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CATALOGUE of PUBLICATIONS 09 August 2011
Contents The catalogue lists the publications which can be
purchased from CIGRE, by both members and non members. There are
other documents, which are available for CIGRE members only. As
part of membership benefits, CIGRE members may download most
documents from the site www.e-cigre.org free of charge. The
catalogue lists: -The CIGRE Technical Brochures, which are
comprehensive technical documents issued by CIGRE Study Committees.
They are usually available in hard copy and electronic format,
unless otherwise stated. -The sets of papers or discussion
contributions from the most recent CIGRE Sessions and Symposia. A
set of 4 CDs in which are recorded the contents of ELECTRA from
1967 to 2000. For each item in the Catalogue a short presentation
of the contents is given, as well as the selling price and some
details such as number of pages, file size
You can also search and order CIGRE publications on-line on:
www.e-cigre.org
Structure of the Catalogue Documents in the Catalogue are in
four categories. Table of Contents There is a table of contents at
the beginning of the Catalogue, with a total of 22 lines (19 for
the Technical Brochures, 1 for the Sessions, 1 for Symposia and 1
for ELECTRA). A hyperlink gives direct access to the related part
of the catalogue, to facilitate the search. Technical Brochures
Within the overall area covered by CIGRE Study Committees (numbered
A to D), brochures are listed under the different fields of
interest of the SCs, but a number of brochures are relevant to more
than one field. The first group of brochures are those of more
general character, within the scope of CIGRE. Two more lists are
given: one in numerical order, giving: number, title of the
Technical Brochure and field of interest (through the related SCs,
A1; the other in alphabetical order, giving: title, number and
field of interest.
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The second group are the brochures dealing with the specific
area of the first Study Committee, starting with the A Committees.
A1 - Rotating Electrical Machines); then the group of brochures
related to the field of A2 and so on up to D2 Information Systems
and Telecommunications. Two more lists are given: one in numerical
order, giving: number, title of the Technical Brochure and field of
interest (through the related SCs, A1; the other in alphabetical
order, giving: title, number and field of interest. Set of Session
Papers In this category are the sets of Session Papers and
Proceedings of recent Sessions, given in chronological order. (Only
the whole set can be bought, not an individual paper ) Set of
Symposia Papers In this category are the sets of Papers presented
at Symposia, and, when available, the Proceedings (discussions
record). These documents are given in chronological (year) order.
ELECTRA Papers 4 CDs record of the contents of the journal ELECTRA
from 1967 to 2000. Ordering publications You can still use the
order form, available on the website, but it is now much easier to
use e-cigre (www.e-cigre.org). VAT conditions: Not applicable.
Special Mail: Standard delivery is by air-mail. On request delivery
can be by special mail (courier): an extra charge of 15% will be
added. Means of payment (cheque, transfer, credit card) are
specified on the Order Form.
- Enquiries should be directed to: [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected] (for membership
details)
Intellectual ownership of CIGRE documents. All documents are
protected by CIGRE copyright. Ownership of a CIGRE publication,
whether in paper form or on electronic support only infers right of
use for personal purposes. Are prohibited, except if explicitly
agreed by CIGRE, total or partial reproduction of the publication
for use other than personal or transfer to a third party Collective
members are allowed to make the document available for internal use
by their staff, reproduction or circulation on intranet or other
company network. Commercial use or transfer outside the company is
prohibited.
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1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS
_________________________________________________ 32 TECHNICAL
BROCHURES _____________________________________________ 4
2.1 CIGRE - General - CIGRE
________________________________________________ 42.2 A1 - Rotating
Electrical Machines __________________________________________ 52.3
A2 - Transformers
_______________________________________________________ 92.4 A3 -
High Voltage Equipment
_____________________________________________ 152.5 B1 - Insulated
Cables ____________________________________________________ 252.6
B2 - Overhead lines
_____________________________________________________ 332.7 B3 -
Substations
________________________________________________________ 502.8 B4 -
HVDC and Power Electronics ________________________________________
612.9 B5 - Protection and Automation
___________________________________________ 742.10 C1 - System
Development and Economics ___________________________________
862.11 C2 - System Operation and Control
________________________________________ 952.12 C3 - System
Environmental Performance __________________________________
1022.13 C4 - System Technical Performance
______________________________________ 1052.14 C5 - Electricity
Markets and Regulation ___________________________________ 1252.15
C6 - Distribution Systems and Dispersed Generation
_______________________ 1282.16 D1 - Materials and Emerging
Technologies _________________________________ 1312.17 D2 -
Information Systems and Telecommunications
_________________________ 1392.18 List in numerical order
_________________________________________________ 1532.19 List in
alphabetical order _______________________________________________
178
3 SET OF SESSION PAPERS
____________________________________________ 2034 SET OF SYMPOSIA
PAPERS __________________________________________ 2075 ELECTRA
PAPERS ___________________________________________________ 217
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2 TECHNICAL BROCHURES
2.1 CIGRE - General - CIGRE
REF. 001 1974 CIGRE CIGRE 25 CIGRE Sessions (1921-1974 ) -
General Bibliographic Index This document gives information about
the first CIGRE Sessions 1921-1974. It is organized in three main
parts : List of papers from 1921-1974, List of authors and list of
Papers published in ELECTRA. Member Price: 50 Euros Non member
Price: 100 Euros 181 pages , file: 11.4 MB REF. 032 1972 CIGRE Ad
Hoc WG Final report of the UHV Ad Hoc Group The report shows how
the question was asked by the IEC, how the Ad Hoc Group was formed,
how it worked, and what were the main results. It has been worded
from seven detailed reports by 7 CIGRE Study Committees, which, in
their own scope, have had the possibility of bringing parts of the
answer to the specific problem. Member Price: 40 Euros Non member
Price: 80 Euros 33 pages , file: 2.7 MB REF. 231 2003 CIGRE JTF
IEEE/CIGRE Definition and classification of power system stability.
Addresses the issue of stability definition and classification in
power systems from a fundamental viewpoint and closely examines the
practical ramifications. Aims to define power system stability more
precisely; provide a systematic basis for classifying power system
stability; and discuss linkages to related issues such as power
system reliability and security. Member Price: 40 Euros Non member
Price: 80 Euros 30 pages , file: 2.31 MB REF. IAC 1998 CIGRE White
Book: Important Achievements of CIGRE Resulting from the work of
the Study Committees over the past 20 years, this brochure shows
the contribution of CIGRE to the development of electrical energy
in the world. It includes an Executive Summary by the President of
CIGRE . Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 94 pages
, file: 5.5 MB
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2.2 A1 - Rotating Electrical Machines
REF. 002 1988 SC 11 WG 11.01 Report on Large Turbine Generator
Maintenance Practices. Preventive maintenance of generators is an
important contribution to the improvement of their availability.
The number and nature of the maintenance tasks as well as the
periodicity depend largely upon the machine type, its design and
its duty type. These practices are generally agreed between the
manufacturer and the user. Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price:
80 Euros 38 pages , file: 1.5 MB REF. 116 1997 SC 11/14 JWG
11/14.09 Guide for preliminary design and specification of hydro
stations with HVDC unit connected generators. Several technical and
economical reasons strongly suggest that in certain HVDC
applications it is of great advantage to simplify the rectifier
station via a direct connection of hydro generating sets to 12
pulse converter groups. The proposed arrangement is referred to in
HVDC literature as "Unit Connection". Member Price: 70 Euros Non
member Price: 140 Euros 230 pages , file: 12.9 MB REF. 119 1997 SC
14 WG 14.05 Interaction between HVDC convertors and nearby
synchronous machines.Final report. It is not uncommon that HVDC
convertor stations and generators are situated electrically and
geographically close to each other. This follows from the fact that
HVDC links are often built to transmit power from a generating
station to a load centre or another part of the power system.
Examples of this are the Itaipu and IPP schemes. In these cases the
HVDC and generator stations are designed more or less in parallel
which means that overall good design can be achieved by appropriate
coordination. Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 43
pages , file: 1.42 MB REF. 138 1999 SC 39/11 JWG 39/11 Exchange of
services between large electricity generating plants and high
voltage electric power systems. Public electricity supply systems
have developed into very complex and interconnected systems, whose
components are highly dependent upon each other. Careful management
of the relationship between the components is crucial to the
provision of a secure, reliable and economic supply of electricity
to the end-user customer. Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price:
100 Euros 100 pages , file: 4.63 MB
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REF. 257 2004 SC A1 WG A1.01.06 EL CID (Electromagnetic - Core
Imperfection Detector) Testing of Large Steam-Turbine-Driven
Generators EL CID technique was originally dvised in UK and
developed as portable test equipment for inspection and repair of
rotating electric machine. The paper briefly discusses the
technique, its benefits and its limitations. Member Price: 30 Euros
Non member Price: 60 Euros 12 pages , file: 0.638 MB REF. 258 2004
SC A1 WG A1.01.06 Application of On-Line Partial Discharge Tests to
Rotating Machines Partial Discharges (PD) is a phenomenon which has
been known for more than 100 years, which applications developed
mainly in the 80s. PD testing for rotating machines has now gained
widespread acceptance as a maintenance decision support tool and
the purpose of this paper is to be a guidance document on the
appropriate use of PD technology,for on-line measurements. Member
Price: 30 Euros Non member Price: 60 Euros 12 pages , file: 0.564
MB REF. 386 2009 SC A1 WG A1.04 Generator Maintenance, Inspection
and Test Programmes The maintenance, inspection and testing of
large hydrogen & water cooled turbo-generators is a significant
cost of the ownership of such assets. This study surveyed
international practices, and in so doing attempted to identify the
reasons and justification for differences between recommended and
actual practice. In addition, innovative and/or best practice
maintenance procedures and strategies were explored. Member Price:
25 Euros Non member Price: 50 Euros 80 pages , file: 0.6 MB REF.
392 2009 SC A1 WG A1.10 Survey of Hydrogenerator Failures A
large-scale failure in Hydro-generators is always a setback that
costs both time and money. In order to prevent this or to reduce
the consequences, the first step is to identify the most common
failures, the extent of damage and the root causes. Based on
statistical information of real cases, the TB analyzes those
aspects, including the aid of monitoring systems. Member Price: 25
Euros Non member Price: 50 Euros 22 pages , file: 0.809 MB
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REF. 397 2009 SC A1 WG A1.09 Guide for minimizing the damage
from stator winding grounds on turbogenerators Stator earth faults
are the most common anomaly in generators. The damage to the stator
core depends on the ground-ing system. In this guide the effects of
a stator phase to earthfault, analyzing stator winding grounding
systems are reviewed,and calculation criteria of stator winding
grounding is proposed,in order to reduce damages. Member Price: 20
Euros Non member Price: 40 Euros 20 pages , file: 0.383 MB REF. 437
2010 SC A1 WG A1.11 Guide for On-Line Monitoring of
Turbo-Generators In the TB the definition and componence of the
on-line monitoring system and types of systems for monitoring and
information interpretation are presented. 21 parameters/components
being monitored and the correspondent devices are described,
stressing the benefit for using these systems as well as the
reasons for their future development. Member Price: 25 Euros Non
member Price: 50 Euros 19 pages , file: 0.539 MB REF. 454 2011 SC
A1 WG A1.04 Hydrogenerators Fire Protection Update The report is an
update of a former survey made in 1981 which was extended to
explore new possibilities of experience gathering by covering the
groups of Users, Manufacturers, Insurers and Consulting Companies.
Answers received from 20countries allowed comparative analysis from
similar aspects seen by the different groups. A total of 65
questionnaires provided a huge amount of data that is available for
further surveys. Member Price: 125 Euros Non member Price: 250
Euros 165 pages , file: 2.72 MB REF. 454A 2011 SC A1
Hydrogenerators Fire Protection Update (Annex) This is the annex to
the report which is an update of a former survey made in 1981
extended to explore new possibilities of experience gathering by
covering the groups of Users, Manufacturers, Insurers and
Consulting Companies. Answers received from 20 countries allowed
comparative analysis from similar aspects seen by the different
groups. A total of 65 questionnaires provided a huge amount of data
that is available for further surveys. Member Price: Euros Non
member Price: Euros 208 pages , file: 4.16 MB
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REF. 469 2011 SC A1 WG A1.12 State of the Art in Efficiency of
Hydro Generators Commissioned since 1990 The TB provides a broad
overall view of substation equipment condition monitoring. It
investigates the technology currently available and analyses the
factors that need to be considered to determine the degree of
application which will provide the optimum Value solution, taking
into account the improved reliability and availability of modern HV
substation equipment. Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80
Euros 28 pages , file: 2.02 MB REF. 470 2011 SC A1 WG A1.18 Life
Extension of Large Electric Motors in Nuclear Power Plants The
present work is based on a questionnaire about the practices of
predictive and preventive maintenance as well as in the monitoring
systems of large motors. It was verified that many of the motors
manufactured in the 70s are still operating in several power plants
around the world. The implementation of predictive maintenance
techniques and monitoring are of fundamental importance for
extension of the operational life of old and new motors. Member
Price: 25 Euros Non member Price: 50 Euros 20 pages , file: 3.56
MB
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2.3 A2 - Transformers
REF. 096 1995 SC 12 WG 12.09 Thermal aspects of transformers.
Contains chapters on : Heat run test procedure; Direct measurement
of the hot-spot temperature; A survey of facts and opinions;
Lifetime evaluation; Dissolved gas analysis; Analytical
determination of winding hot spot factor; Experimental
determination of power transformer hot spot factor; Survey of power
transformer overload field practices. Member Price: 60 Euros Non
member Price: 120 Euros 180 pages , file: 6.22 MB REF. 156 2000 SC
12 WG 12.15 Guide for customers specifications for transformers 100
MVA and 123 kV and above. This document has been prepared as an aid
to customers and manufacturers of power transformers in the
preparation of specifications for purchasing transformers. Its aim
is to highlight some of the important topics that should be
considered for includion in an enquiry document. Wherever possible
guidance and other practical information about such topics are
provided to explain their purpose and significance in transformer
enquiries. Clearly it is not possible to address all the issues
that may arise. Neither is the document in any way intended to be a
complete and applicable specification. Member Price: 40 Euros Non
member Price: 80 Euros 75 pages , file: 3.33 MB REF. 157 2000 SC 12
WG 12.17 Effect of particles on transformer dielectric strength.
The effect of particles on the dielectric strength of insulating
oil has long been recognized by researchers and much effort has
been devoted in attempts to characterize this effect. However, only
few experiments have been carried out with insulated electrodes and
even then, the extrapolation from test set-up to full-size
transformers is very difficult given the effect of the oil volume
on the probability of breakdown. Member Price: 40 Euros Non member
Price: 80 Euros 44 pages , file: 1.8 MB REF. 170 2000 SC 12/15 JWG
12/15.13 Static electrification in power transformers Interfacial
phenomena; methods and devices including test set-ups with plane
flow or rotating flow, filter methods; CIGRE test cell : method and
device, numerical flow calculation, time characteristic of leakage
current, impact of liquid and solid insulating components;
mini-static tester : repeatability and reproducibility, impact of
temperature and moisture. Evaluation of methods. Standardisation of
methods. References. Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80
Euros 84 pages , file: 4.24 MB
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REF. 204 2002 SC 12 WG 12.22 Guidelines for conducting design
reviews for transformers 100 MVA and 123 kV and above. A guide to
customers of power transformers for conducting design reviews with
manufacturers. A design review is a planned exercise to ensure
there is a common understanding of the applicable standards and
specification requirements, and to provide an opportunity to
scrutinise the design to ensure the requirements will be met, using
the manufacturer's proven materials and methodology. The document
does not include design limits or parameters. Member Price: 30
Euros Non member Price: 60 Euros 20 pages , file: 0.243 MB REF. 209
2002 SC 12 WG 12.19 The short circuit performance of power
transformers. Service conditions-questionnaire et conclusions.
Design calculations: magnetic field and force calculations;
mechanical stress calculations. Design review procedure;
description of radial and axial forces; manufacturing issues;
references. Monitoring: winding movement detection techniques,
standardisation and optimisation techniques, problems of
interpretation, winding slackness, on-line monitoring,
recommendations, references. Includes: questionnaire, summary of
responses, detailed information on failures. Member Price: 40 Euros
Non member Price: 80 Euros 44 pages , file: 0.921 MB REF. 211 2002
SC 21/22/23/12/13 JTF 23/12/13/21/22.16 General overview on
experience feedback methods in the field of electrical equipment
The reliability of network components and systems is a major
concern for manufacturers of electrical equipment and utilities.
Reliability techniques, derived from the aeronautical and nuclear
industries have been used in the field of electrical systems and
have now reached maturity. Thus CIGRE Committees have considered
reliability to be an important characteristic of network components
and reliability is still the subject of many discussions and
exchanges of experience. Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price:
80 Euros 25 pages , file: 0.643 MB REF. 227 2003 SC A2 WG A2.18
Life management techniques for power transformers. Emphasis on
common goals and benefits and a vocabulary of commonly used terms.
A presentation of general knowledge and theoretical issues: basic
failure concepts, condition, classification,recommendations on
failure identification. Detailed appendices with examples and
checklists, catalogue of defects and faults. A summary of dangerous
effect of degradations factors is proposed. Methodologies.
Diagnostic and monitoring techniques Member Price: 40 Euros Non
member Price: 80 Euros 130 pages , file: 0.99 MB
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REF. 240 2004 SC B4/A2 JTF B4.04/A2.01 Analysis of HVDC
thyristor converter transformer performance A presentation of
performance summaries with failure areas described and classified
as bushings, valve windings, AC windings, static shields, load tap
changers, core and magnetic shields or internal connections and
leads together with short descriptions of the failures. Present
transformer test methods are also evaluated for adequacy.
Comparisons with the previous report are included. Member Price: 40
Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 30 pages , file: 0.646 MB REF. 248
2004 SC A2 WG A2.20 Economics of transformer management (Papers +
CD) Guide designed to help transformer and asset managers perform
economic evaluations of proposed solutions. A list of key
parameters has been established covering technical, operational,
economical, environmental and other strategic aspects that arose
during the early development of the guide. Some models and flow
charts have been included. Intended mainly for transformer
managers/asset managers managing high-voltage electric systems.
Includes 4 parts : Risk management, Specification & Purchase,
Operation & Maintenance, Repair vs.replacement. Papier +CD
Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros 68 pages , file:
1.2 MB REF. 254 2004 SC D1 TF D1.01.09 Dielectric response methods
for diagnostics of power transformers. The dryness and ageing state
of the oil-paper insulation is a key factor in both the short and
long term reliability of a power transformer since moisture has
deleterious effects on dielectric integrity and insulation ageing
rates. Today the water content of the cellulose of a transformer in
service is determined indirectly via moisture measured from oil
samples according to IEC 60422. Member Price: 40 Euros Non member
Price: 80 Euros 42 pages , file: 1.45 MB REF. 296 2006 SC D1/A2 JTF
D1.02/A2.11 Recent developments on the interpretation of dissolved
gas analysis in transformers. Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is
widely used for monitoring faults in insulating fluid-filled HV
equipment in service. New DGA laboratory extraction techniques have
been introduced into revised IEC Publication 60567 and
interpretation of DGA results have been deeply revised in 1999 in
IEC Publication 60599. Following questions about the typical gas
concentration and rates of increases observed in service, raised by
IEC TC14 (transformers), a joint TF started in 2001 to clarify the
isssue and examine other aspects of DGA interpretation which needed
clarifications or improvements. Member Price: 30 Euros Non member
Price: 60 Euros 32 pages , file: 1.6 MB
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REF. 298 2006 SC A2 WG A2.23 Guide on transformer lifetime data
management Transformer lifetime data management is important for a
cost efficient, risk minimized and efficient asset management and
maintenance process in the utility. Based on transfromer
engineering view an analysis is made, a generic data model derived
and the related information technology aspects shown. The guide
should support the interested professional and ease the decision of
the utility regarding its lifetime data strategy. Member Price: 40
Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 90 pages , file: 2.19 MB REF. 323
2007 SC D1 TF D1.01.10 Ageing of cellulose in mineral-oil insulated
transformers The guide describes the normal ageing processes in the
cellulose of oil impregnated insulation systems for transformers.
The various cellulose materials and their properties are described.
New knowledge on oxidation and hydrolysis and the influence of the
chemical condition of oil and of paper together with thermal
stresses are described. Also possibilities for diagnostics and for
maintenance of the cellulose are discussed. Member Price: 50 Euros
Non member Price: 100 Euros 88 pages , file: 2.021 MB REF. 342 2008
SC A2 WG A2.26 Mechanical-Condition Assessment of Transformer
Windings using Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) The TB provides an
introduction of the FRA test for detecting winding movement and
presents recommendations for standardisation of good measurement
practices. It also gives a description of typical responses and
controlling factors, together with a collection of case examples,
which illustrate how various types of winding movement can be
detected by FRA. Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros
67 pages , file: 3.6 MB REF. 343 2008 SC A2 WG A2.27
Recommendations for Condition Monitoring and Condition Assessment
Facilities for Transformers Transformer on-line condition
monitoring has been the subject of significant research and
development over the past few years and it is becoming increasingly
important that monitoring can be easily and safely applied to a
transformer at whatever point in its lifetime. The brochure
considers the benefits of possible standardisation of the interface
between monitoring systems and the transformer with the aim to
provide a guide to the specification of a transformer intended to
be "condition monitoring ready". Member Price: 40 Euros Non member
Price: 80 Euros 27 pages , file: 0.7 MB
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REF. 349 2008 SC A2 WG A2.30 Moisture Equilibrium and Moisture
Migration within Transformer Insulation Systems This TB describes
moisture equilibrium and migration in oil-pape rinsulated power
transformers. It gives in-depth knowledge of the main sources of
moisture contamination, the solubility of water in oils, the
adsorption in the cellulose, the physical background for moisture
equilibrium and bubble evolution. Practical advice for moisture
determination via equilibrium diagrams and for migration time
constants, and moisture measurement techniques are provided. Member
Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 53 pages , file: 1.3 MB
REF. 378 2009 SC A2 WG A2.32 Copper Sulphide in Transformer
Insulation This document deals with various aspects of the problem
with copper sulphide in transformer insulation. Possible mechanisms
of copper sulphide formation and of failure are discussed, and also
the influence of temperature, oxygen content, ageing of the oil,
etc. Experiences of mitigation techniques are shared, and
recommendations for owners of transformers and reactors are given.
Member Price: 30 Euros Non member Price: 60 Euros 38 pages , file:
0.95 MB REF. 393 2009 SC A2 WG A2.24 Thermal Performance of
Transformers The modern economics situation has made loading of
large transformers beyond the name plate rating relatively common.
WG A2.24 was inaugurated to review how present knowledge,
diagnostic tools, fibre optic sensors and DGA can be utilized to
improve the thermal design and assure better understanding of the
loading capabilities of transformers. Member Price: 45 Euros Non
member Price: 90 Euros 104 pages , file: 1.658 MB REF. 406 2010 SC
A2/B4 JWG A2/B4.28 HVDC Converter Transformers - Design review,
test procedures, ageing evaluation and reliability in service JWG
A2/B4.28 monitored the reliability in service of HVDC Converter
Transformers and the TB reports, over a period 1971-2009, an
encouraging decrease in the failure rate. It also reviewed existing
standard test specifications, with a view of representing the real
service conditions. The importance of the Polarity Reversal (PR)
test and the effect of the oil conductivity and the polarization
time are stressed. The conclusion is that at this stage the
existing test should not be modified. Member Price: 30 Euros Non
member Price: 60 Euros 38 pages , file: 0.574 MB
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REF. 407 2010 SC A2/B4 JWG A2/B4.28 HVDC Converter Transformers
- Guidelines for conducting design reviews for HVDC converter
transformers A design review provides a common
customer-manufacturer understanding of the applicable standards and
specification requirements. It is an opportunity to scrutinize the
design to ensure the requirements will be met, using the
manufacturers proven materials and methodology. This document
prepared by A2/B4.28, is based on the existing guide (TB 204) while
expanding to address specific aspects associated with the HVDC
Converter Transformer, such as higher harmonic or transient
waveforms. Member Price: 20 Euros Non member Price: 40 Euros 22
pages , file: 0.249 MB REF. 436 2010 SC A2 WG A2.35 Experiences in
Service with New Insulating Liquids The group of alternative
transformer insulating fluids covered in this brochure, namely
synthetic esters, natural esters and silicone fluids, have been in
widespread use for several years. These are increasingly being used
in various applications and especially at higher power ratings.
This TB covers a comprehensive range of topics in sufficient depth
to give the reader an informed picture of the properties,
applications and end user experiences of these fluids. Member
Price: 65 Euros Non member Price: 130 Euros 95 pages , file: 1.16
MB REF. 445 2011 SC A2 WG A2.34 Guide for Transformer Maintenance
Maintenance, availability and reliability are closely related and
the transformer user has to specify a maintenance level that will
ensure an acceptable reliability. This guide will help users to
define and apply best maintenance: best practice, component
selection, checking and testing in order to evaluate condition,
time intervals for the various actions, advanced maintenance
activities, human and material aspects of transformer maintenance.
Member Price: 67,5 Euros Non member Price: 135 Euros 123 pages ,
file: 2.13 MB
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2.4 A3 - High Voltage Equipment
REF. 007 1980 SC 34 WG 34.03 Non-Conventional Current and
Voltage Transformers. For some years new concepts of current and
voltage transformers for HV and EHV transmission systems have been
investigated and developed to the stages of laboratory models or
prototype units installed for trials on transmission systems. One
of the aims of this development was to design measuring devices of
improved transient performance, as compared with the conventional
CT's, CVT's and VT's in order to reliable and faster fault
clearance times. Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros
173 pages , file: 10.4 MB REF. 023 1985 SC 38 TF 38.04.03 An
annotated bibliography on UHV AC substation equipment. (1968-1985).
Contains sections concerning : Insulation co-ordination;
Switchgear; Shunt reactors; Surge arresters; Power transformers;
Current and voltage measuring equipment, Station design and
operating experience, Testing facilities, Index of authors. Member
Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 56 pages , file: 3.78 MB
REF. 034 1989 SC 33/14 JWG 33/14.05 Guidelines for the applications
of metal oxide arresters without gaps for HVDC converter stations.
This guide for metal oxide arresters without gaps for HVDC
converter stations is a supplement to the application guide for
insulation coordination and arrester protection of HVDC converter
stations published in Electra No.96 (Oct. 1984). It gives basic
information about metal oxide material and basic arrester
characteristics which will be of value when designing and
specifying an arrester protective scheme and specifying the
arresters. Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 38
pages , file: 3 MB REF. 035 1989 SC 33/23 JWG 33/13.09 Monograph on
GIS very fast transients. With the introduction of GIS a new type
of overvoltages called "fast transients" was created. They contain
frequencies far above those arising in conventional open-air
substations and have thus caused unexpected problems for the GIS
insulation or the insulation of other equipment connected to it.
Member Price: 80 Euros Non member Price: 160 Euros 208 pages ,
file: 14.4 MB
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REF. 047 1996 SC 13 WG 13.04 Line-charging current switching of
HV lines. Stresses and testing. Parts 1 & 2. The brochure deals
mainly with line-charging current switching for voltages 72.5 kV
and above, by circuit-breakers and switches, provided the latter
have a limited time spread between pole contact parting. The report
does not deal with medium-voltage line-charging current switching
even if the basic phenomena are the same. Member Price: 40 Euros
Non member Price: 80 Euros 60 pages , file: 2.56 MB REF. 050 1995
SC 13 WG 13.02 Interruption of small inductive currents. This
brochure contains the ELECTRA articles prepared by WG13.02 and it
aims at presenting the theoretical background to IEC 1233. The test
circuits and test procedures prescribed in the IEC report differ
somewhat from those proposed by 13.02. Since they are in principle
equivalent, the IEC proposals have been adopted in this brochure.
When new experience is available this is taken into account. Member
Price: 80 Euros Non member Price: 160 Euros 232 pages , file: 11.2
MB REF. 057 1990 SC 23 WG 23.07 Paper-oil insulated measurement
transformer. The document is a set of papers issued in Electra
expected to be complete enough and useful for manufacturers or
users of equipment : i.e. General considerations; Design and
construction; Checking and monitoring; Failure survey; Endurance -
testing - life test; Non standardised stresses and Quality
assurance. Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 75
pages , file: 4.26 MB REF. 059 1990 SC 15/33 JWG 15/33.08 Session
1990 : Dielectric diagnosis of electrical equipment for AC
applications and its effects on insulation coordination. State of
the art report. The present report prepared after three WG
meetings, presents the state of the art of the diagnostic methods
available today, to the WG members knowledge, to verify the
dielectric conditions of insulating materials used in electrical
equipment for AC applications. The WG has taken into account as
much as possible all the previous work on the subject performed
with CIGRE SC and WG and references to the relevant papers have
been made. Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 34
pages , file: 3.25 MB
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REF. 060 1991 SC 33 WG 33.06 Metal oxide surge arresters in AC
systems. The development of the zinc oxide varistors to be
applicable to the protection of transient overvoltages in HV
systems, introduced an equipment with qualities very much different
from the qualities of the up to then well known surge arresters
with silicon carbide resistors and series spark gaps. The correct
application of this new type of surge arrester needed more detailed
knowledge about the transient behaviour of the system and the
arrester stresses caused by the system during different operating
conditions. Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros 87
pages , file: 8.41 MB REF. 072 1992 SC 33 WG 33.07 Guidelines for
the evaluation of the dielectric strength of external insulation.
This Guideline deals with the dielectric strength of external
insulation, namely air gaps and insulators, with special reference
to transient overvoltages. The aim is to illustrate the general
trends in dielectric strength as a function of the most important
influencing parameters and to give methods and criteria for its
evaluation. Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros 87
pages , file: 3.04 MB REF. 083 1994 SC 13 WG 13.06 Final report of
the 2nd international enquiry on HV circuit-breaker failures and
defects in service. The studies include items such as : Use of
diagnostics; Maintenance policy; System reliability study data;
Kind of operating mechanism; Comparison of metal enclosed versus
non metal enclosed reliability; Impact on testing; SF6 gas
leakages. Member Price: 70 Euros Non member Price: 140 Euros 176
pages , file: 9.56 MB REF. 085 1994 SC 38 WG 38.04 Ultra high
voltage technology. The brochure presents the state of the art of
UHV technology with focus on : UHV system planning, performance and
reliability aspects; UHV transmission lines; UHV substations and
equipment; UHV testing facilities and new technology. Member Price:
40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 31 pages , file: 2.65 MB
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REF. 114 1997 SC 13/14 WG 13/14.08 Circuit-breakers for meshed
multiterminal HVDC system. Final Report. HVDC multiterminal (MTDC)
Systems permit the exchange of energy between a number of HVDC
substations. The particular advantage of the meshed system is that
this exchange can continue even when one of the interconnecting
lines is out of service. Investigations have shown that the
performance of MTDC systems can be improved by installing HVDC
circuit-breakers at appropriate locations. Member Price: 50 Euros
Non member Price: 100 Euros 115 pages , file: 2.7 MB REF. 134 1998
SC 13 WG 13.CC.03 Transient recovery voltages in medium voltage
networks. Items considered : TRV and circuit configuration ; TRV
for the first, second and third pole to clear ; Collection of TRV
field data ; TRV under short line fault ; TRV in case of
transformer fed faults ; TRV in cade of series reactor limited
faults ; TRV in case of faults at the secondary side of
transformers ; clearing faults near capacitor banks ; arc-circuit
interaction ; topology of test circuits to represent realistic
system conditions. Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100
Euros 113 pages , file: 5.67 MB REF. 135 1998 SC 13 WG 13.01 State
of the art of circuit-breaker modelling. A comprehensive overview
on the state of the art. An edition which is a compilation of three
reports: Practical application of arc physics in circuit-breakers.
Survey of calculation methods and application guide ; Applications
of black box modelling to circuit-breakers ; and, Survey on
analytical and graphical tools for circuit-breaker behaviour
description. Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros 90
pages , file: 6.03 MB REF. 158 2000 SC 33 TF 33.04.01 Polluted
insulators : a review of current knowledge. The performance of
insulators used on overhead lines and overhead distribution lines
and in outdoor substations is a key factor in determining the
reliability of power delivery systems. The insulators not only must
withstand normal operating voltage, but also must withstand
overvoltages that may cause disturbances, flashovers and line
outages. The reduction in the performance of outdoor insulators
occurs mainly by the pollution of the insulating surfaces from
air-borne deposits that may form a conducting or partially
conducting surface layer when wet. Member Price: 60 Euros Non
member Price: 120 Euros 170 pages , file: 2.46 MB
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REF. 165 2000 SC 13 WG 13.08 Life management of
circuit-breakers. Current life experience of high and medium
voltage circuit-breakers of older and current design; determination
and evaluation of residual life expectancy, possibilities and
procedures; risk assessment; possibilites for life extension such
as monitoring, maintenance procedures, availability and
maintainability; testing; economic impact taking into account
additional expenditures of preventive measures, reduction of
reliability etc; legal, environmental and strategic aspects;
changes in network condition. Member Price: 60 Euros Non member
Price: 120 Euros 140 pages , file: 7.87 MB REF. 167 2000 SC 13 WG
13.09 User guide for the application of monitoring and diagnostic
techniques for switching equipment for rated voltages of 72.5 kV
and above. Condition monitoring and diagnostic techniques are
playing an increasingly important role in the design, life cycle
cost evaluation, commissioning, operation, maintenance and end of
life determination of substation equipment. Users need guidance on
the applicability and implications of the various techniques and
how their benefits can be evaluated.The report gives guidelines for
the application of monitoring and diagnostic techniques covering
all switching technologies and including disconnectors and earthing
switches as well as circuit-breakers. Member Price: 60 Euros Non
member Price: 120 Euros 160 pages , file: 0.91 MB REF. 211 2002 SC
21/22/23/12/13 JTF 23/12/13/21/22.16 General overview on experience
feedback methods in the field of electrical equipment The
reliability of network components and systems is a major concern
for manufacturers of electrical equipment and utilities.
Reliability techniques, derived from the aeronautical and nuclear
industries have been used in the field of electrical systems and
have now reached maturity. Thus CIGRE Committees have considered
reliability to be an important characteristic of network components
and reliability is still the subject of many discussions and
exchanges of experience. Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price:
80 Euros 25 pages , file: 0.643 MB REF. 239 2003 SC A3 WG A3.10
Fault current limiters in electrical medium and high voltage
systems Contains 4 major parts : - Part A : Fault current limiters
- state of the art; B: Functional specification for a fault current
limiter; C: Fault current limiters - system demands; D: Fault
current limiters - testing. An extensive reference list regarding
limiting technology is included as part of the brochure. Member
Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 80 pages , file: 1.39
MB
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REF. 259 2004 SC A3 WG A3.12 Failure Survey on Circuit Breaker
Control Systems This brochure gives a summary of the results of the
survey whicgh was conducted on the frequency and nature of the
failures. It gives a world wide overview of the experience with
different technologies. Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80
Euros 34 pages , file: 0.866 MB REF. 262 2004 SC A3 WG A3.07
Controlled Switching of HVAC CBs: Benefits & Economic Aspects
Part 3 of the work conducted on the subject of "Controlled
Switching of HV AC circuit breakers" It deals with generic
technological ad economic aspects. Benefits are considered in
relation to the cicuit breaker,the switched load and the whole
power system.Additional costs and disadvantages are discussed when
appropriate. Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 33
pages , file: 0.904 MB REF. 263 2004 SC A3 WG A3.07 Controlled
switching of HVAC CBs - Guidance for further applications including
unloaded transformer switching Part 2 of the work conducted on the
subject of "Controlled Switching of HV AC circuit breakers". This
part complements part 1 and discusses switching cases which are
less developed or still subject of theoritical development. It also
reports on the possibility of using the technique to uprate
existing installations (uprating and retrofitting) Member Price: 40
Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 55 pages , file: 2.52 MB REF. 264
2004 SC A3 WG A3.07 Controlled switching of HVAC CBs -
Planning,Specifications & Testing Part 1 of the work conducted
on the subject of "Controlled Switching of HV AC circuit breakers".
This part gives guidance to the user on how to approach controlled
switching projects and, in particular, how to study,specify, and
test circuit breakers and controller systems. Member Price: 40
Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 55 pages , file: 1.13 MB
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REF. 304 2006 SC A3 WG A3.11 Guide for application of IEC
62271-100 and IEC 60694. Part I The Guide for Application of IEC
62271-100 and IEC 62271-1 provides background information on the
requirements in the noted standards for high-voltage
circuit-breakers as well as related standards and technical
reports. The Guide also addresses other major subjects frequently
raised in connection with circuit-breaker application but not
covered by the standards. It is intended to meet the needs of
utility, consultant and industrial engineers and, to facilitate its
use and handling, it is published in two brochures, the first
dealing with general subjects and the second with making and
breaking tests. Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros
108 pages , file: 1.8 MB REF. 305 2006 SC A3 WG A3.11 Guide for
application of IEC 62271-100 and IEC 60694. Part II The Guide for
Application of IEC 62271-100 and IEC 62271-1 provides background
information on the requirements in the noted standards for
high-voltage circuit-breakers as well as related standards and
technical reports. The Guide also addresses other major subjects
frequently raised in connection with circuit-breaker application
but not covered by the standards. It is intended to meet the needs
of utility, consultant and industrial engineers and, to facilitate
its use and handling, it is published in two brochures, the first
dealing with general subjects and the second with making and
breaking tests. Member Price: 70 Euros Non member Price: 140 Euros
185 pages , file: 2.55 MB REF. 319 2007 SC A3 WG A3.12
Circuit-Breaker Controls Failure: Survey on Circuit-Breaker
Controls Systems Working Group A3.12 has investigated the
reliability of circuit breaker control systems (conventional and
digital) and made recommendations on how to improve their
reliability and performance. Six components were found to account
for 88% of reported failures. The failure causes of these
components have been analyzed and corrective actions identified to
improve reliability are presented. Member Price: 40 Euros Non
member Price: 80 Euros 53 pages , file: 0.96 MB REF. 335 2007 SC A3
WG A3.13 Changing Network Conditions and System Requirements. Part
I: The Impact of Distributed Generation (DG) on Equipment rated
above 1 kV. DG and its further growth give evidence that the
effects and impact of DG on the systems behavior cannot longer be
neglected. It results in higher short-circuit currents, other
patterns of power flows, different voltage profiles and voltage
variations, protection and control issues, potential islanding,
synchronisation , safety issues, fault location, black-start
conditions, system restoration, etc., reported in the TB. Member
Price: 35 Euros Non member Price: 70 Euros 90 pages , file: 2.9
MB
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REF. 336 2007 SC A3 WG A3.13 Changing Network Conditions and
System Requirements. Part II: The impact of Long Distance
Transmission on HV Equipment. Interconnections between major
networks are becoming increasingly important but more difficult to
achieve. Existing overhead lines (OHL) have to be up-rated whilst
more compensated lines, cables or HVDC connections are applied.
Several up-rating methods are used: utilize the dynamic (cyclic)
loading capacity, increase the operating voltage, apply
compensation, phase shifting transformers, FACTS and HVDC systems,
apply new designs for lines. The impact for HV equipment are
investigated and reported in the TB. Member Price: 50 Euros Non
member Price: 100 Euros 162 pages , file: 5.35 MB REF. 337 2007 SC
B4/A3/B3 JWG B4/A3/B3.43 Increased System Efficiency by Use of New
Generations of Power Semiconductors The TB presents the present
developments of power semiconductors, with lower losses, higher
switching frequency, converter modularization, and their new
application areas, in order to propose and evaluate new or enhance
equipment for increased system efficiency. Member Price: 45 Euros
Non member Price: 90 Euros 120 pages , file: 6.7 MB REF. 339 2008
SC A3 WG A3.16 Guideline on the Impacts of Fault Current Limiting
Devices on Protection System WG A3.16 focuses on the interaction
between fault current limiting (FCL) technologies, both existing
and novel, and different protection systems in MV and HV. A set of
criteria are derived to qualify the potential impact of each type
of FCL on the various protection principles. Basis for this
investigation are the FCL characteristics as defined in TB 239 (WG
A3.10). Member Price: 25 Euros Non member Price: 50 Euros 77 pages
, file: 2 MB REF. 362 2008 SC A3 WG A3.22 Technical Requirements
for Substation Equipment exceeding 800 kV AC To answer demand for
standardisation in the field of UHV, WG A3.22 surveyed the current
state of the art in the field of UHV technology. The findings and
recommendations are presented in the TB and form the basis for the
future work needed in a number of different technical areas. Member
Price: 90 Euros Non member Price: 180 Euros 224 pages , file: 8
MB
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REF. 368 2009 SC A3 WG A3.18 Operating Environment of Voltage
grading Capacitors applied to High Voltage Circuit-Breakers Voltage
grading capacitors are accessories for HV circuit-breakers used to
control the voltage distribution across each interrupting chamber
of multi-unit circuit-breakers. The TB reviews utility service
experience and all aspects of their operating environment. Based on
Recommendations are given with regard to commonly accepted
environmental, electrical and mechanical test procedures. Member
Price: 25 Euros Non member Price: 50 Euros 73 pages , file: 1.45 MB
REF. 394 2009 SC A3 SC A3 State of the Art of Instrument
Transformers The WG launched by SC 12 (Transformers) in the
mid-90s, and later transferred in 2002 to SC A3, has completed this
state of the art of Instrument Transformers at the start of the
21st century a few years ago, without publishing a formal report.
It has been felt that the results, of significant value for
designers and users, deserve publication as a TB. Member Price: 40
Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 134 pages , file: 1.492 MB REF.
408 2010 SC A3 WG A3.19 Line fault phenomena and their implications
for 3-phase short- and long-line fault clearing Faults on high
voltage overhead lines are recognised to impose onerous transient
recovery voltage (TRV) conditions upon the interrupting
circuit-breakers and the Standards test the most critical line
fault clearing conditions by means of the short-line fault duties.
As recent studies have highlighted potentially more severe TRV
conditions when clearing three-phase faults, at a long distance, WG
A3.19 was established to assess whether these conditions may be
regarded as covered by the existing Standards. Member Price: 65
Euros Non member Price: 130 Euros 150 pages , file: 2.03 MB REF.
455 2011 SC A3 WG A3.21 Aspects for the Application of Composite
Insulators to High Voltage (72kV) Apparatus This TB considers the
influence of active internal parts such as contacts and conductors
on the design and testing of polymeric insulators. The influence of
internal parts on the external electric field, long and short term
electrical performance, thermal, mechanical and chemical
interactions are considered. Recommendations are made regarding
standardisation of these aspects. Environmental and economic spects
are also addressed. Member Price: 85 Euros Non member Price: 170
Euros 110 pages , file: 3.87 MB
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REF. 456 2011 SC A3 WG A3.22 Background of Technical
Specifications for Substation Equipment exceeding 800 kV AC TB 362
collates background information for UHV specifications and presents
recommendations for the international specification and
standardization of UHV equipment. Aspects such as insulation
co-ordination (including the use of surge arresters), switching
phenomena for circuit-breakers, disconnectors and earthing
switches, and testing are addressed. Some subtle modifications to
earlier conclusions and recommendations are incorporated in this
document however these are both minor and limited. Member Price:
150 Euros Non member Price: 300 Euros 282 pages , file: 12.11
MB
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2.5 B1 - Insulated Cables
REF. 005 1976 SC 21 WG 21.02 Current Ratings of Cables for
Cyclic and Emergency Loads. The document provides methods for
calculating rating factors for cyclic loads and for calculating the
response of a cable to a suddenly applied step function load.
Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 35 pages , file:
2.6 MB REF. 086 1994 SC 33 /21/14 JWG 33/21/14.16 Overvoltages on
HVDC Cables. Final Report. The number of HVDC projects using long
DC cables is increasing, mostly for submarine power transmission. A
larger number of such HVDC schemes are already in operation or in
planning stage. The economic design of DC cables is very important,
because the cost of DC cables is high in proportion to the total
cost of HVDC submarine cable transmission. Member Price: 40 Euros
Non member Price: 80 Euros 58 pages , file: 2.56 MB REF. 089 1994
SC 21 WG 21.06 Accessories for HV extruded cables. Types of
accessories and terminology. This work categorises the types of
accessory designs available for use on HV cables with extruded
insulation for AC transmission voltages of 60 kV and above. The
typical types of extruded cable insulation being low density
polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), crosslinked
polyethylene (XLPE) and ethylene propylene rubber (EPR). Member
Price: 60 Euros Non member Price: 120 Euros 100 pages , file: 5.89
MB REF. 104 1996 SC 36/21 JWG 36.01/21 Magnetic fields in HV cable
systems. 1. Systems without ferromagnetic component. Considerable
work has been done on the magnetic fields due to overhead lines,
but relatively little has been published on the fields from
underground cable systems. The report details the levels of
magnetic field that occur in various typical situations. The
analysis is restricted to underground cable systems without
ferromagnetic component; for which analysis is relatively easy.
Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 30 pages , file:
1.29 MB
-
REF. 110 1996 SC 21/22 JWG 21/22.01 Comparison of high voltage
overhead lines and underground cables. Report and Guidelines. It is
intended that these guidelines will serve as a reference document
when overhead and underground options for transmission circuits are
being compared and when possible routes are being negotiated with
the relevant authorities. The comparison is made under the
following headings : system planning and operation, environmental,
technical, cost and future perspectives. Member Price: 40 Euros Non
member Price: 80 Euros 68 pages , file: 3.82 MB REF. 177 2001 SC 21
WG 21.06 Accessories for HV cables with extruded insulation
Companion document to "Improved design criteria of overhead
transmission lines based on reliability concepts". Contains the
technical background of reliability based design in more detail. An
output of CIGRE WG22.06 involved in reliability based design of
overhead transmission lines for many years. Member Price: 70 Euros
Non member Price: 140 Euros 280 pages , file: 6.3 MB REF. 182 2001
SC 21 WG 21.16 Partial discharge detection in installed HV extruded
cable systems Fundamental principles of PD testing, different types
of sensors and signal processing functions. Users guide on the
practical importance of PDD using circuits with and without
integrated sensors, information on safety aspects, selection of
measuring frequency, test results, practical recommendations.
Description of 8 PD methods with representative impression in
present testing options. Future trends - expectations for immediate
and more distant future. Fundamental and practical information.
User support to understanding the complicated field of on-site PDD.
Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 60 pages , file:
0.865 MB REF. 194 2001 SC 21 WG 21.17 Construction, laying and
installation techniques for extruded and self-contained fluid
filled cable systems. The focus of general public concern on the
environment results in the use of underground lines being
considered since they offer alternative or interesting
complementary solutions for the bulk transmission of electrical
energy. This leads to the installation of underground cables in
some areas, where overhead lines would automatically have been
considered in the past. Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price:
100 Euros 150 pages , file: 1.5 MB
-
REF. 199 2002 SC 38 TF 38.01.11 Superconducting cables. Impact
on network structure and control. A distillation of many
discussions on the possible impacts of superconducting power cables
in power transmission systems in the future. Only oxide
superconductors are discussed. In order to clarify the possibility
of using SC cables, the Task Force collected and discussed
worldwide background data concerning underground (or undersea)
cables and analyzed the trend of SC cable applications in future
power grids. Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 59
pages , file: 1.5 MB REF. 210 2002 SC 21/15 JTF 21/15 Interfaces in
accessories for extruded HV and EHV cables. Although interfaces in
joints and terminations of extruded HV cables have been identified
as crucial parts, some of the mechanisms related to ageing are not
well understood. For this reason, a task force was set up to study
the behaviour of interfaces between solid insulating materials in
accessories for HV and EHV extruded cables. The results are
reported in this brochure. Member Price: 30 Euros Non member Price:
60 Euros 13 pages , file: 0.835 MB REF. 211 2002 SC 21/22/23/12/13
JTF 23/12/13/21/22.16 General overview on experience feedback
methods in the field of electrical equipment The reliability of
network components and systems is a major concern for manufacturers
of electrical equipment and utilities. Reliability techniques,
derived from the aeronautical and nuclear industries have been used
in the field of electrical systems and have now reached maturity.
Thus CIGRE Committees have considered reliability to be an
important characteristic of network components and reliability is
still the subject of many discussions and exchanges of experience.
Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 25 pages , file:
0.643 MB REF. 218 2003 SC 23/21/33 JWG 23/21/33.15 Gas insulated
transmission lines (GIL) Techical information to be of assistance
in the design of circuits using GIL: definition and description of
GIL; general technical characteristics and their comparison with
O/H lines and conventional cables; continuous and short-term
current rating of directly buried GIL, sensitivity analysis to
design parameters. Insulation and overvoltage aspects from a long
term reliability point of view. Mechanical corrosion and
installation aspects of directly buried GIL. Environment
considerations. Economic aspects. Recent GIL projects and R&D
programmes. Member Price: 70 Euros Non member Price: 140 Euros 261
pages , file: 5.5 MB
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REF. 219 2003 SC 21 WG 21.01 Testing DC extruded cable systems
for power transmission up to 250 kV Tests apply to the complete
HVDC cable system as installed and as intended to function.
Wherever possible the tests have been based on existing
recommendations, standards and practices. New tests have however
been introduced where required by considerations specific to the
new technology. New technology may involve the use of many
different materials such as thermoplastic or cross linked polymers
and differing manufacturing processes. Tests are largely functional
and not specific to one material or manufacturing process. Member
Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 27 pages , file: 0.509
MB REF. 229 2003 SC B1 WG B1.20 High temperature superconducting
(HTS) cable systems. High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) cable
systems seem to promise a number of fascinating advantages for bulk
power transmission. The state of the art of the technology is
presented, with the results of the work of the WG on HTS systems
components and issues of specifications and testing. Many questions
remain still open ,especially about its practical application and
competivity. These issues will have to be studied later when
feed-back experience will be available . Member Price: 40 Euros Non
member Price: 80 Euros 40 pages , file: 0.986 MB REF. 247 2004 SC
B1 WG B1.02 Optimization of power transmission capability of
underground cable systems using thermal monitoring This report is
aimed primarily at the user and reviews the technologies currently
available. Results of a survey provide some indication regarding
the current utilization of both cable temperature monitoring and
dynamic cable rating systems. Some recommendations are proposed in
connection with the application of these systems and identifies
possible future development trends. Member Price: 40 Euros Non
member Price: 80 Euros 80 pages , file: 1.18 MB REF. 250 2004 SC B1
WG B1.19 Technical and environmental issues regarding the
integration of a new HV underground cable system in the network.
The design of underground lines should address the technical and
environmental issues concerning their integration in the
network,during the design, installation, operation and upgrading
stages. WG B1.19 report provides guidelines for the design of
transitions between OHL and underground cables.It deals with land
AC extruded cables, but some sections are applcable to DC and/or
submarine and SCFF cables. One chapter is dedicated to Enviromental
Impact Assessment. It presents an example of of ageneral method for
the evaluation of impacts and offers a typical table of contents
for an environmental evaluation report.K Member Price: 50 Euros Non
member Price: 100 Euros 176 pages , file: 5.169 MB
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REF. 268 2005 SC B1 WG B1.05 Transient voltages affecting long
cables Long cables are subjected to lower lightning overvoltages
than short cables due to the cable self-protective effect. This
paper investigates the possibility of utilizing the full range of
IEC impulse levels instead of the current practice of using the
highest level. Calculated results of lightning overvoltages vs.
impulse levels are provided for a cable inserted in an overhead
line, for a number of cable types and system voltages. It is shown
that for cable lengths that are of tens of kilometers it may
sometimes be possible to even adopt the lowest IEC impulse level.
Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 45 pages , file:
1.25 MB REF. 272 2005 SC B1 WG B1.03 Large cross-sections and
composite screens design. The core of large cross-section HV and
EHV extruded cables are genarally segmental, to reduce losses due
to the skin effect. The TB gives details on both theoritical and
experimental approach, from which the WG could propose
recommendations for evaluating the a.c. resistance of these cores,
to be taken into account when calculating the cable current
carrying capacity. It describes the calculations of losses in
composite screens, combination of a bundle of wires and a metallic
sheath (or a foil) and proposes a method of calculating the
permissible short-circuit current of this kind of metallic screens.
Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros 87 pages , file:
1.56 MB REF. 279 2005 SC B1 WG B1.04 Maintenance for HV cables and
accessories This Technical Brochure is based on the report prepared
by CIGRE WG B1.04. The attention will be focused on the present
utility practices regarding maintenance, the failure modes for the
usual cable systems and the related diagnostic methods, and
recommendations to utilities for effective and efficient
maintenance. One of the main recommendations is that maintenance
should be based on a clear strategy and elaborated in a clear
maintenance plan. Finally the TB indicates that maintenance trends
are moving to so called predictive maintenance. Member Price: 50
Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros 96 pages , file: 1.02 MB REF. 283
2005 SC B1 WG B1.18 Special bonding of high voltage power cables
Special sheath bonding has been used for over 40 years to help
reduce cable system losses. Previous articles in ELECTRA 28, 47 and
128 addressed the subject, however it was considered that certain
issues should be updated in the light of more experience and recent
developments in analytical techniques. The results are published in
this TB. Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros 105
pages , file: 1.62 MB
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REF. 297 2006 SC D1 TF D1.02.05 Practical aspects of the
detection and location of PD in power cables For enhancement of the
reliable operation of power cable networks preventive PD diagnosis
tests are increasingly performed. In order to assess the insulation
condition on the basis of the obtained data, fundamental knowledge
on the PD occurrence is required.The Brochure deals with both
theoritical analysis and experimental studies on the wave
propagation of PD pulses in power cables. Furthermore practical
aspects of the detection and location of PD faults are discussed.
Member Price: 30 Euros Non member Price: 60 Euros 24 pages , file:
1.09 MB REF. 303 2006 SC B1 WG B1.06 Revision of qualification
procedures for high voltage and extra high voltage AC extruded
undergroud cable systems In 2002, WG B1.06 has been launched to
deal with the revision of qualification procedures of underground
HV and EHV cable systems with possible changes in cables or
accessories. WG B1.06 has completed this task in recommending a
simplified "extension of qualification" test procedure for changes
in EHV cable systems. For HV systems, a prequalification procedure
is recommended for cable system design with high stresses when no
earler experience is available. Member Price: 40 Euros Non member
Price: 80 Euros 92 pages , file: 1.73 MB REF. 338 2007 SC B1 WG
B1.07 Statistics of AC Underground Cables in Power Networks
Statistics for currently installed lengths of underground and
overhead circuits are presented. The main technical factors
influencing the cost and complexity of undergrounding are examined,
as are the factors to be considered in evaluating the cost of
overhead or underground connections. Significant cable projects of
the last decade are described. Details of cable type, installation
methods and reasons for their choice are given. Member Price: 60
Euros Non member Price: 120 Euros 148 pages , file: 5.2 MB REF. 347
2008 SC B1 TF B1.26 Earth Potential Rises in specially bonded
Screen Systems Earth Potential Rise occurring in underground
systems during phase-to-earth faults should be considered when
designing specially bonded systems. The most vulnerable cable
systems are those connected to overhead lines and those connected
into substations having high earthing impedances. Detailed
calculation of EPR being complex, simplified methods are reported,
which may be sufficient to detect potential problem systems, for
internal (cable) and external faults. Member Price: 60 Euros Non
member Price: 120 Euros 98 pages , file: 3 MB
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REF. 351 2008 SC B3/B1 JWG B3/B1.09 Application of Long High
Capacity Gas Insulated Lines The brochure gives information on the
application of long high capacity Gas-Insulated Lines (GIL) in
structures like bridges or tunnels. It is written as a guide for
technical experts but can also be used for general information on
GIL technology. It explains the planning steps and requirements
concerning route planning and the possibilities and limits given by
the GIL. Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 108
pages , file: 6 MB REF. 358 2008 SC B1 WG B1.09 Remaining Life
Management of existing AC Underground Lines Practical guidelines
are given to perform "remaining life management" on HV cables. The
methodology for these guidelines is based on a combination of
technical, economical and strategical criteria, resulting in
recommendations about cable replacement or life extension program.
In 7 case studies the proposed methodology is applied on practical
cases to demonstrate the feasibility. Member Price: 40 Euros Non
member Price: 80 Euros 126 pages , file: 6.3 MB REF. 379 2009 SC B1
SC B1 Update of Service Experience of HV Underground and Submarine
Cable Systems A survey has been carried out recently to collect and
analyse data relating to the installed quantities of AC and DC
underground and submarine cable systems, rated at 60 kV and above,
and their service experience and performance. Failure and typical
repair times are given, as well as trends in cable and accessory
technology and changes in modes of installation. Member Price: 60
Euros Non member Price: 120 Euros 86 pages , file: 1.3 MB REF. 398
2009 SC B1 WG B1.21 Third-Party Damage to Underground and Submarine
Cables Most cable failures are caused by third parties. To reduce
themain threats to underground and submarine cables, the TBproposes
to define a Cable Protection Index, which is a rela-tive number
indicating which cables are most exposed to third-party damage and
gives guidelines for setting up a risk reduc-tion process. Member
Price: 55 Euros Non member Price: 110 Euros 118 pages , file: 3.23
MB
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REF. 403 2010 SC B1 WG B1.08 Cable Systems in Multi-purpose or
Shared Structures HV and EHV cable systems are increasingly being
installed in tunnels and bridges. Often they share these structures
with other utilities. Shared structures offer some unique
opportunities for route selection as well as reducing cost and time
required for project implementation. However, the management of
access, maintenance and repairs could be more complicated. The
technical, administrative and legal issues to be considered during
the planning and construction phases are discussed in detail.
Examples of existing installations are included in the TB. Member
Price: 100 Euros Non member Price: 200 Euros 158 pages , file: 4.9
MB REF. 415 2010 SC B1 WG B1.24 Test Procedures for HV Transition
Joints for Rated Voltages 30kV (Um=36kV) up to 500kV (Um=550kV)
Large numbers of old underground cable systems are made with
paper-insulated cables whilst the majority of newly produced cables
have extruded insulation. This introduces the need for jointing the
two kinds of cables with suitable transition joints. Currently no
IEC document specifies requirements for testing these devices. The
TB reviews the range of transition joints currently available and
recommends tests to prove their development, design, manufacturing
and installation. Member Price: 20 Euros Non member Price: 40 Euros
32 pages , file: 0.703 MB REF. 446 2011 SC B1 WG B1.25 Advanced
design of metal laminated coverings: recommendation for tests,
guide to use, operational feed back Due to environmental
restrictions, advanced laminate coverings are preferred to lead
sheath to cover High Voltage extruded cables. The WG B1.25 has
taken advantage of an operation survey in 13 countries to establish
a recommendation for tests and a guide to use these advanced
laminate coverings, where several layers of plain (not corrugated)
metal and plastic materials are bonded together to get a special
set of properties. It replaces Electra 141 (1992). Member Price: 50
Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros 67 pages , file: 9.32 MB
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2.6 B2 - Overhead lines
REF. 048 1995 SC 22 WG 22.06 Tower top geometry. The study is to
define clearances between live conductors and earthed structures
under the action of wind. This case is particularly significant for
suspension towers equipped with I-type suspension insulator sets.
In addition to insulator swing the following requirements may also
affect the tower top geometry : Clearances between conductors in
mid-span; Provisions for conductor galloping and Distances for live
line maintenance. Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros
48 pages , file: 2.14 MB REF. 081 1994 SC 22 WG 22.07 Foundation
testing With the change in design philosophy from a deterministic
to a probabilistic approach, the necessity for determining the
strength distribution for individual components of an overhead
transmission line has increased. The report gives recommendations
on the procedures to be undertaken during the testing of
foundations from the initial planning stage through to test
evaluation and acceptance. Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price:
100 Euros 59 pages , file: 2.22 MB REF. 085 1994 SC 38 WG 38.04
Ultra high voltage technology. The brochure presents the state of
the art of UHV technology with focus on : UHV system planning,
performance and reliability aspects; UHV transmission lines; UHV
substations and equipment; UHV testing facilities and new
technology. Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 31
pages , file: 2.65 MB REF. 109 1996 SC 22 WG 22.06 Review of IEC
826 : Loading and strength of overhead lines The brochure comprises
4 different chapters : 1) Questionnaire on use and application of
IEC 826; 2) Application example of IEC 826; 3) Analysis of recent
transmission line failures; 4) Improved design criteria of overhead
transmission lines based on reliability concept. Member Price: 50
Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros 140 pages , file: 5.16 MB
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REF. 110 1996 SC 21/22 JWG 21/22.01 Comparison of high voltage
overhead lines and underground cables. Report and Guidelines. It is
intended that these guidelines will serve as a reference document
when overhead and underground options for transmission circuits are
being compared and when possible routes are being negotiated with
the relevant authorities. The comparison is made under the
following headings : system planning and operation, environmental,
technical, cost and future perspectives. Member Price: 40 Euros Non
member Price: 80 Euros 68 pages , file: 3.82 MB REF. 141 1999 SC 22
WG 22.07 Refurbishment and upgrading of foundations. This report
provides an outline of good practice on the refurbishment and
upgrading of existing overhead transmission line support
foundations. Possible reasons for foundation deterioration are
reviewed, which may result from such diverses causes as early-age
concrete cracking to damage by frost forces. the critical nature of
the inspection and testing strategy are considered, with attention
focussed on the economics of the inspection/testing regime, the use
of alternative strategies and the different levels of foundation
inspection together with the actual inspection test methods. Member
Price: 60 Euros Non member Price: 120 Euros 160 pages , file: 104
MB REF. 147 1999 SC 22 WG 22.14 High voltage overhead lines.
Environmental concerns, procedures, impacts and mitigations
Electricity utilities involved in transmission development,
maintenance and operation face increasingly severe challenges as a
result of heightened environmental awareness, more comprehansive
legislation and standards and growing public expectations and
concerns.These trends will have a major influence on the approach
of companies to the management of both new projects and existing
transmission assets. Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100
Euros 104 pages , file: 110 MB REF. 174 2000 SC 22 WG 22.06 Load
control devices on overhead transmission lines. Electricity
utilities need to design overhead lines to withstand potential
cascade failures of towers which could occur as a result of
exceptional icing or rupture of conductors. Some utilities simply
design the lines with section towers at frequent intervals and
other utilities use special devices called 'load control devices'
(LCD) the function of which is to limit the stresses applied to the
towers in cases of exceptional longitudinal loads. Member Price: 40
Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 20 pages , file: 0.334 MB
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REF. 175 2000 SC 22 WG 22.13 Management of existing overhead
transmission lines. Can you answer the following questions : Can
you quantitatively justify investments in you O/H transmission
system ? Can you predict the probability of you next O/H
transmission line failure event ? Do you collect the right data
when you have a failure event ? Do you know the present capability
of you OHTL components ? Could you manage these data effectively if
you did collect them ? Member Price: 60 Euros Non member Price: 120
Euros 185 pages , file: 2 MB REF. 178 2001 SC 22 WG 22.06
Probabilistic design of overhead transmission lines Companion
document to "Improved design criteria of overhead transmission
lines based on reliability concepts". Contains the technical
background of reliability based design in more detail. An output of
CIGRE WG22.06 involved in reliability based design of overhead
transmission lines for many years. Member Price: 50 Euros Non
member Price: 100 Euros 124 pages , file: 1.6 MB REF. 179 2001 SC
22 TF 22.06.01 Guidelines for field measurement of ice loadings on
overhead power line conductors When criteria for ice loading on
overhead transmission lines are established, experiences from
existing lines and line networks are of great economical value.
This document describes the importance of such data and procedures
for collecting them. Guidelines for company routines as well as
recommendations for tools, training and observation procedures are
given. Includes two sets of observation forms : for collecting
fundamental and accurate information on ice loadings and shedding
on various conductor types and a simplified set for collecting
basic information. Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80
Euros 28 pages , file: 0.415 MB REF. 184 2001 SC 22 WG 22.03
Composite insulator handling guide With a view to preventing
failures this documents serves to describe how critical damage can
occur in the field and the measures that should be taken to avoid
such damage. Typical problems are illustrated to show the defects
that can be introduced by inappropriate treatment and construction
practices, to indicate the possible long term effects of such
defects and to assist in their identification to facilitate the
rigourous inspection of composite insulators prior to line
commissioning. Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 25
pages , file: 13.8 MB
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REF. 196 2001 SC 22 WG 22.08 Diaphragms for Lattice Steel
Supports Following a review of the available standards worldwide,
it became obvious to the WG there was little definitive
documentation addressing the application, design or requirement for
horizontal diaphragms (plan bracing) within lattice steel
supports.SC22 compiled a questionnaire concerning the design
"rules" currently employed within the industry addressing its scope
to self-supporting and guyed lattice steel supports. 21 responses
were received and are published in this brochure. Member Price: 40
Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 134 pages , file: 5.4 MB REF. 206
2002 SC 22 WG 22.07 The design of transmission line support
foundations - an overview. Transmission line foundations provide
the interlinking component between the support and in-situ soil
and/or rock. The interrelationship between the support type and the
applied foundation loadings are considered, together with the
methods of determining the engineering properties of the in-situ
soil and/or rock. Two principal categories of foundations have been
considered: separate and compact. The major types applicable to
each category are reviewed e.g. monoblock, spead, drilled shaft,
pile, anchor, direct embedment of poles, etc Member Price: 40 Euros
Non member Price: 80 Euros 75 pages , file: 3.4 MB REF. 207 2002 SC
22 WG 22.12 Thermal behaviour of overhead conductors. In most
countries the demand for electric power is constantly increasing,
and there is a corresponding requirement to increase the power
transferred by transmission and distribution lines. A solution
would be to build new lines, but this may not be feasible on
account of economic or environmental considerations. Hence, there
may be pressure to increase the load transfer capacity of both new
and old lines. Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 45
pages , file: 1.37 MB REF. 211 2002 SC 21/22/23/12/13 JTF
23/12/13/21/22.16 General overview on experience feedback methods
in the field of electrical equipment The reliability of network
components and systems is a major concern for manufacturers of
electrical equipment and utilities. Reliability techniques, derived
from the aeronautical and nuclear industries have been used in the
field of electrical systems and have now reached maturity. Thus
CIGRE Committees have considered reliability to be an important
characteristic of network components and reliability is still the
subject of many discussions and exchanges of experience. Member
Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 25 pages , file: 0.643
MB
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REF. 216 2002 SC 22 WG 22.12 Joints on transmission line
conductors: field testing and replacement criteria Description of
the tests currently available to determine the condition of joints
in order to establish their quality and ability for a reliable and
continuing service especially when an increase in electrical load
is expected. For example when increasing the operating temperature
of a line. It should be noted that this is not exclusive to ACSR
joints. Member Price: 30 Euros Non member Price: 60 Euros 8 pages ,
file: 0.485 MB REF. 230 2003 SC B2 TF B2.08.01 Assessment of
existing overhead line supports. Results of a questionnaire
comparing worldwide information about practices on assessment of
all types of existing overhead line supports: inspection
techniques, causes and types of defects and management criteria to
undertake actions, especially routine maintenance, repaire, life
extension, refurbishment and upgrading of supports. Includes: self
supporting lattice steel structures; guyed lattice steel
structures; self supporting hollow steel section structures; steel
poles; concrete poles, wood poles. Member Price: 50 Euros Non
member Price: 100 Euros 260 pages , file: 8.3 MB REF. 244 2004 SC
B2 WG B2.12 Conductors for the uprating of overhead lines Methods
for increasing the thermal rating of existing overhead transmission
lines : weather data and load profiles fed into computer programs -
real-time monitoring - re-assessment of electrical clearances under
an existing line - replacement of existing conductors, Member
Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 50 pages , file: 0.769
MB REF. 251 2004 SC B2 WG B2.11 The mechanical behaviour of
conductors and fittings (CD + Brochure) The Brochure compiles work
previously published on the behaviour of conductors and fittings,
as spacers and space dampers.Futures updates are planned when new
information will be available. paper +CD Member Price: 50 Euros Non
member Price: 100 Euros pages , file: MB
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REF. 256 2004 SC B2 WG B2.16 Current Practices regarding
frequencies and magnitude of high intensity winds The technical
brochure focuses on the description of the extreme meteorological
events and provides their main characteristics. A review of the
overhead lines design rules is given. Member Price: 40 Euros Non
member Price: 80 Euros 48 pages , file: 2.517 MB REF. 265 2005 SC
B2 WG B2.15 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for overhead lines This BT
presents a broad examination of LCA and LCA methodologies. A
summary is given on how LCA developed and how it is classified and
outlined in the ISO 14040 series. Included is a full review of work
done in Scandinavian countries on LCA. An explanation and
comparison is provided on various LCA software packages, and some
studies dealing with the overhead line as a system are included.
Finally conclusions and recommendations are presented. Member
Price: 95 Euros Non member Price: 190 Euros 168 pages , file: 2 MB
REF. 273 2005 SC B2 TF B2.11.04 Overhead conductor safe design
tension with respect to Aeolian vibrations The TB deals with
"Overhead conductor safe design tension with respect to Aeolian
vibrations". Part one considers single unarmored, unprotected
conductors of the most common types. Part two deals with single
conductor lines protected by means of Stockbridge-type vibration
dampers set up at span extremities. Part three deals with bundled
conductor lines ( twin horizontal bundles, triple apex-down bundles
and quad horizontal bundles) Member Price: 40 Euros Non member
Price: 80 Euros 42 pages , file: 0.96 MB REF. 274 2005 SC B2 WG
B2.15 Consultation models for overhead line projects. The TB
examines "best practice" consultation approaches for overhead line
projects, to provide a reference for those invoved in delivering
projects in challenging circumstances. Five detailed cases studies
are included with the findings of an international survey of "best
practice" approaches.The nature of consultations, legislative
requirements, timescales, impact of market restructuring, society
expectations, use of new technologies and consultation requirements
associated with international financing are examined. In
concluding, key ingredients for success are identified. Member
Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 51 pages , file: 4.07
MB
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REF. 275 2005 SC C4 WG C4.2.02 Methods for measuring the earth
resistance of transmission towers equipped of earth wires. The
Technical Brochure reports the responses from a questionnaire
regarding this subject some years ago.The used methods are
described and analysed.Their pros and cons are discussed. The
widely used method based on injected high frequency current has
been theoritically analysed. Member Price: 30 Euros Non member
Price: 60 Euros 19 pages , file: 0.75 MB REF. 277 2005 SC B2 WG
B2.11 State of the art survey on spacers and spacer dampers The
Technical Brochure presents a general description of the different
types of spacers and spacer dampers used on overhead transmission
lines with bundled conductors. The material requirement is reviewed
and also the different types of clamping systems currently used.
Mechanical, dynamic, electrical and environmental design
characteristics are covered. The state of the art survey includes a
review of the actual experience gained with current practice and
the results of a questionnaire summarising the most common problems
occurring. Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 51
pages , file: 1.14 MB REF. 278 2005 SC B2 WG B2.06 The influence of
line configuration on environment impacts of electrical origin The
aim of the TB is to show how different design parameters of
overhead lines affect on electrical impacts and the way to reduce
these impacts by using appropriate parameters. The design
parameters considered are the phase configuration, the number and
diameter of sub-conducts per each phase, the phase to phase
distance and the clearance to ground. The impacts include electric
and magnetic fields, radio interference and audible noise. Member
Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 57 pages , file: 1.08 MB
REF. 281 2005 SC B2 WG B2.07 Design and Installation of micropiles
and ground anchors for OHL support foudations The overview of
micropiles and anchors is written to provide advice and information
to generalist overhead line engineers as well as to specialist
foundations engineers. For the former the TB describes the
foundations and explains their advantages. For the latter it
provides information, data and references covering all aspects of
design and construction. Also included are many
photographsillus