Causes of the Civil War • The Causes of the war were many, but included the following: 1. The Compromise of 1850 2. Uncle Tom ’ s Cabin (1852) 3. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) 4. Formation of the Republican Party (1856) 5. “Bleeding Kansas” (1856) 6. Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) 7. Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) 8. Brown’s raid at Harper’s Ferry (1859)
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Causes of the Civil War The Causes of the war were many, but included the following: 1. The Compromise of 1850 2. Uncle Tom ’ s Cabin (1852) 3. Kansas-Nebraska.
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Causes of the Civil War
• The Causes of the war were many, but included the following:
1. The Compromise of 1850
2. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
3. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
4. Formation of the Republican Party (1856)
5. “Bleeding Kansas” (1856)
6. Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
7. Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)
8. Brown’s raid at Harper’s Ferry (1859)
Civil War- Course of the War
1861-1865
Secession Process
North v. SouthAbraham Lincoln President Jefferson Davis
Ulysses Grant, William T. Sherman
General(s) Robert E. Lee
Washington D.C. Capital Richmond, VA
23 states – 22 million Population 11 states – 9 million Established
Government Abraham Lincoln Large Population Manufacturing
75% more railroads
Wealth
Advantages Reason for Fighting Defensive War Better military
leaders Military tradition Could trade cotton
on world market
Difficult military leadership
Weak motivation Far from home
Long coastline to blockade
Disadvantages Jefferson Davis Inflation
States’ Rights Inferior men, money,
machines
Ft. Sumter, April 1861
First Bull RunManassas, Virginia
July 21, 1861
• Both sides predicted victory within 90 days, and this first battle was met with a carnival spirit.
• Confused and defeated, the Union retreat turned to chaos as the army passed the civilians who had brought picnics out from Washington to “watch the war”.
• Both sides realized that this war would not be short, but long and bloody.
Engaged 35,000Casualties 2,890
Engaged 29,000
Casualties 1,982
Why do some Civil War battles have two names?•Antietam or Sharpsburg? Manassas or Bull Run? For many
Americans, what you call a Civil War battle has nearly everything to do with where you or your Civil War-era ancestors grew up.•Northern soldiers, far more likely to hail from cities or urbanized
areas, are believed to have been impressed with the geography of the south, including its mountains, valleys and abundant rivers and streams. In unfamiliar territory, they named many of their battles after these natural features. •For Confederate troops, familiar with the rural, natural terrain,
towns and buildings were more memorable, and in the south many of the same battles were referred to after the man-made structures nearby.•Those reading northern newspaper accounts of the first major
battle of the war heard of the Union defeat at Bull Run (a nearby stream), while those in the south celebrated their victory at Manassas (the local railroad station).
AntietamSharpsburg, MarylandSeptember 17, 1862
*Bloodiest Day in American History*
Engaged 85,000Casualties 12,410
Engaged 45,000
Casualties 11,172
Results of Battle:•South’s hopes of foreign aid were dashed•Lincoln issued preliminary Emancipation Proclamation
Confederate dead at Antietam
GettysburgGettysburg, Pennsylvania
July 1-3, 1863
• Turning Point of the Civil War
• Lee had several goals:– Draw the Union army out
of Virginia– Fuel anti-war feeling in the
North– Feeding and supplying his
troops– Last-ditch effort to win
foreign aid
• The first two days fought to a draw, Lee made a bold attempt to win– Pickett’s Charge, sending thousands marching over a mile across an open field and in which more the 50% of the Rebels died
• Lee was never able to recover from this loss of men- Gettysburg is the bloodiest battle of the war, the worst ever fought on American soil.
Engaged 95,000Casualties 23,000
Engaged 80,000
Casualties 28,000
Gettysburg
VicksburgVicksburg, MississippiMay 19 – July 4, 1863
• Major Union victory after a long siege:
• Gave North control of the Mississippi and cut the Confederacy in half
• Brought U.S. Grant into the spotlight
Engaged 75,000Casualties 9,362
Engaged 30,000
Casualties 1,000
Captured 29,000
Total War“You cannot qualify war in harsher terms than I will. War is cruelty, and you cannot refine it; and those who brought war into our country deserve all the curses and maledictions a people can pour out.”
-William T. Sherman, September 1864
Sherman’s March to the Sea
What Sherman Left of Atlanta
-A Southern Lithograph Depicting Sherman’s Army
Appomattox Court HouseApril 9, 1865
Appomattox Court House, Virginia
• Lee surrendered his starving troops to Grant• Grant gave Lee and his men generous terms• The Union soldiers, cheering the end of the war,
were stopped by Grant to show respect to the Confederates
The Human Cost of the War
Dead Wounded Total
North 364,511 288,881 646,392
South 260,000 194,000 454,000
Total 624,511 475,881 1,100,392
The Union armies had from 2,500,000 to 2,750,000 men. Their losses, by the best estimates:
Battle deaths: 110,070
Disease, etc.: 250,152
Total 360,222
The Confederate strength, known less accurately because of missing records, was from 750,000 to 1,250,000. Its estimated losses:
Battle deaths: 94,000
Disease, etc.: 164,000
Total 258,000
In addition to its dead and wounded from battle and disease, the Union listed:
Deaths in Prison 24,866
Drowning 4,944
Accidental deaths 4,144
Murdered 520
Suicides 391
Sunstroke 313
Military executions 267
Killed after capture 104
Executed by enemy 64
Unclassified 14,155
The Economic Cost of the War
• In dollars and cents, the U.S. government estimated Jan. 1863 that the war was costing $2.5 million daily. A final official estimate in 1879 totaled $6,190,000,000. The Confederacy spent perhaps $2,099,808,707. By 1906 another $3.3 billion already had been spent by the U.S. government on Northerners' pensions and other veterans' benefits for former Federal soldiers