of communication strategy regarding realistic approaches to GW management
Community awareness and level of community mobilization achieved with regards to groundwater management issues
Community decision making and collective action achieved towards sustainable groundwater management
Improvement in income and livelihoods of the farmers involved, as a result of the above.
Project Districts
Mahabubnagar
Nalgonda
KurnoolPrakasam
CuddapahAnanthapur
Chittoor
Introduction
Study area covers semi-arid / arid parts of seven districts in AP.
Geographical identities of the seven districts is : 2 – Telangana, 4 – Rayalaseema and 1 – Coastal AP
8 Villages - APWELL 6 Villages - APWELL and APFAMGS has continued its
activities 10 Villages - newly selected for APFAMGS activities 1 Village - CWS has been implementing its “Social
Regulations in Water Management” project; a second (MC Thanda) has been an APWELL-APFAMGS village
5 Control villages with substantial groundwater use but not under any groundwater management programme
Location Map of Study Areas
Study Villages# District Project
categoryVillage Mandal GW
statusGW typology
1 Anantapur APW Kalvapalli Beluguppa OE B S
2 Chittoor APW SS Puram K V B Puram OE B C
3 Chittoor APW Bandarlapalli Ramakuppam C B S
4 Kadapa APW Mudireddypalli Mydukur OE A OE
5 Kurnool APW Uyyalawada Orvakal OE A C
6 Mahbubnagar APW Kollampally Narayanpet SC A OE
7 Nalgonda APW Thimmaipalem Peddavoora SAFE B SC
8 Prakasam APW Regumanupalli Peddaraveedu OE A C
9 Kadapa APW-APF R Papireddypalli Kasinayana SC A OE
10 Kurnool APW-APF RK Puram Allagadda OE A OE
11 Mahbubnagar APW-APF Mannanur Amrabad SAFE A OE
12 Nalgonda APW-APF Dudiya thanda Damarcherla SAFE B S
13 Prakasam APW-APF Thaticherla Komarolu OE A OE
14 Anantapur APW-APF-CWS M C Thanda Tanakallu SAFE A SC
15 Anantapur APF Yengilibanda Gooty OE B S
OE – Over Exploited, SC – Semi-Critical, C – Critical, S-Safe
Study Villages (cont…)# District Project
categoryVillage Mandal GW
statusGW typology
16 Chittoor APF Nariganipalli Ramasamudram OE B SC
17 Kadapa APF Siddamurthipalli Kalasapadu OE A OE
18 Kurnool APF Muthaluru Rudravaram OE A OE
19 Mahbubnagar APF Uppunuthala Uppunuthala OE A SC
20 Nalgonda APF Ramnagar Nidmanor SAFE B S
21 Prakasam APF Vemulakota Markapur OE A C
22 Prakasam APF Akkapalli R Racherla OE B S
23 Prakasam APF Nekunambad Bestavaripeta OE A OE
24 Prakasam APF Chinna Kandukur Ardhaveedu OE A OE
25 Anantapur CONTROL Hampapuram Raptadu OE A OE
26 Kadapa CONTROL Buggaletipalli Kadapa OE B S
27 Kurnool CONTROL Thammarajupalli Panyam OE A C
28 Mahbubnagar CONTROL Appanapally Mahabubnagar SC A OE
29 Nalgonda CONTROL Haliya Anumula SAFE B S
30 Anantapur CWS Madirepally Singanamala C B S
OE – Over Exploited, SC – Semi-Critical, C – Critical, S-Safe
Andhra Pradesh: Location of Study Areas in the Agro-climatic zones
Location Map of Study Areas in the groundwater typology
Distribution of 30 sample villages on groundwater status (2005)
Groundwater status
APWELL
APWELL+APFAMGS
APFAMGS
Control
Total
Over-exploited
5 2 9 3 19
Critical 1 0 0 1 2
Semi-Critical 1 1 0 1 3
Safe 1 3 1 1 6
TOTAL 8 6 10 6 30
NORMAL RAINFALL PATTERN
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Sada
siva
pura
m A
PW
Mut
talu
r APF
Sidd
amur
thy
Palli
APF
R.P
api R
eddy
pal
li AP
W+A
PF
R.K
.Pur
am A
PW+A
PF
Nek
unam
bad
APF
Man
nano
or A
PW+A
PF
Band
arla
palli
APW
Upp
unut
hala
APF
Tatic
herla
APW
+APF
Dud
iyat
hand
a AP
W+A
PF
Chi
nna
kand
ukur
u AP
F
Ram
naga
r APF
Bugg
alet
ipal
li C
ON
TRL
Vem
ulak
ota
APF
Mud
iredd
ypal
li AP
W
Appa
napa
lli C
ON
TRL
Reg
uman
ipal
li AP
W
Hal
ia C
ON
TRL
Nar
igan
ipal
li AP
F
Thim
mai
pale
m A
PW
Tham
mar
ajup
alli
CO
NTR
L
Akka
palli
APF
M.C
.Tha
nda
APW
+APF
+CW
S
Kolla
mpa
lli AP
W
Yeng
iliban
da A
PF
Uyy
alaw
ada
APW
Mad
iraep
alli
CW
S
Ham
papu
ram
CO
NTR
L
Kalv
apal
li AP
W
(in m
m)
The Methodology of the Study
Discussions with key professionals involved in APWELL, APFAMGS and CWS (Social Regulation) projects
Interaction with officers and consultants of the State I&CAD and the Ground Water Department both at Hyderabad and at the District level.
During the field visits the team had discussions with the staff of APFAMGS and its partner NGOs.
The Methodology of the Study
Field visits - study team was divided into groups, each comprising three professionals with varied backgrounds (social sciences, agriculture science, and natural sciences including geography, hydro geology and engineering).
Officers of the Ground Water department accompanied the team to some of the villages.
The study was done in two phases from 19 Sep to 16 Nov 2006. On an average two days were spent in each village.
Data collection
The topics covered in the data collection formats included information on the following subjects covering quantitative, qualitative and descriptive aspects:
Communication and awareness strategy Community participation Water resources management Ground water management by community Watershed implementation Agriculture Women’s participation Community Based Organization (CBO) Time line analysis Individual stakeholder formats (15 nos in each village) Case studies
Data collection formats used in the study.
3. Overview of the groundwater development and management scenario in AP with special focus on the projects being studied. APSIDC A State Government undertaking existing since 1974.
The objective is construction of Lift Irrigation schemes to
provide irrigation facility to the people placed in
topographically disadvantageous upland areas and creation of
irrigation potential through development of groundwater by
constructing Borewells, Tubewells, or Infiltration wells for the
benefit of small and marginal farmers, SCs and STs in upland
and drought prone areas to raise their socio– economic status.
So far, APSIDC has commissioned 20,040 Ground water
schemes creating an irrigation potential of 334,800 acres at a
cost of Rs. 244 crores.
APWELL Project
A total of 4,480 bore wells were drilled in the 7 districts (470
habitations) under the APWELL project.
3,462 were successful with yield above 1,500 gph, at
77percent success rate
In the 15 APWELL villages selected for this study, 329 of the
393 wells drilled under the project were successful (84%).
On an average, one well would serve a command area of
about 10 acres to irrigate the land owned by about 4 families
for irrigated dry crops.
The establishment costs and part of the cost of electricity
infrastructure were borne by the GoI/GoAP.
The implementation process followed by the APWELL Project The intense community organization efforts to form and
nurture Water User Groups (WUGs) Compulsory inclusion of women as members of WUGs and
forming self help groups. At the end of project implementation, the assets created were
handed over to WUGs. Thus, the project had a distinct exit policy woven into its concept.
The WUGs contributed 15% of the cost (excluding administrative charges). This ensured greater sense of ownership among the WUGs.
Every member of the WUG was given a pipe outlet on his/her land, assuring equity in water distribution and reducing water conveyance loss.
Intensive capacity building through training, exposure visits, and demonstrations assured quick adoption of sustainable water management and agricultural practices.
The main lessons from the APWELL Project may be summarised as follows: Access to water by small and marginal farmers improves their
productivity and they rise above poverty line. Enhancing productivity of land and water requires substantial
inputs in terms of financial and capacity building inputs. Participatory groundwater management is a viable concept if
introduced in conjunction with groundwater development, agricultural production, institutional development, and capacity building of farming communities.
All stakeholders and water users need to be involved in participatory groundwater management.
Government and non-government agencies need to work in collaboration for achieving sustainable results in participatory groundwater management.
Role of facilitating agencies should not stop at the end of a project. Post project support is essential for sustainability of any promising intervention.
Well trained and strongly motivated staff of government and non-government agencies working closely with farmers is necessary for the successful implementation of participatory groundwater management.
APWELL and beyond
The Dutch government approved a far smaller
capacity building initiative to support farmer
managed groundwater systems for implementation
through a network of NGOs in the seven APWELL
districts.
This was called the Andhra Pradesh Farmer
Managed Groundwater Systems Project (APFAMGS),
for which funding was provided directly by the
Royal Netherlands Embassy (RNE) till June 2004,
after which it has been transferred to the Food and
Agriculture Organisation (FAO).
APFAMGS Project The objectives of the APFAMGS Project are to: Create a band of skilled human resources to take up task of
groundwater management Make farmers vigilant to groundwater dynamics and consequences of
over exploitation Share concerns of farmers affected by ground water over exploitation
and ensure appropriate remedial action Extend popular concept of participatory management of water
resources to groundwater users Institutionalize community management of groundwater for dealing
with issues related to sustainable groundwater management Facilitate formation of Groundwater Management Committees (GMC)
made up of well owners to monitor groundwater levels, rainfall and discharge.
Promote Crop Water Budgeting (CWB) as a tool to empower farmers for deciding appropriate crop system matching the available groundwater.
Adopt Farmers Field School (FFS) approach for promoting eco friendly farming system
Empower community to take up appropriate initiatives in groundwater recharge measures.
Project Activities The APFAMGS Project has developed a comprehensive sequence
of activities to achieve the objectives. These are Introduction of community approaches towards observing
rainfall trends, this is done through daily rainfall measurement and recording it systematically
Monitoring of wells (yield and water levels) properly in the identified wells across the village
Crop water budgeting (CWB) promoted through water balance studies on the specific micro-watersheds
Daily Rainfall monitoring with rain gauge devices installed in Hydrological Units (HU)
Women empowerment and gender sensitization by having equal representation for women in Community Based Institutions (CBIs) and by full participation of women in all project activities
Display boards to record rainfall and water level trends in a bid to communicate among the entire village
Process documentation, Recording minutes of meetings and other organizational tasks.
Achievements of APFAMGS APFAMGS Project, now in its fourth year has already exceeded
its original targets of creating a band of 3000 men and women farmers to understand groundwater systems and 6500 farm families enabled for adoption of alternative agricultural practices suiting the availability of groundwater.
More specific achievements reported are: 6,882 men and women farmers in a position to understand
groundwater systems 7,029 farm families enabled for adoption of alternative
agricultural practices suiting the availability of groundwater 574 community based institutions established for alternative
management of groundwater resources with equal representation and participation of women and men covering 650 habitations.
Several water use efficiency initiatives like mulching, bunding, improved irrigation methods, large scale promotion of water saving devices etc. have been taken up by farmers.
IMPACTS OF THE APFAMGS PROJECT
Empowerment of community to collect, analyse and use data and knowledge related to water
Change in perception of groundwater as private property to that of a common good
Shift from cultivation of irrigated water intensive crops to less water intensive, rainfed crops
Reduced losses from irrigated crops and increased profits from rainfed or less water intensive cash crops
Reduced groundwater draft
Increased groundwater recharge
Reduced use of chemical inputs
Increased use of organic methods of farming
Reduced migration
4. Findings of the study according to the two main objectives and sub-objectives.
Sustainable and Adaptive Resource Use
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
20 years 10 years PRESENT
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
20 years 10 years PRESENT
DUGWELLS BOREWELS
Cost of Groundwater Development
Drilling cost and Installation cost (drilling + pump+ motor + pipes)
Rs. 30,000 – 80,000
Drilling cost of (successful borewell) recovery period (if on credit)
1-4 years
Drilling cost alone Rs. 10,000 – 35,000If failure recovery period for the drilling
cost (if on credit)3 – 10 yrs.
Ground Water Price Rs. 400-500 per wetting(Avg. one crop cost of irrigation Rs. 3000 – 4000 per acre for 7 to 8 wettings)
Identification of potential Drilling sites Water Diviners (90%)
Functioning of Borewells (%AGE)
seasonal
All_time
Not_Funct
AP
F
AP
W+
AP
F
Con
trol
AP
W
Borewell yields and average ayacutIRRIGATED AREA IN ACRES UNDER EACH BOREWELL (30 VILL)
Avg. irrigated area under one borewell
8.06
5.36
8.4
5.44
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
APWELL APF APW+APF CONTROL
Av
g.n
o. o
f a
cre
s
PHM and Crop Water Budgeting
PHM and Crop Water Budgeting (CWB), introduced by the
APWELL, has been up scaled in all APFAMGS villages.
Awareness on these two important concepts are being
imparted during FFS, GMC and HUN meetings.
CWS initiative in MC Thanda had been through watershed
approach. It also created intensive awareness to the
community on social regulations for discouraging over
exploitation of groundwater resources through drilling excess
no. of borewells by individuals. It has helped community to
understand other sustainable cropping practices with less
water for irrigation and groundwater management systems.
Problems and constraints of groundwater use
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Low
Ra
in fa
ll
Insu
fficie
ncy
of W
ate
r
Lack
of Recha
rge S
tructu
res
Low
Vo
ltag
e
Irreg
ula
r tim
ing
s o
f Po
wer
Sup
ply
BW fa
ilure
and
rep
airs
Ove
r Ex
plo
itatio
n
Lim
ited
Ho
urs
of Po
wer Su
pp
ly
Borewell Water Usage Problems
Perc
enta
ge o
f W
eig
hta
ge
No. OF FARMERS PER BOREWELL – SHARING RATIO (30 VILLAGES)
Water sharing per bore well
3.57
1.59
3.66
1.95
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
APWELL APF APW+APF CONTROL
Av
g. n
o. o
f fa
rme
rs
Land use intensity
LAND PARTICULARS
0102030405060708090
100A
kka
pa
lli-A
PF
Vem
ula
kota
-APF
Na
riga
nip
alli
-APF
Ra
mna
ga
r-A
PF
Mutta
lur-A
PF
Neku
na
mb
ad
-APF
Yeng
ilib
and
a-A
PF
Sid
da
murthy
Pa
lli-A
PF
Chin
na
ka
nd
uku
ru-A
PF
Up
punth
ala
-APF
R.K
.Pura
m-A
PW
+A
PF
Dud
iya
tha
nd
a-A
PW
+A
PF
Ma
nna
no
or-A
PW
+A
PF
R.P
ap
i Red
dy
pa
lli-A
PW
+A
PF
Tatic
herla
-APW
+A
PF
M.C
.Tha
nd
a-A
PW
+A
PF+
CW
S
Band
arla
pa
lli-A
PW
Sad
asiva
pura
m-A
PW
Reg
um
anip
alli
-APW
Thim
ma
ipa
lem
-APW
Mud
ired
dyp
alli
-APW
Uyy
ala
wa
da
-APW
Ko
llam
pa
lli-A
PW
Ka
lva
pa
lli-A
PW
Tha
mm
ara
jup
alli
-CO
NTR
OL
Ha
mp
ap
ura
m-C
ON
TRO
L
Ha
lia -C
ON
TRO
L
Bug
ga
letip
alli
-CO
NTR
OL
Ma
dira
ep
alli
-CW
S
Ap
pa
na
pa
lli-C
ON
TRO
L
FALLOW
DRYLAND
IRRIGATED
PADDY GROWN IN – KHARIF, RABI AND SUMMER %AGE.
Average coverage of paddy
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
APW APW+APF+CWS APF CWS+Control
Ave
rag
e P
erce
nta
ge
Kharif Rabi Summer
Farmers not opted for Paddy
Farmers Percentage not opted for Paddy
APW
25%
APW+APF
23%
APF
38%
Control
14%
CROPPING PATTERN
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
APW
(Ka
lva
pa
lli)
APW
(S.S
.P)
APW
(B.p
alli)
APW
(M.p
alli)
APW
(K.p
alli)
APW
(T.P
ale
m)
APW
(U.w
ad
a)
APW
(R.P
alli)
APW
+A
PF(
Tha
tiche
rla)
APW
+A
PF(
Ma
nna
nur)
APW
+A
PF(
D.T
ha
nd
a)
APW
+A
PF(
R.K
.P)
APW
+A
PF(
R.P
.Pa
lli)
APW
+A
PF(
MC
tnd
a)
APF(
R.N
ag
ar)
APF(
Mutt
alu
r)
APF(
V.K
ota
)
APF(
S.M
.Pa
lli)
APF(
N.P
alli)
APF(
U.n
uth
ala
)
APF(
N.b
ad
)
APF(
Akk
ap
alli)
APF(
C.K
and
uku
r)
APF(
Y.b
and
a)
CO
NTR
L(A
.Pa
lli)
CO
NTR
L(H
alia
)
CO
NTR
L(M
ad
irep
alli)
CO
NTR
L(B.P
alli)
CO
NTR
L(T.
Pa
lli)
CO
NTR
L(H
.Pura
m)
Paddy Ground nut Sunflower Chilli Horticulture
Avg. Paddy Line
Income per acre of gross irrigated land
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
APW
ELL
APW
ELL+
APFA
MG
S
APFA
MG
S
CO
NTR
OL
(in R
s.)
95TH 75TH 50TH 25TH 5TH(in Percentile)
PERCENTILE APWELL APW + APF APFAMGS CONTROL
95TH 21,203 20,541 22,069 28,769
75TH 10,183 11,115 13,900 15,850
50TH 6,251 6,722 8,386 9,746
25TH 3,566 3,792 3,770 3,698
5TH 246 1,578 - -
AWARENESS & COMMUNICATION TOOLS IMPACT
APWELL
APWELL + APFAMGS
(During APWELL)
APWELL + APFAMGS (Current)
APFAMGS CONTROL
Kalajatha 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.3
Meetings 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.3
Workshops 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0
Wallwritings 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.3
Pamplets 1.0 1.0 0.7 1.0 0.2
Newsletters/Magazines 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.5
TV/Films 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.5
Radio 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0
WallMagazines 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0
NGO 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.3
AO 1.0 1.0 0.7 1.0 1.0
Anyother 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3
Community Awareness and Institution Development
It has been observed that in APWELL
villages, out of the 329 Water User Groups
(WUGs), 290 WUGs are still practicing water
sharing. The level of such community
mobilization in groundwater management
towards water sharing is 88 percent which is
a sustainable impact.
Gender Equity and Women’s Participation
In the APWELL project, this has been taken
up to make women farmers equal partners
with male farmers in agriculture,
groundwater management and allied
activities.
Participation of women in BUAs was found to
be about 30 percent.
Women and Men Participation in Meetings (APFAMGS)
Women & Men Participation in Meetings
0%
50%
100%
Sid
da
murt
hyp
alli
Ne
kuna
mb
ad
Ye
ng
ilib
and
a
R.P
ap
ired
dyp
alli
Ra
mna
ga
r
Dud
yath
and
a
Chin
a K
and
uku
r
Tha
tiche
rla
Mutt
alu
r
Ve
mula
kota
Na
riga
nip
alli
MC
Tha
nd
a
RK P
ura
m
Women
Men
Community Decision Making (APFAMGS) – Frequency of topics discussed
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
PHM
AgricultureFFS
CWB
GMC formation(EC)Project objectives
visits
othersHUN
Grama sabhaNews letter/magazines
Drinking water-flouride problem
HorticultureCropping pattern
VolunteersBase documentation
Role clarification
soil moisture conservationCSO
Drainage
PRM
TOTAL LAND VALUE / AGRICULTURE INCOME RATIO
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
APWELL APW+APF APW+APF+CWS APF CWS CONT
Ratio of total land value to Agriculture income
TOTAL INCOME PER ANNUM / DEBT (CUMULATIVE) RATIO
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
APWELL APW+APF APW+APF+CWS APF CWS CONT
Ratio (Indebtedness-income/debt)
TOTAL ASSET VALUE / DEBT (CUMULATIVE) RATIO
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
APWELL APW+APF APW+APF+CWS APF CWS CONT
Ratio (Indebtedness-Asset value/debt)
Overall impact of the project interventions
Enhancement of naturalresources
sustainableuseofnatural resorces
Understanding on groundwater resources
Equitabl esharing of waterresource
Empowerment of women
Cropping pattern
Children Attending Schools
Increased wellbeing
Income
Reduced Poverty
AP
W
AP
W+
AP
F
AP
F
Con
trol
Lessons from CBGWM Experiences in AP Enabling Strategies
Convergence of social and technical elements in the delivery process dominated the APWELL strategy of programme implementation.
An organizational development process was involved based on the strategy that small and marginal farmers may access the high cost irrigation systems that are being created.
Lessons from CBGWM Experiences in AP Enabling Strategies
Hence WUGs, SHGs and BUAs were formed aiming to offer sustainability to social and technical aspects including operation and maintenance of groundwater irrigation systems by the farmers themselves.
The APWELL approach, viewed from the present context, appears transitional. Unambiguously it had created a strong ground for the APFAMGS interventions that followed.
Groundwater Sharing
APWELL Project, through the strategy of providing group irrigation systems to small and marginal farmers provided access to the economically weaker sections to their share of the precious groundwater resource in a hydrological unit.
Groundwater Sharing
The sample survey of 15 APWELL villages found that about 88 percent of the wells were still functional and water was being shared among the members.
Water sharing for irrigation is a common practice in AP in areas and times of scarcity. There is scope for institutionalizing this arrangement and enhancing water productivity by providing incentives such as providing co-finance for distribution systems to reduce conveyance losses.
The provision of free power by the AP government could be linked to encouraging water sharing.
Involvement of NGOs
The process of involving NGOs worked well in mobilizing appropriate human resources to facilitate community mobilization in a positive way in the APWELL project. The same strategy is followed in the APFAMGS project with greater role for partner NGOs.
The institutional sustainability of groundwater management institutions is being linked to the continuing influence of local NGOs. The Hydrological Unit Networks (HUN) are proposed to be registered as Societies under the Societies Registration Act. Thus HUNs themselves become NGOs.
Elements of Communication
The communication elements used in the APWELL and APFAMGS Projects are:
Farmers gaining adequate knowledge on the system of groundwater resources -– rainfall, ponds, wells, springs, soil moisture, humidity and their cyclic dynamics.
All relevant matters pertaining to ground water technology. The technology delivery of the irrigation system installation at the farmers’ land, its quality and the quality of its eventual operation and maintenance.
Elements of Communication
Matters related to organizational
development that includes building of
institutions at the user’s level for the
beneficial sustained use of the water assets.
The important communication strategies
adopted by the APWELL, APFAMGS, CWS
projects are contact, demonstration,
outsourcing and convergence.
Contact strategy The user is in direct contact of the resource persons provided
by the NGOs as are seen in the APFAMGS project area. The resource teams comprise multidisciplinary professionals.
The entire process of knowledge building at the groundwater users’ level started meaningfully during APWELL interventions. Initially the knowledge building was in the form of knowing about the processes involved in well drilling, pumps installation, and operation and maintenance.
It is now penetrating deeper into the areas of change in water levels with time and volume of irrigation,
crop-water relationship and its application in making crop choices,
the mechanism of groundwater recharge and its relationship with rainfall
Demonstration Effects
The processes that are in place in the
APFAMGS project are registering in the mind
when people are actually writing the results
of rainfall and water level monitoring on
display boards.
To demonstrate crop-water budgeting are
having lasting effect on the user.
Outsourcing
The strategy of outsourcing professional
activities to the NGOs too has its positive
effects on the quality of interventions. First
of all, it has provided adequate and, by and
large, quality manpower to do the job.
The activities are carried out in a desirable
multidisciplinary environment through a
mode, which is comfortable and acceptable
to the community.
Convergence
The villages where all the three interventions have converged (Village MC Thanda, District Anantapur) gives the impression that the community mobilization factor has reached a visible level of success.
The villages where APWELL interventions preceded APFAMGS, the community is still quite motivated, while it is not very distinct in the villages where APWELL was the only factor.
In APFAMGS villages the process of learning is showing up in the GMC and HUN meetings in the form of a knowledge synergy where the process of learning from each other has taken root.
Water Rights Issue
People may, with the level of understanding that has developed in the coverage areas of APWELL/APFAMGS and CWS while understanding the limitations of the system of groundwater and that of the water resources as a whole may also develop the insight on sharing as a matter of right.
In APFAMGS villages there are strong indications that farmers with large land holdings are taking interest in WUA and a good number of them are the members of GMC and HUN. This could be beneficial provided the interests of all the stakeholders including marginal and small farmers, the landless, and the women are taken into account.
Water Rights Issue
Diversity in socio-economic conditions of any habitation and overall social behavior that includes farming and non-farming households, land owners and the landless, different segments of water users, use pattern of domestic and irrigation water users adds a dimension of its own to the issue of CBGWM.
5. Summary of the findings and recommendations. Recommendations for community based water management Groundwater - Surface Water integration towards IWRM
The approach taken by APWELL, APFAMGS and CWS to create CBGWM in the villages visited, the efforts are dedicated to groundwater use alone. There is a visible gap in the direction of integrated water resources management taking advantage by relating available surface water facilities with that of created groundwater facilities together with soil-moisture conditions.
The proposed APCBTMP provides an excellent opportunity to fill this gap and work towards IWRM in a basin context, especially with the integration of groundwater management in the tank influence zone.
Water balance issue During the Rabi season it is expected that both type
of irrigation practices will be active due to the recharge mechanism that is active in the tank influence areas. When such a situation occurs, conflict between the groundwater users and tank users is likely unless social regulations are in practice.
The potential conflict may motivate all the water users to work together under a single CBO that determines the water shares in the village. It may also steer the ground mechanism towards the issues of crop water balance.
APCBTM Project is an ideal vehicle for introducing the concept of participatory groundwater management in tank influence areas.
Replicable elements of the approach
Both APWELL and APFAMGS are extraneous, though
APFAMGS may appear more intensive and detailed
in its current form and status. But APFAMGS has the
advantage of having the APWELL’s experience of
eight years and most of its groundwater systems
are functional.
The village communities, were offered intensive
training and information relation to both rainfall and
actual irrigation water in quantitative terms.
Replicable elements of the approach
Each of the APFAMGS local extension units cover 70-85 villages of a single cluster of watersheds or in two or three identified watersheds that are nearby. Each of the professional units of the network of NGOs providing the manpower resources working under the leadership of BIRDS has 10-13 staff members.
Will the GoAP consider entering into the same level of investments, infrastructural network, professional resource mobilisation, technological and professional multiplicity and involved methodologies?
Rainfall pattern + Soil moisture
+ Irrigation (Dug wells and ponds)+ Dryland crops with shift in choices
+ Water availability - > Cropping pattern
Domestic waterLess dependence on
Government for water / weather issues
TRADITIONAL COMMUNITY KNOWLEDGE
Rainfall Erratic, yet coping mechanisms at work
Ground Water Trends as observed from dug wells and tanks Household area
Community area
Tank management by community
Drinking water
Sus
tain
abili
tyOBSERVATIONS
COMMUNITY KNOWLEDGE WITH EXTERNAL FACTORS
Rainfall – erratic with damaged coping mechanisms
Ground Water Trends not easily known from borewells
Wider Choice of CropsSupport for Subsidies – seed, fertilizers
Electricity connectionCheaper Ground water technology
Rich RicherPoor Poorer
More water for land with money
Household area
Community area
Tanks Dry or tending dry
With land and money - increased water availability
External Factor
Sus
tain
abili
tyOBSERVATIONS
Farmers Committing
Suicide (reduced in the
recent past)
Rainfall pattern + Soil moisture
+ Water availability - > Cropping pattern
Water Resources enhancement through convergence of schemes
Community Organization and Institution building
Addressing GenderSF & MF Priority
Rainfall -> Measurement
Ground Water Trends observed from Borewells HH area
Community area
COMMUNITY KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPED THROUGH INTERVENTIONSOBSERVATIONS
Land PatternGeology / Soils /
Moisture / Water / Rainfall / Climate
Cropping PatternLand use -
Village level KnowledgeSocial fabric and strength
Self-reliant Skills,AgricultureHorticulture
Livestock culture
Macro and Micro – Policy matters,
Democratic strength,Financial,
micro-finance traditions,Infrastructural,
Institutional
SUSTAINABILE ASPECTS OF APWELL / APFAMGS PROJECT
FA
CT
OR
S
NATURAL / ENVIRONMENTAL HUMAN / SOCIAL FINANCIAL / PHYSICAL
Findings of the studyFindings of the study
Apr 11, 2023
Financial MattersFinancial Matters
Professional support from line departments
Professional support from line departments
Technical Matters Technical Matters
Village LevelCOMMUNITY BASED
WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Village LevelCOMMUNITY BASED
WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
RecognizedThrough a properLegal instrument
By the GP
RecognizedThrough a properLegal instrument
By the GP
Professional support from open market
Professional support from open market
PRIPRI
CSOsCSOs
Line Department
s
Line Department
s
Managerial mattersManagerial matters
MONITORINGMONITORING
Institutional Option(The CBO can be linked with standing govt. institutions)
MAIN
POLICIES[APWALTA]
POLICIES[APWALTA]
Autonomous: Autonomous: Within the framed legal Within the framed legal status at village level status at village level Local decisions on Local decisions on 1. Operational Issues 1. Operational Issues 2. Maintenance 2. Maintenance 3. Framing rules for water 3. Framing rules for water distribution (sharing)distribution (sharing)
Autonomous: Autonomous: Within the framed legal Within the framed legal status at village level status at village level Local decisions on Local decisions on 1. Operational Issues 1. Operational Issues 2. Maintenance 2. Maintenance 3. Framing rules for water 3. Framing rules for water distribution (sharing)distribution (sharing)