Causes and Effects of the Ghost Dance & “Battle” / “Massacre” at Wounded Knee & The End of Dawes Era.

Causes and Effects of the Ghost Dance & Causes and Effects of the Ghost Dance & “Battle” / “Massacre” at Wounded Knee“Battle” / “Massacre” at Wounded Knee

& The End of Dawes Era& The End of Dawes Era

(Cause) of The Ghost Dance(Cause) of The Ghost Dance In January 1889, a Paiute In January 1889, a Paiute

Indian,  “Jack Wilson”, had Indian,  “Jack Wilson”, had a revelation during a total a revelation during a total eclipse of the sun.eclipse of the sun.

Devastated by current Devastated by current

living conditions,living conditions, JW JW sent sent the “Messiah Letters” the “Messiah Letters” urging the Ghost Dance urging the Ghost Dance believing this would believing this would reunite Indians with reunite Indians with friends and relatives in the friends and relatives in the ghost world. Bringing back ghost world. Bringing back their glory and peacetheir glory and peace

The Ghost Dance 1890

Lakota Ghost Dance at Pine Ridge.

Ghost Dance and Ghost Dance and Psychological Warfare

The Ghost Dance with non stop trance dancing and drumming with Indians dressed in full Indian dress meant to be spiritual but was actually perceived as psychological warfare to the military and settlers.

Effects of the Ghost DanceEffects of the Ghost Dance

The The unityunity and and fervor fervor that that the Ghost the Ghost DanceDance movement movement inspired, inspired, createdcreated fear fear and and hysteriahysteria among among white white settlerssettlers

This would culminate This would culminate at Wounded Knee.at Wounded Knee.

Cause of Wounded KneeCause of Wounded Knee

December 29 1890, Members of December 29 1890, Members of the the Sioux (Lakota)Sioux (Lakota) followers offollowers of the recently slain leader, the recently slain leader, Sitting Sitting Bull was Killed while being Bull was Killed while being arrested.arrested.

Wounded KneeWounded Knee would be referred would be referred to as the “to as the “Battle of Wounded Battle of Wounded Knee” by the US MilitaryKnee” by the US Military and and the “the “Massacre of 1890” By the Massacre of 1890” By the LakotaLakota and other Native and other Native AmericansAmericans

Chief Sitting Bull

Causes of Wounded KneeCauses of Wounded Knee

Attempting to find Attempting to find the fugitives Indians the fugitives Indians at the camp at the camp settlement, orders settlement, orders were given to for all were given to for all to surrender their to surrender their guns.guns.

A shot rang out and A shot rang out and the fighting began.the fighting began.

Effects of Wounded KneeEffects of Wounded Knee

At Wounded Knee At Wounded Knee (nearly 300 Lakota (nearly 300 Lakota men, women, and men, women, and children -- old and children -- old and young --) were young --) were massacred in a massacred in a encounter with U.S. encounter with U.S. soldiers.soldiers.

Is Massacre a fair non Is Massacre a fair non biased term for this event?biased term for this event?

Effects of Wounded KneeEffects of Wounded Knee

Symbolized the Symbolized the culmination of the culmination of the clash of culturesclash of cultures and the and the end of the end of the “American “American frontier.”frontier.”

Lead to Burke Act Lead to Burke Act (1906.)(1906.) The end of The end of Dawes!!!Dawes!!!

Black Elk’s Black Elk’s Reflection Reflection on Wounded on Wounded KneeKnee

““I did not know then how I did not know then how much was ended. When I much was ended. When I look back now from this high look back now from this high hill of my old age, I can still hill of my old age, I can still see the butchered women see the butchered women and children lying heaped and children lying heaped and scattered along the and scattered along the crooked gulch as plain as crooked gulch as plain as when I saw them with eyes when I saw them with eyes still young. And I can see that still young. And I can see that something else died there in something else died there in the bloody mud, and was the bloody mud, and was buried in the blizzard. A buried in the blizzard. A people’s dream died there. people’s dream died there.

It was a beautiful dream...It was a beautiful dream...The nation’s hoop is broken The nation’s hoop is broken and scattered. There is no and scattered. There is no center any longer, and the center any longer, and the sacred tree is dead.”sacred tree is dead.”

Burke Act (1906)  Burke Act (1906)  Gave the Gave the Secretary of the InteriorSecretary of the Interior the power to determine the power to determine who was “competent and capable” and who was who was “competent and capable” and who was “incompetent” Those“incompetent” Those ‘competent’ ‘competent’ would have their would have their land subject to land subject to taxationtaxation, and land could be sold by the allotted. , and land could be sold by the allotted.

Those  Indian Lands determined to be Those  Indian Lands determined to be "incompetent""incompetent" were were automatically taken away by Federal Government.automatically taken away by Federal Government.

This was seen as an arbitrary way of taking Indian land and This was seen as an arbitrary way of taking Indian land and selling to settlers and speculators and investors.selling to settlers and speculators and investors.

The Beginning of the End of Dawes

Failures of the Dawes ActFailures of the Dawes Act The land granted to most not sufficient for The land granted to most not sufficient for

economic viability.economic viability.

Division of land between heirs resulted in land Division of land between heirs resulted in land fractionalization.fractionalization.

Wounded Knee showed clash of cultures too great Wounded Knee showed clash of cultures too great for forced assimilation. for forced assimilation.

Native Americans lost,Native Americans lost, over the 47 years of the over the 47 years of the Act's life, Act's life, about 90 million acresabout 90 million acres (360,000 km²) (360,000 km²) of treaty land, or about two-thirds of the 1887 of treaty land, or about two-thirds of the 1887 land base. About land base. About 90,000 Indians were made 90,000 Indians were made landlesslandless

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)Indian Reorganization Act (1934)Official End of the Dawes EraOfficial End of the Dawes Era

Importance of Importance of perpetuating perpetuating Indian culture Indian culture permitted surplus permitted surplus lands to be lands to be returned to tribal returned to tribal ownership.ownership.

Official End of the Dawes EraOfficial End of the Dawes EraIndian Reorganization Act (1934)Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

Currently, Native Americans Currently, Native Americans suffer highest suffer highest unemployment, infant unemployment, infant mortality, lowest standard mortality, lowest standard of living in America. of living in America.

Indian tribe casinos are Indian tribe casinos are working to better the lives working to better the lives of their members.of their members.

Provide income, jobs, Provide income, jobs, tourism, hotels, recreation.tourism, hotels, recreation.All to pay for Indian All to pay for Indian Schools, Hospitals, services, Schools, Hospitals, services, etc.etc.

Chief Crazy Horse MonumentChief Crazy Horse Monument

located in the Black Hills located in the Black Hills South DakotaSouth Dakota

Will be the largestWill be the largeststatue in the world statue in the world making Mt. Rushmoremaking Mt. Rushmorelook small by look small by Comparison.Comparison.

Review for QuizReview for Quiz What was the Ghost Dance?What was the Ghost Dance? What was the cause of the danceWhat was the cause of the dance What was an effect of the Ghost Dance?What was an effect of the Ghost Dance? What two factors lead to Wounded Knee?What two factors lead to Wounded Knee? What was the result of wounded knee?What was the result of wounded knee? What was effect of the Burk Act 0f 1906What was effect of the Burk Act 0f 1906 What was the Indian Reorganization act of What was the Indian Reorganization act of

1934?1934? How do you think Casinos help and/ or hurt How do you think Casinos help and/ or hurt

Indian tribes?Indian tribes? What were the failures of the Dawes Act?What were the failures of the Dawes Act?