Causes of the Age of Exploration • Crusades = interest in distant lands • travelers = fantastic stories • Renaissance = means of exploring
Dec 13, 2015
Causes of the Age of Exploration
Causes of the Age of Exploration
• Crusades = interest in distant lands
• travelers = fantastic stories• Renaissance = means of
exploring
Desired itemsDesired items• luxury goods from India,
China, and the Spice Islands
gems, silk, porcelain, spices
Trade route problemsTrade route problems
• rugged, difficult terrain• fees for passage• Italian monopoly• Ottoman Turk raids
Exploration ReasonsExploration Reasons
avoid the Turksaway from Italian merchantswithout extra tolls and taxes
• Search for new trade routes
rumors of gold in Africahope of other gold deposits
Exploration ReasonsExploration Reasons• Search for new trade routes• Quest for gold
Exploration ReasonsExploration Reasons• Search for new trade routes• Quest for gold• Desire for adventure and glory
encouraged by Renaissance idealstook great risks for human praise
Exploration ReasonsExploration Reasons• Search for new trade routes• Quest for gold• Desire for adventure and glory• Religious concerns
Muslim threatsearch for wealthy allygain new converts
• National Competition
rival Italian monopoly increase national power and wealthencourage trade and colonization
Exploration ReasonsExploration Reasons
MapsMaps
• accurate for the Mediterranean and European coasts
• updated after successful trips• spread by printing press
InstrumentsInstruments
• compass = aided navigation and mapmaking
• latitudinal instruments = determine location at sea
astrolabe, quadrant, cross-staff
Iberian successIberian success• shipping = principal industry• Italian dominance in
Mediterranean• superior navigational and
mapmaking skills• motivated by a crusading
spirit
Portugal’s explorationPortugal’s exploration• Prince Henry, the Navigator
never led an expeditionestablished a school of navigation
instruments, maps, caravel
• Bartholomeu Dias
rounded the tip of Africanamed the Cape of Good Hope
Portugal’s explorationPortugal’s exploration
• Vasco da Gama
water route from Portugal to India
opened India to European trade
Portugal’s explorationPortugal’s exploration
Spain’s explorationSpain’s exploration• Christopher Columbus
sought western route to Japan and China
discovered the Caribbeanmade three more voyages
Naming of AmericaNaming of America• Amerigo Vespucci = reached
and explored South America
• Martin Waldseemöller = coined the name America
Line of DemarcationLine of Demarcation• officially = Treaty of
Tordesillas• divided the Atlantic Ocean
north to south• Treaty of Saragossa
extended line around the globe
Line’s ImportanceLine’s Importance• Portugal colonized Africa and
East Indies• Spain claimed almost all of
New World• forced Spain to seek western
route to Asia
Spain’s explorationSpain’s exploration• Ferdinand Magellan
first to circumnavigate the world
did not live to complete his goal
ResultsResults• one body of water covered
the earth• verified the world was round• confirmed Columbus’
discoveries not close to Asia
North American IndiansNorth American Indians
• Northeastern = formed a confederation
• Southeastern = “mound builders”• Plains = followed buffalo herds• Southwestern = “cliff dwellers”• West Coast = small, scattered
tribes
Conquistador CommissionsConquistador Commissions
• search for riches• evangelize the Indians• establish Spanish authority
Vasco Núñez de BalboaVasco Núñez de Balboa• in search of adventure• established a colony at
Panama• first European to see the
Pacific Ocean
Hernando CortésHernando Cortés• “greatest of the
conquistadors”• believed to be a returning
deity• defeated the Aztecs
Requerimento statementRequerimento statementGod gave the Pope authority on the earth.
Pope gave Spain authority over the New World.
Indians could become Catholics and Spanish subjects.
Bartolomé de las CasasBartolomé de las Casas• Roman Catholic friar• worked to end abuse of the
natives
helped institute the “New Laws”
denounced forced conversions
Hernando de SotoHernando de Soto• served with Pizarro• explored southeastern
United States• discovered the Mississippi
River
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
• searched for the “Seven Cities of Cibola”
• explored southwestern United States
French explorersFrench explorersJacques Cartier
• three voyages seeking a Northwest Passage
• explored eastern coast of Canada
Samuel de Champlain
• “Father of New France”
• colonized Saint Lawrence River area
French explorersFrench explorers
Jacques Marquette & Louis Joliet
• Jesuit missionaries• explored Mississippi
River
French explorersFrench explorers
Sieur de La Salle
• traveled to the mouth of the Mississippi River
• claimed entire river valley for France
French explorersFrench explorers
Dutch explorersDutch explorersHenry Hudson
• hired English explorer• searched for a shorter
route to the Orient
English explorersEnglish explorersJohn Cabot
• hired Italian explorer• led first English exploration
to the New World
John Smith
• leader of first permanent English settlement
• built a village as exploration base
English explorersEnglish explorers
Portugal and the EastPortugal and the EastIndia
• trading posts under Pedro Cabral
• naval power gave the advantage
• Affonso de Albuquerque = viceroy of Asia
• built a vast commercial empire
Portugal and the EastPortugal and the EastAsia
Portuguese ShortcomingsPortuguese
Shortcomings• too vast for the small nation• lost many men at sea• cruelty of the traders
Holland and the EastHolland and the East
• wanted direct trade route• expelled the Portuguese
in several places• Cape Town = South
Africa supply base
the Pacific
England and the EastEngland and the East
East Indies• traded alongside the Dutch
India• seized control of the
Persian Gulf• established the English
East India Company
Eastern ResponseEastern Response• resented foreign interference• China
several battles between Chinese and Portuguese
allowed city of Macao to be “rented”
more friendly relations with Portuguese
limited trade with Dutch
• Japan
Eastern ResponseEastern Response
Commercial RevolutionCommercial Revolutionmercantilism
• dominate economic system
• theory that newly-found wealth should benefit the mother country
MercantilismMercantilism• nation’s wealth and
strength = measured by possession of gold and silver
• goal = gain as much precious metal as possible
• colonies = for self-sufficient mother country and favorable balance of trade
MercantilismMercantilism
Mercantilist view of colonies
Mercantilist view of colonies
• provide raw materials and ports for goods
• trade only with mother country
• colony suffered; mother country benefited
Mercantilism weaknessesMercantilism weaknesses
• created national monopolies that deterred competition
• detrimental to nation’s agriculture and industry
• hoarded wealth for the government
capitalism
• way of earning money by investment
• goal was to advance wealth
Commercial RevolutionCommercial Revolution
Joint-stock companiesJoint-stock companies• individuals invest money • capital used to finance an
endeavor• if a profit = then each
investor gains• investor = personally liable;
shares losses and gains
• English-East India Company = traded in India
• Dutch East India Company = traded in the East Indies
• French Company of New France = traded in Canada
Joint-stock companiesJoint-stock companies