Causes of the Civil War Georgia Performance Standards: SSUSH8a-e; SSUSH9a.

Causes of the Civil War

Georgia Performance Standards:

SSUSH8a-e; SSUSH9a

SSUSH8 The student will explain the relationship between growing north-south divisions and westward expansion.

a. Explain how slavery became a significant issue in American politics; include the slave rebellion of Nat Turner and the rise of abolitionism (William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and the Grimke sisters).

b. Explain the Missouri Compromise and the issue of slavery in western states and territories.

c. Describe the Nullification Crisis and the emergence of states’ rights ideology; include the role of John C. Calhoun and development of sectionalism.

d. Describe the war with Mexico and the Wilmot Proviso. e. Explain the Compromise of 1850.

SSUSH9 The student will identify key events, issues, and individuals relating to the causes, course, and consequences of the Civil War.

a. Explain the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the failure of popular sovereignty, Dred Scott case, and John Brown’s Raid.

• Background:– Slave States v. Free States Controversy

• Representation in Congress

• Results:– Entrance of Maine (1820) as free state – Entrance of Missouri (1821) as slave state– Banned slavery north of 36°30' N

Missouri Compromise

Missouri Compromise (1820)

C a u s e s o f t h e C i v i l W a rC a u s e s o f t h e C i v i l W a r

Missouri Compromise (1820)


Interactive Population Map

DID YOU KNOW: The Missouri Compromise was only a temporary fix for the issue of slavery. However, it did delay the outbreak of large scale combat and violence for another 30 years.

http://teachingamericanhistory.org/neh/interactives/sectionalism/lesson1/



• Slave Rebellion in Virginia– ≈ 60 white slave-owners killed– Rebellion put down by local militia, perhaps up to

56 slaves executed & 200 killed by mobs

• Results:– Widespread fear amongst whites in South– Stricter laws placed on slaves and free blacks

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

Missouri Comp. (1820)

Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)





DID YOU KNOW: Nat Turner was well educated and was known for being very religious. He believed that God chose him to lead a rebellion to end slavery. Some of his followers even referred to him as “The Prophet.”

“The Capture of Nat Turner,” by Benjamin Phipps, 1831. Colored engraving

DID YOU KNOW: Nat Turner was influenced by two previous slave revolts (those organized by Gabriel Prosser and Denmark Vesey), both of which were almost successful.

• Cause:– Tariff of 1828 – the "Tariff of Abominations“

• Raised taxes on imported manufactured goods

• Southern Response:– South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification (1832)

Nullification Crisis



Nullification Crisis (1832)


Congress, exceed[ed] its just power to impose Congress, exceed[ed] its just power to impose taxes and collect revenue…[The taxes are] taxes and collect revenue…[The taxes are] unauthorized by the constitution of the United unauthorized by the constitution of the United States, and violate[s] the true meaning and intent States, and violate[s] the true meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State, its officers or citizens…it shall not upon this State, its officers or citizens…it shall not be lawful…to enforce the payment of duties be lawful…to enforce the payment of duties imposed by the [Tariff of 1828]…imposed by the [Tariff of 1828]…

South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification (1832)





• President Jackson’s Response – threatens to use military to force SC to obey

• Result:– Compromise – Tariff of 1833

• Role of Henry Clay

Nullification Crisis





• Causes:– American annexation of Texas (1845)– Manifest Destiny– Border dispute

• Zachary Taylor’s “invasion” of Mexico

Mexican War




Mexican War (1846-8)


"Mexico… has invaded our territory and shed American "Mexico… has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon American soil." – blood upon American soil." – President James K. PolkPresident James K. Polk

Taylor

Border according to Mexico

Border according to U.S.

Taylor

Wool

Doniphan

To Los Angeles

Scott

Santa Anna

• Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)– U.S. receives 500,000 square miles of new

territory• States: California, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah,

Colorado, Nevada, and Wyoming

– Mexico received $15 million

• Results:– Rise of Sectionalism

Mexican War






Split of Democratic Party into North & South

• Rider on a bill passed by the House of Reps.– Goal: Ban slavery in the territories acquired from

Mexico

• Failed to pass multiple times

Wilmont Proviso





Wilmont Proviso (1846)


Rider = an additional provision attached to an unrelated bill in Congress

Provided that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted

Angered Southerners

• Issue of Slavery – Admission of Texas (1845) – Rise of the Free-Soil Party (1848)

• Major Figures:

Compromise of 1850







Compromise of 1850 (1850)

• Principal Features:– California admitted as a free state– Abolished slave trade in Washington, D.C.– Texas - $10 mil. & gave up New Mexico territory– Popular sovereignty to decide slavery issue in

the New Mexico or Utah Territories– Fugitive Slave Act

Compromise of 1850








Popular Sovereignty: the idea that the

people would vote to decide an issue

• Required enforcement of Article 4, Section II of the Constitution

• Made it a crime to assist runaway slaves and illegal to not arrest a runaway slave

Fugitive Slave Act








No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such

Service or Labour may be due.

• Organized two territories:– Kansas– Nebraska

Kansas-Nebraska Kansas-Nebraska ActAct







Comp. of 1850 (1850)

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)







Comp. of 1850 (1850)


Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Both territories given the rights of “popular sovereignty”– Could vote on whether or not to have slavery

• “Bleeding Kansas”– Both abolitionists and pro-slavery settlers

moved in quickly







Comp. of 1850 (1850)


Kansas-Nebraska Act

• “Bleeding Kansas”– First legislature – pro-slavery

• Widespread voter fraud• Illegal to criticize slavery, publish abolitionist papers

– Violence:• Burning of Lawrence• Pottawatomie Massacre

– John Brown







Comp. of 1850 (1850)


Kansas-Nebraska Act

• “Bleeding Kansas”– Widespread debate

throughout the nation

• Charles Sumner – “Crime Against Kansas”

• Brooks attacks Sumner

• Dred Scott– Slave of John Emerson,

a U.S. Army surgeon– Lived in Illinois &

Wisconsin Territory (both were free)

– Sued to gain his freedom after Emerson’s death

Dred Scott Decision







Comp. of 1850 (1850)


Dred Scott Decision (1857)

Dred Scott Decision







Comp. of 1850 (1850)



• Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)– Scott was not a citizen, therefore could not sue– Further, argued that both enslaved and free

blacks "had no rights which the white man was bound to respect; and…[was] reduced to slavery for his benefit. He was bought and sold and treated as an ordinary article of merchandise and traffic, whenever profit could be made by it."

Dred Scott Decision







Comp. of 1850 (1850)



• Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)– Ruled Missouri Compromise and Compromise of

1850 violated the 5th Amendment• Denial of property without due process of law

– Decision written by Chief Justice Robert B. Taney

• Attack on U.S. gov’t armory at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia– Goal: Start a general

slave revolt

• Raid failed, all of the men killed/executed– Threats of widespread violence growing…

John Brown’s Raid







Comp. of 1850 (1850)



John Brown’s Raid (1859)

Road to the Civil War







Comp. of 1850 (1850)



John Brown’s Raid (1859)

Tension between North & South

WAR

More Tension?

Other Important Figures:

• William Lloyd Garrison– Abolitionist newspaper writer

• The Liberator

• Frederick Douglass– Freed slave, abolitionist

newspaper writer• Rochester North Star

Other Important Figures:

• The Grimke sisters– Sarah and Angelina – Quakers– Abolitionists and fought for women’s rights

• John C. Calhoun– Vice President of the United States under

President Andrew Jackson– Wrote South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification

(1832)

Causes of the Civil War Georgia Performance Standards: SSUSH8a-e; SSUSH9a.

Documents

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r slide

ssush8ae ssush9a slide

polk slide

north south slide

slave rebellion of nat

r mexico

slave states