CASHEW WEEK Volume 16 | Issue 45 · CASHEW WEEK Volume 16 | Issue 45 18-20 February, 2016 Al Bustan Rotana, Dubai DATES MARKMARK YOUR DATES 7th Golden Cashew Rendezvous Vietnam (GCR-2015)

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Volume 16 | Issue 45 CASHEW WEEK

18-20 February, 2016

Al Bustan Rotana, Dubai

DATES

MARKMARKYOUR

DATES

th7 Golden Cashew Rendezvous Vietnam (GCR-2015)

VINACAS Silver Jubilee (1990 - 2015)

November 22-24, 2015 - Ho Chi Minh City - Vietnam

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Dear Readers,

Greetings and best wishes!

We are extremely pleased to bring

this special issue of Cashew Week to

you on the occasion of the 7th Golden

Cashew Rendezvous 2015 from 22 – 24

November 2015 in Ho Chi Minh City,

Vietnam. I congratulate and compliment

the government of Vietnam, VINACAS

and the entire Vietnam cashew commu-

nity for ensuring continued leadership

of Vietnam in global cashew exports for

nearly a decade and crossing USD two billion in export revenues for the sec-

ond consecutive year. Principal drivers of Vietnam success are (a) long-term

partnerships with key RCN suppliers such as Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Cambodia

and others; (b) continuous innovation in processing technologies aimed at

reducing costs and improving quality; (c) targeted approach towards cater-

ing to kernel buyers requirements through bilateral agreements such as the

one signed between Vietnam and Australia, Russia and Egypt to mention a

few and (d) a programme to improve productivity of raw cashews.

The 7th Golden Cashew Rendezvous themed as “Vietnam Cashew Industry

towards Cleaner & Green Production”. Considering the raising global aware-

ness with regards to hygiene and food safety, VINACAS has chosen the right

theme for discussion. VINACAS is also celebrating its silver jubilee year.

Cashewinfo.com extends its best wishes to VINACAS and the entire cashew

fraternity!

I take this opportunity to thank the experts – Prof. Peter M L Masawe,

Cashew nut Board of Tanzania, Mr Olusegun Awolowo, CEO of NEPC, Dr P

L Saroj and Dr M G Nayak of ICAR-DCR and Dr Lakshmana of AHRS-Ullal for

sharing their insights in this issue. I thank the team at CashewInfo for their

efforts in bringing out this special edition. Hope you find the edition useful

for your business. We welcome your comments and suggestions.

Good luck and best wishes

G Srivatsava

President

Foretell Business Solutions Pvt Ltd,

Bangalore, India

PRESIDENTG Srivatsava

VICE PRESIDENTVinayak Meharwade

RESEARCH TEAMVenkatraman SChandana Shiv

MARKETINGSwapnaMinu S

RaviMaria Krupa C

DESIGNERK. RadhikaJ. Praveen

DATA SUPPORTShiva Kumar

GajendraSanjay

PUBLISHING OFFICEForetell Business Solutions Pvt Ltd

#146, 1-2 Floor, Gopal TowersRamaiah Street, HAL Airport Road,

Kodihalli, Bangalore - 560008

Tel: + 9180 25276152/53Fax: + 9180 25276154

Email: [email protected]@commodityindia.com

Web: www.cashewinfo.com www.fbspl.com


VIETNAM CASHEW ASSOCIATION

Press Release

The 7th Golden Cashew Rendezvous Vietnam 2015“Vietnam Cashew Industry towards Cleaner & Green Producti on”

In the framework of 2015’s Vietnam Nati onal trade promoti on programmes, under the support of Vietnam’s Ministry of Industry and Trade (MoIT), Vietnam Cashew Associati on (VINACAS) in collaborati on with MoIT’s Vietrade to organize the 7th Golden Cashew Rendezvous 2015 from 22 – 24 November 2015 in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. The 7th Golden Cashew Rendezvous themed as “Vietnam Cashew Industry towards Cleaner & Green Producti on”.

Knowing that, two years aft er Vietnam became the world leading cashew exporter in 2008, the 1st Golden Cashew Ren-dezvous was held in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam and has become one of the most important global cashew events.

The 7th Golden Cashew Rendezvous welcomes the excellent att endance of dignitaries from Vietnam’s Ministries and Local Authoriti es, leaders from Internati onal Nut & Dried fruit Council (INC), Chairman of Global Cashew Council (GCC), President of the Associati on of Food Industries (AFI) of the United States, Chairman of Chinese Tree nut Associati on, Chairman of African Cashew Alliance (ACA), Ivorian Cott on & Cashew Council (CCA), Tanzania Cashewnut Board (CBT), Chairpeople of cashew associati ons (in Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Benin, Tanzania, etc). The Rendezvous att racts the parti ci-pati on of more than 300 worldwide cashew stakeholders, including 65% overseas businesses from over 30 countries all over the world.

Themed "Vietnam Cashew Industry towards Cleaner & Green Producti on", VINACAS would like to share Vietnam’s out-standing latest achievements in cashew processing with worldwide customers in additi on with the VINACAS’ vision towards "Cleaner and green producti on - high quality and food safety product - environmental protecti on" for the sus-tainable development of Vietnam cashew industry.

The 7th Golden Cashew Rendezvous 2015 is a good opportunity for all overseas cashew stakeholders to meet in a struc-ture manner including: the 3rd Vietnam - African Cashew Forum; the 2nd Forum “Vietnam Cashew Value” (Cashew health benefi t educati onal programme - domesti c consumpti on boost); Satellite meeti ng on Global cashew market 2015/2016; Sci-Tech seminar & Vietnam Cashew Exhibiti on “Vietnam Cashew Industry towards Cleaner & Green Producti on”, etc.

In 2014, all Vietnam-based cashew factories processed 1.2 million metric tons of raw cashew nuts and exported a vol-ume of over 300,000 metric tons of cashew kernels to earn USD 2.2 billion of export turnovers, including USD 2 billion of cashew kernels. Vietnam successfully remained its world leading cashew kernel exporti ng positi on for the 9th consec-uti ve year.

Within 10 months of 2015, Vietnam conti nued growing in export of cashew, while other major agro-products of Vietnam faced unexpected declines. According to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MoARD), Vietnam exported

Date: 05 November 2015

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272,000 metric tons of cashew kernels with the export turnover of USD 1.97 billions, increased by percent in volume and increased by 18 percent in value over the same period last year. According to the MoARD’s forecast, Vietnam’s export turnover of all cashew products will reach a new record USD 2.5 billion, including USD 2.3 billion from export of cashew kernels this year. As a result, Vietnam would consolidate its share of 50 percent global cashew trade in 2015 (approx. USD 5 billion). Vietnam cashew kernel exporters would lead the world cashew industry for the 10th consecutive year.

Vietnam’s incredible cashew kernel export results are the most precious gift to celebrate the VINACAS’ Silver Jubilee, the important event which is marking the 25th anniversary of establishment, growth and development of Vietnam cashew industry. Actually all cashew processors, exporters were heroes who completed great performance with their huge ef-forts against the big difficulties of economic and financial crisis and the market’s zigzags.

In 2016, Vietnam Cashew Association (VINACAS) together with all cashew stakeholders are looking towards the revolu-tion in cashew production of higher value added products, cleaner and green production and boosting domestic con-

sumption for the export target of USD 2.7 billion.

Vietnam Cashew Association (VINACAS)Founded in 1990, Vietnam Cashew Association (VINACAS) is a socio-professional organization of all economic sectors and individual operating in Vietnam in fields of producing, growing, processing, importing, exporting, trading, consuming of cashew nuts and by-products of cashew trees. VINACAS is established to gather, unite and support its members in production and business activities. VINACAS tries its best to protect the legitimate legal rights of its members and to recommend its members to follow the guidelines, policies and laws of the State and the international commitments aimed at improvement of Vietnam cashew product quality, protection of brand and reputation of Vietnam cashew nut, and preservation of the sustainable development of Vietnam cashew industry and contributing to the country’s socio-economic development.

Address: 135 Pasteur, Ward 6, Dist. 3, HCMC, VietnamTel: 083 8242136 – Fax: 083 8242138

Email: [email protected] ; [email protected] www.vinacas.com.vn

PIC: Mr. Nguyen Dinh Truong (Cell: 0917 888 148)


VIETNAM CASHEW ASSOCIATION

Ngày phát hành: 05/11/2015

Thông cáo báo chí:

Hi ngh iu quc t VN ln th 7 nm 2015 “Ngành iu Vit Nam hng ti sn xut sch hn”

Trong khuôn kh chng trình XTTMQG 2015, c s bo tr ca B Công

Thng, t ngày 22 - 24/11/2015 ti Tp. H Chí Minh, Hip hi iu Vit Nam

(VINACAS) phi hp vi Cc Xúc tin Thng mi (B Công Thng) t chc

Hi ngh iu quc t VN ln th 7 nm 2015. Ch ca Hi ngh nm nay là:

“Ngành iu Vit Nam hng ti sn xut sch hn”.

c t chc ln u tiên vào nm 2008, ch 2 nm sau khi Vit Nam tr thành

quc gia xut khu iu nhân hàng u th gii, Hi ngh iu Quc t ti Vit Nam là s kin quan trng ca cng ng doanh nghip iu trên th gii.

Tham d Hi ngh iu quc t VN ln th 7 có các v lãnh o B Ngành TW và

a phng, lãnh o Hi ng ht qu khô quc t (INC), Ch tch Hi ng iu

toàn cu (GCC), Ch tch Hip hi công nghip thc phm Hoa K (AFI), Ch tch Hip hi ht Trung Quc, Ch tch Liên hip hi iu châu Phi (ACA), Hi ng bông và ht iu B Bin Ngà (CCA), Ban ht iu Tanzania (CBT), Ch tch Hip hi iu các nc (B Bin Ngà, Nigeria, Benin, Tanzania, ,…). Hi ngh có trên 300 i biu doanh nghip iu tham d, bao gm 65% doanh nghip

nc ngoài n t trên 30 quc gia trên th gii.

Vi ch chính ca Hi ngh nm nay là “Ngành iu Vit Nam hng ti sn

xut sch hn”, VINACAS s thông tin cho khách hàng nhng thành tu ni bt trong ch bin iu ca Vit Nam thi gian va qua và thông tin ti khách hàng

nh hng chin lc phát trin bn vng ca ngành ch bin iu Vit Nam là

“sn xut xanh và sch hn, em n nhng sn phm t cht lng cao, an toàn

v sinh thc phm và bo v môi trng”.

Trong khuôn kh ca Hi ngh, VINACAS t chc các bui giao lu và i thoi song phng gia các doanh nghip iu trong nc và quc t nh: Din àn hp

tác phát trin iu Vit Nam - châu Phi ln th 3; Din àn “Giá tr iu Vit Nam” ln th 2 (Chng trình qung bá giá tr dinh dng ht iu và kích cu

tiêu dùng trong nc); Ta àm v th trng iu quc t và d báo; Hi tho

công ngh “Ngành iu Vit Nam hng ti sn xut sch hn”; Trin lãm iu

VN 2015,…

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Address: 135 Pasteur, Ward 6, Dist. 3, HCMC, VietnamTel: 083 8242136 – Fax: 083 8242138

Email: [email protected] ; [email protected] www.vinacas.com.vn

PIC: Mr. Nguyen Dinh Truong (Cell: 0917 888 148)

Nm 2014, các doanh nghip ngành iu Vit Nam ch bin c 1,2 triu tn iu

thô, xut khu c trên 300.000 tn iu nhân, vi kim ngch xut khu t 2,2 t USD, bao gm 2 t USD iu nhân, còn li là các sn phm ph ca iu. ây là

nm th 9 liên tip ngành iu Vit Nam gi v trí hàng u th gii v xut khu

iu nhân.

10 tháng u nm 2015, xut khu iu tip tc à tng trng trong bi cnh hu

ht các mt hàng nông sn ch lc ca nc ta u gim sút. Theo B Nông

nghip và Phát trin nông thôn, 10 tháng u nm 2015 s lng nhân iu xut khu ca Vit Nam t 272.000 tn, t kim ngch xut khu 1,97 t USD, tng

6% v lng và tng trên 18% v giá tr so vi cùng k nm ngoái. D báo c nm

2015, xut khu iu ca Vit Nam s t 2,5 t USD, trong ó nhân iu 2,3 t USD - cao nht t trc n nay. Vi kt qu này, nm 2015 Vit Nam s tip tc

duy trì th phn trên 50% tng giá tr thng mi nhân iu toàn cu (khong 5 t USD). Nm 2015 cng là nm th 10 liên tip ngành iu Vit Nam gi v trí hàng

u th gii v xut khu nhân iu.

Thông tin này c nhân thêm nim vui gp bi khi nm nay là nm ánh du 25

nm trng thành và phát trin ca ngành iu Vit Nam. Nhng kt qu sn xut kinh doanh iu thi gian qua cho thy c gng rt ln ca các doanh nghip ch bin, xut khu ht iu, nht là trong bi cnh nn kinh t còn gp rt nhiu khó

khn, sc mua trên th trng th gii gim.

Nm 2016, Hip hi iu Vit Nam (VINACAS) s tip tc ng hành cùng

doanh nghip, khuyn khích ch bin sâu, sn xut xanh, sch hn, phát trin th trng ni a a giá tr thng mi ca toàn ngành lên khong 2,7 t USD.

Hip hi iu Vit Nam

c thành lp vào nm 1990 theo Quyt nh s 346 NN -TCCB/Q ngày 29 tháng 11 nm 1990 ca B Nông nghip và Công nghip Thc phm (nay là B NN và PT Nông thôn), Hip hi iu Vit Nam (VINACAS) là t chc xã hi - ngh nghip ca các t chc thuc các thành phn kinh t và các cá nhân làm nhim v: trng, ch bin, tiêu th, kinh doanh ht iu và các sn phm, dch v liên quan n cây iu; t nguyn thành lp Hip hi nhm mc ích tp hp, oàn kt, h tr ln nhau trong hot ng sn xut kinh doanh và dch v, bo v quyn li hp pháp chính áng ca hi viên, giúp nhau cùng phát trin, khuyn ngh hi viên nghiêm chnh thc hin các ch trng, chính sách pháp lut ca Nhà nc và các cam kt quc t nhm nâng cao cht lng sn phm, bo v uy tín thng hiu ca ngành iu, ngành iu phát trin bn vng, có v trí xng áng trong và ngoài nc góp phn vào công cuc phát trin kinh t - xã hi ca t nc.


TABLE OF CONTENS8

NEPC Increasing the Value of Nigerian Cashew Nuts in the Global Market

10Cashew Rehabilitation and Disease Control in Tanzania

Prof. Peter A.L. Masawe, Cashew Value Chain Specialist

13High Density Orcharding in Cashew

Prof. P.L. Saroj and Dr. M.G. Nayak, ICAR-Directorate of Cashew Research, Puttur

15Research on High Yielding Cashew Varieties in Karnataka

Dr. Lakshmana, Professor & Head, Agricultural & Horticultural Research Station , Ullal

17 Special Edition of Cashew Week

CashewInfo.com

30nanoSorterHamsa: A Launch to Remember

31Indian Challenges: Indigenous Solutions

nanopix

32Automatic Cashew Nut Shelling Machine

Khedkar Tech

34Operation of Various Air Dryers

Dinesh

www.cashewinfo.com8

NEPC Increasing the Value of Nigerian Cashew Nuts in the Global Market

Nigeria is one of the top Raw Cashew Nut (RCN) pro-

ducing countries in the world. With production figure

of about 200,000 metric tonnes per annum, it is one

of the largest producers in Africa, and 6th largest in

the world. Nigerian cashew nuts have been of high

demand in recent times due to quality improvement

programme put in place by the government of Nigeria

and the private sector. Some of the programmes put

in place as part of efforts to address quality issues and

increase production include;

Cashew Export Development Strategy

As part of a broader strategy to position Nigeria as a

major supplier of cashew nut and to attract investment

in cashew processing to Nigeria, the Nigerian Export

Promotion Council (NEPC) collaborated with USAID/

NEXTT (Nigeria Expanded Trade and Transport) project

to develop a framework for Cashew export develop-

ment strategy for cashew value chain. The main thrusts

of this framework include;

I. Quality improvements of RCN (farm-level support

for farmers)

II. Food safety and quality standards - provide capaci-

ty for processing companies on food safety, quality

assurance and other technical issues as support for

ACA seal.

III. Market development and promotion – provide

linkage for exporters with overseas market.

IV. Incentive support for the Cashew Industry through

advocacy and public-private sector working group.

V. Trade information and statistics generation and

production of relevant market intelligence reports-

market information and statistical materials for

relevant stakeholders.

National Strategic Export Programme: This

programme targets 13 Products with prospect of in-

creasing non-oil revenue. Cashew has been selected as

one of the 13 priority products for export development

and promotion with a view to increasing Nigeria`s non-

oil export revenue. The resultant effect is the attention

by the government to provide interventions in the

value chain.

Agricultural Transformation Agenda: Cashew is one of

the transformation crops under the agricultural trans-

formation Agenda of Government of Nigeria. Under

this programme, Nigerian farmers have access to

improved seedlings and subsidized fertilizer/herbicide

to enhance the productivity of the crop and indeed

increase yield per hectare.

Capacity Building Programme: Since his assumption

of office in late 2013, the CEO of NEPC, Mr. Olusegun

Awolowo has encouraged intensive training of cashew

farmers and processors with a view to improving the

quality of the cashew nut count, KOR and packaging. A

large number of stakeholders in the sector have ben-

efited from the training programmes, as he advances

collaboration and partnership in achieving results for

the sector. In line with this approach, NEPC has joined

the African Cashew Alliance(ACA) Board, an Advisory

membership which is the highest decision making

organ of the international body. By this action, Nigeria

is poised to take maximum advantage of the benefits

offered by ACA including training of cashew farmers/

processors and policies for cashew. As expected, ACA

has undertaken training of farmers and processors, all

resulting in improvements in the quality of Nigerian

cashew nuts and kernels. NEPC attended its first ever

ACA Board Meeting in Maputo, Mozambique last

September.

NEPC has been collaborated with the National Cashew


Association of Nigeria (NCAN) to organise training for

cashew farmers. One such trainings took place in Kogi

State in 2014 where cashew farmers, produce inspec-

tors, extension officers, buying agents,

marketers and enforcement officers, and officials of

government agencies were trained on good agricultur-

al practices, good storage and warehousing practices,

good packaging and handling practices. Participants

were also trained on the best practices in drying, using

dedicated platforms built around cluster based facili-

ties. Farmers were trained on how to carry out quality

testing on cashew especially on moisture, outturn

and nut count. All these are geared towards achieving

increased cashew productivity and quality. The resul-

tant effect is the increase in the quality of cashew nuts

and improved peelability of the kernels. According to

the President of NCAN, Mr. Tola Faseru, ‘the Nigerian

cashew nuts is becoming one of the best in the world

as our cashew nuts in 2014, reached consistently

51lbs/80kg, with nut count of around 180-185 per kg’.

Nigerian Cashew Quality

In terms of packaging of raw cashew nuts, presently, all

RCN arriving Lagos, the port of export, must be packed

in jute bags. Enforcement officers have been deployed

at strategic cashew transport routes and mandated to

enforce the regulation.

Based on these quality improvement programmes, the

Nigerian cashew nuts have been attracting buyers from

all over the world. For example, in 2013, NCAN signed

a Memorandum of Association(MOU) with VINACAS,

the Vietnamese cashew association for the export of

80,000 metric tons of cashew nuts to Vietnam. Inter-

estingly, Vietnam import of cashew nuts from Nigeria

in 2014 was 106,695 representing 13.4 percent of

Vietnam total cashew nuts import. India, on the other

hand, imported 25,875 metric tons in 2014 valued

at $25,17million(cashew info October 2015). All put

together, Nigeria exported 132, 570 tons of cashew in

2014 to Vietnam and India. From January to Septem-

ber 2015, India has already imported 43,893 metric

tons of Nigerian cashew nuts worth $51.7million repre-

senting about 75 percent increase in volume terms.

According to Mr. Bach of the Vinacontrol of Vietnam,

(Vietnamese Quality Inspection Company) the quality

of cashew imported from Nigeria improved signifi-

cantly in the last three years. The increase in trade

between Nigeria and her trading partners in Raw

Cashew Nut trade attests to increase in quality of the

Nigerian cashew nuts. Buyers and importers now per-

ceive Nigerian cashew nuts as good quality in terms of

nut count, outturn, peelability and use of appropriate

packaging material (jute bag).

The Nigerian Export Promotion Council whose man-

date is to spearhead the promotion of Nigeria’s non-oil

export will continue to champion quality improvement

in all our exportable products to ensure that our prod-

ucts meet our customers’ expectations.

www.cashewinfo.com10

Cashew Rehabilitation and Disease Control in Tanzania

Prof. Peter A.L. Masawe, Cashew Value Chain Specialist

Cashew is one of the leading export crops in Tanzania in terms of foreign exchange earnings. It is also the main source of cash income to over 2.5 m people in Mtwara and Lindi regions in south-ern Tanzania. Cashew is also traditionally grown in other regions of Ruvuma Coast, Tanga

and recently in non-traditional cashew growing areas like Dodoma, Singida, Iringa, Mbeya and others.

In early 1990s many cashew orchards were abandoned because of low productivity due to a number of factors, among them was outbreak of diseases and low farm gate prices, which made cashew farming to be uneconomical to poor resource farmers. However, the development of cost effective socially acceptable disease control strategies and introduction of appropriate agronomic practices in cashew, helped to revive cashew production through rehabilitation of the abandoned orchards. The development and release of new high yielding cashew varieties allowed upgrading of existing unproductive cashew orchards.

Cashew rehabilitation and upgradingRehabilitation is a process of bringing abandoned cashew farm into production. Essentially it consists of bush clear-ing, weeding and thinning of overcrowded trees, control of diseases such as powdery mildew disease (PMD) and leaf and nut blight ; control of insect pests and inter-crop-ping with high value annual crops. Rehabilitation gives substantial economic return starting from the second year of operation. Inter-cropping is recommended from first year of rehabilitation onwards to cut down initial investment costs.

Overcrowding in Tanzania, like in many other African countries has demonstrated to be the biggest problem in farmers’ fields. This is due to the fact that most cashew trees were planted randomly at a close spacing and some of the cashew trees were self-sown without any proper spacing. Apart from low yield, overcrowding of cashew trees in farmers field have shown to create an environment, which is conducive for the development of PMD. In order to overcome this problem, thinning need to take place to opti-mum recommended density (12mx12m for common cashew types and 10mx10m for dwarf cashew types). However, it is sometimes not possible to do this with any precision due to irregular planting in farmers’ fields, which have many gaps. Tree densities in farmers’ fields are very much variable even in the same field and also yield is highly variable from one cashew tree to another. In view of this problem, it is logical to do selective thinning by removing low yielding and unpro-ductive trees. Equally, where possible (depending on posi-tion and size of the tree) stumping can be done and sprout-ing shoots can be grafted using scions of improved cashew clones. This method is the cheapest and has quick economic return as top-worked trees produce in the same year.

Usually if thinning is done properly, the average yield of the farm does not decrease even in the first year of operation because only unproductive ones are removed. This allows the remaining cashew trees to have less com-petition for light, moisture and nutrients. Observations on cashew rehabilitation trials at Agricultural Research In-stitute Naliendele showed a considerable increase in yield in the first year upgrading, and two folds increase in yield in the second year. During rehabilitation, the control of insect pests and diseases is necessary in order to increase yield as well as quality of the raw cashew nuts.

UpgradingUpgrading is a method of increasing cashew nut produc-tion in an existing cashew farm using different agronomic practices, which include top-working, new planting, inter


cropping and diseases and control of insect pests. As it is known, after planting, cashew trees, and cashew nut pro-duction in farms increase from one year to another until a certain stage when canopies overlap, then the production starts to decline. The age at which this happens depends on the type of planting materials used, type of clones planted, the spacing used, soil types and soil fertility. Ca-shew usually bears fruit on the periphery, which requires a lot of light for good production. Shaded areas produce few nuts or nothing at all.

Upgrading need to be accompanied with inter cropping (annual crops), in open areas, where trees have been thinned or stumped for top working. This will increase farmers’ income; therefore it is important that farmers are provided with improved seeds and methods of their cultivation.

Top workingTop working is a quick standard horticultural practice used to convert or upgrade inferior cashew clones to better clone without up-rooting the original tree. This is implemented by stumping cashew trees at a height between 1-2 m. The cut is finished on the stump with a sloping cut (around 30o) to allow water to drain freely from the cut surface and new shoots are allowed to come up. It usually takes between 6 and 8 weeks. The new shoots are then grafted using scions of high yielding cashew tree/clone.

Control of Cashew diseases and insect pestsInsect pestsThere are several insect-pests of cashew but the most devastating ones are Helopeltis spp and coconut bugs (pseudotheraptus wayi). Nymphs and adults infest young and tender tissues including tender leaves, tender shoots, young buds, panicles, receptacles, and young tender apples and nuts. Tender shoots when infested produce translucent resin exudates from the affected site, which harden gradually. The infested tender shoots turn black and dry up gradually, and new tender shoots emerging from the infested branches will also be infested if the bug is not properly controlled. Tender leaves when infested will shrivel with polygonal water soaked spots, and dry out finally. Panicles when infested will dry up and drop. Infested receptacles show brown scars, and at heavy infestation numerous scars coalesce into a group

of brown scars, ultimately leading to drying up of the whole panicle. Young tender nuts show papillose spots when infested, and shrivel and drop finally. Both pests can easily be controlled using pyrethrum insecticides like Lambda cyhalothrin at a rate of 5 mls/litre of water. The applications of the insecticide is undertaken when there are symptoms of attack. The control of insect pests is not a common practice, however, the diseases particularly the powdery mildew (PMD) and cashew leaf and nut blight disease (CLNDB) must be controlled in order to get desired yield and good nut quality.

Powdery mildew diseaseThe powdery mildew disease infests all tender tissues of the cashew tree, mainly the tender leaf and inflorescence including the part not well unfolded. The disease seldom attacks old and mature leaves. A white powdery growth is formed on the infested fruit bearing branches and inflorescence. The lesions of the infected parts turn from green to brown and after 2-3 weeks they shrink gradually and become dry and shed, leading to drying out and drop of numerous flowers and tender fruits.

Infected apples turn dull and their skin becomes much coarser. The apples when heavily infected show deep cracks on the surface and gradually shrivel and dry up.

Tender nuts when infected are deformed on the shell. Infected nuts when they mature, the nut quality deterio-rates. The lesions turn grey on infected tender apples and nuts. Infested nuts deteriorate in quality during storage, decays easily and produce poor quality kernels when processed. The PMD, if not controlled it can cause a crop loss of more than 70 percent for tolerant cashew varieties and close to zero for local varieties.

In Tanzania PMD are controlled using sulphur dusts or wettable sulphurs. The rate of application of sulphur dust is 250 g/tree at an interval of two weeks repeated five times in a season. Wettable sulphur application is 85.5g per tree/litre of water at the same intervals and rounds mentioned above. However, sulphur dusts are protective and not curative though highly acceptable in organic food chain. The most effective fungicides to control PMD are organic fungicides (Triadimenol, Hexaconazole and Penconazole). They are sprayed on the trees canopies using boom sprayers or motorized blowers. The rate


of applicati on is 10-15 ml/litre of water per tree at an interval of 14 days and rarely 21 days depending on the disease severity. Three to four rounds of applicati on are adequate for the control of the disease. On the other hand, the cultural control measures e.g. pruning, thin-ning and sanitati on can delay outbreak of the PMD. In southern Tanzania the disease control starts last week of June, which is the ti me when cashew fl owering starts. In Eastern zone the disease control can delay for one month unti l last week of July.

Leaf and nut blight disease Leaf and nut blight (LNBD) caused by Cryptosporiopsis spp is among the diseases aff ecti ng cashew nut produc-ti on in Tanzania. The disease was reported att acking cashew for the fi rst in Southern Tanzania, in 2003; however, of late it has become the second important disease of cashew in the country. The LNBD att acks tender leaves and young fruits. The leaves infected produce lesions with black brown or dark red margins, and the lesions are expanded but limited by the leaf vein, and then enlarge gradually to form a large patch of lesions, leading to drying out and drop of the in-fected leaves. The old lesions are thin like paper, silver gray, fragile, and the leaves are fi nally full of bullet-like holes. This disease can also infect young tender nuts, which will turn black rapidly and drop, leading to loss of yield. The mature nut infected will show typical black spots that look like the colour of asphalt and are slightly depressed.

In Tanzania the disease is controlled by spraying fun-gicides as follows:- Trifl oxystrobin 10% SC (2-4g/litre), Difenaconazole WG (water dispersible granule 14 g/litre), Picoxystrobin (10 ml/litre) and Trifl oxistrobin + Tebuconazole (14 ml/litre). Disease control commences when fi rst symptoms occurs parti cularly during fruiti ng

season. LNBD can cause crop loss of more than 70%.

Severity of LNBD

Anthracnose is a disease caused by fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. The fungus infects leaves, ten-der shoots, infl orescence, young and mature fruits and apples. The leaves and young fruits when infected will dry out completely while mature fruit will dry and remains hanging on the tree. Under favourable conditi ons anthracnose can reduce cashew nut yields greater than 50% and give serious impact on the quality of apples and nuts. Aff ected nuts and apples starts to decay followed by dry-out, shrivel and remain on the infected shoots as hanging nuts that remains on the shoots and may act as next source of inoculum during the next season. Anthrac-nose occurs in all cashew growing countries in the world. It is the most important disease in cashew plantati ons in Brazil but only third or fourth to powdery mildew disease in East Africa. The disease is highly accelerated by rain showers during fruiti ng season. In Tanzania there are no disease control measures as Anthracnose is yet to be a disease of economic importance though it is increasingly noted in farmers’ fi elds. It is on many occasions misin-terpreted as LNBD because it has more or less similar characteristi cs on leaves.

Anthracnose on mature apples/nutsAnthracnose on mature apples/nuts


High Density Orcharding in CashewProf. P.L. Saroj1 and Dr. M.G. Nayak2

1Director and 2Principal ScientistICAR-Directorate of Cashew Research, Puttur-574 202 (Karnataka), INDIA

IntroductionCashew (Anacardium occidental L) an introduced species of late got itself acclimatized to varied types of soil and climat-ic conditions of India and is now considered as an important Horticultural crop of the country. This nutrient rich kernel yielding and export earning crop was earlier only considered for soil and water conservation purposes and in wasteland development programmes of this country. Due attention for the improvement of the crop and development of cultiva-tion packages was not given due to which country started slowly losing its supremacy in production, processing and international cashew trade. The requirement and demand for the cashew both at domestic and international level has grown more than expectation and also the processing facilities of raw nuts were developed at a faster pace than the production. The approximate raw cashew nut require-ment of the country is estimated at 40-50 lakh tons or even more by 2050 AD. The research and development efforts of present rate of the system may not lead to this until a break-through technology comes in to revolutionalise the cashew nut production in the country.

High density orcharding for many folds productivity enhance-ment from unit land area and to reap the early benefits of the orchards looks a real hope in this direction. High density in many fruit types brought tremendous yield improvement and such an improvement was earlier not felt necessary in cashew for want of both dwarf and compact type of high yielding cultivars or dwarfing root stocks to achieve it. Use of growth reducing chemicals such as paclobutrazol (PBZ) was not much encouraged in the present era of organics. Though, the complete concept of pruning and canopy management package has tremendous scope in bringing the dream of cashew high density planting into reality in the field.

Basically cashew is a tropical tree having fast growth and with its spreading branches covers complete available space in short period of time. The regular annual flowering trees of cashew always require more sunlight for flowering and pro-duction. The cashew has terminal flowering habit on newly emerging shoots on the canopy. Judicious annual pruning during appropriate time is thus has advantages for the

production of flowering shoots. In the high density orchards the canopies of the plants are to be controlled in size within the limited pace more effectively to be productive and needs to be contained for long. Containing the canopy size within a small space of 3M x 3M or 4M x 4M of high density orchards though difficult but near necessity selection of pruning responsive varieties plays prime role in the develop-ment of such size controlled high density orchards.

Therefore the cultivars for high density orcharding should be • Precocious and regular bearers • Slow growing and dwarf stature• Preferably early season flowering• Prone to annual pruning • Responsive to management practices with less pest and

disease susceptibility and• Medium to bold nut type with high yield.• Among available cashew varieties in the country• VRI-3, NRCC Sel-2, K-22-1 and Ullal-1 and preferred

types for high density planting with respect to their productive response to pruning.

• Ullal-3, Vengurla-4, Ullal-4 and Madakkathara-2 are in the order of the second preferences for the establish-ment of high density orchards.

Suitability of crop and areaGenerally, Cashew is grown in hilly terrains or semi sloppy land areas of the country and the idea of high density fit well as the completion for space and light gets reduced due to the presence of canopy at different layers horizontally. The canopies need to be regulated vertically with horticul-tural techniques which are easier in sloppy terrains. How-ever, plains also suit for the high density orchard either at square system of planting or hedge row system with proper planning before planting. Plant to plant space need to be managed at 3 to 4M spacing and by annual regular pruning


or subsequent thinning in the later years the canopies be managed. Present cashew expansion programme in the country goes with high density package, but needs proper guidance for keeping the orchards more productive and re-munerative in long run. Therefore following technical advice be made for establishment and management of productive high density orchards.

Packages for establishment and management of high den-sity orchards• Row terrace with pits of 1 m3 dimension at 3m or 4m

distance be opened.• Row to row distance should be maintained at 3m or 4m.• Planting of 4-5 months old recommended quality cashew

grafts be done during onset of monsoon (June-July).• Half filled pits with compost and good soil are recommend-

ed for planting.• De-sprouting of side shoots on the grafts should be done

up to a height of 35-40 cm from ground level.• Terminal shoots at 1 to 1.5 m height be knifed off to induce

more lateral growth.• De-blossoming is not a must in the healthy growing plants.• Annual base cleaning, mannuring and fertilizers applica-

tions should be attended as scheduled and suggested.• Plant protection against Tea Mosquito Bug and other minor

pests is a need based and must.• Annual heading back of the excess vertical growth at 1 to

1.5 m height and restriction of spreading growth within the allotted space and application of board ox paste (10%) to cut ends and sprays of Boudreaux (1%) to the remaining part should be practiced. Pruning may be taken up prefera-bly after harvest of the crops during May – June every year.

• Irrigation / Fertigation can be provided if available to late flowering varieties only after flowering as advised for cashew.

Economics of the high density orchardsThe dream of achieving near impossible target (4-5 tons/ ha) of raw nut requirement sets for the future can be made real-ity by advancement in cultivation with high density orchard-ing in a phased manner. In the 3rd or 4th year of high density planting the allotted full space can be covered by the plant canopies and the full potential yield from the allotted unit land can be realized. While in the normally spaced orchards on 8M x 8M spacing the complete utilization of space by plant canopies can be realized only after 7-8 years.

On planting at 3m x 3m (1111 plants/ha) or 4m x 4m (625 plants/ha), the full potential yield at 3kg/plant could be nearly 2-3 tons in the 3rd to 4th year of planting. While in the widely spaced plants to achieve 2 tons/ ha, the plant has

to yield 12-15 kg, which may take 6-7 years of orchard life.

Cost of establishment of 1 ha high density orchard including planting material input and other management costs may range from INR 60,000 to 1,00,000 depends on the area and type of land while the establishment of normally spaced orchard may go 30,000 to 40,000, but early income from the investment may also be low from the unit area in the widely spaced orchards. Subsequently the management of the plantations may range from INR 30,000 – 40,000/ha in high density orchards. While in normally spaced it may go up to INR 10,000–20,000/ha. In high density orchards the initial investment of establishment of orchard can be recovered from the 3-4 years. The income gener-ated from 5th year will be mere profit. In high density planting, an income of about INR 1.5-2.0 lakhs (1 lakh equals 0.1 million) can be realized annually.

High density planting technique in cashew is recent develop-ment, although it is well known in several other fruit crops. Some farmers in and around Puttur in Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka and parts of Kasaragod district in Kerala State adopted the technique of high density planting and realized the higher yields up to 2 tonnes/ha from the plot. The spacing adopted was either at 5 m x 5 m or 6 m x 4 m. In the recent 4-5 years, people have taken up ultra density planting @ 400 plants / acre ( 3m x 3m ) or even up to 600 plants / acre (2.5 m x 2.5 m) on adopting proper pruning techniques and suitable varieties. The farmers from such plot harvested the crop from very second year of planting (about 1 kg/plant).

ConclusionThe technology of high density planting or orcharding involves higher initial investment and intensive management compared to normally spaced plantations. But, the income and benefits from the unit area is much higher and thus technology is economically viable. The target of achieving productivity of 3-4 tons/ha is not a difficult task if high densi-ty planting with good cultivation practices are adopted.


Research on High Yielding Cashew Varieties in KarnatakaDr. Lakshmana , Professor & Head

Agricultural & Horticultural Research Station , Ullal, Karnataka

Cashew is an important

domestic commodity

traded all over the world

and cashew industry is

the livelihood of more

than three million people

worldwide involved in

production, processing

and trade. India is one

of the major cashew

producing countries

holding a share of 39.60 percent of the world production.

The national average productivity of cashew is very low

compared to yields realized in research. The cause for

low yield includes the old cashew orchard, neglecting of

cashew orchards, damage due to pest and diseases and

other management problems. The different high yielding

cashew variety/ hybrids are tried by many farmers in India

and the different research station to get good output of

yield. Recently at Agricultural and Horticultural Research

Station, Ullal tried different high yielding cashew varieties

in Coastal Zone of Karnataka. But many of cashew variety

incurred the problem of pest and stem borer. None of

cashew grows better except, Ullal-1, Ullal-2, Ullal-3, which

has regular high yield and maintaining the original size,

shapes with respect to the nut size, kernel size and nut

count per kg of seed.

The perennial nature of cashew tree provides continuous

supply of food and shelter for the multiplication of pest

and pathogens which cause considerable damage and

reduce the yield and quality of cashew nut. The uneven

rain fall, high temperature and relative humidity severely

affects the yield of the cashew crops by directly affect-

ing the flower pollination, fruit set and development of

cashew nut.

The ideal temperature between 24 and 280 C and relative

humidity between 65 and 75% found to be the best biotic

factors responsible for the good and yield and quality

cashew nut. Shedding of old foliage and followed by

emerging new flushes is the natural procedure after the

closing of monsoon. Foliar spray with 1% urea, 2-3%

micronutrient found to be good for the extra yield in

cashew crops. Drip irrigation with 4 days interval after the

fruit set noted significant yield in Ullal series and other

high yielding cashew varieties.

The soil application of farm yard manure, neem cake

along with recommended dose of NPK every year regu-

larly enhance the flushes in time in cashew crops and also

has good immune power to the cashew tree during the

flushing.

The variation in the climatic factor, the cashew variety of

Ullal series, NDR 2-1, Vengurla 7, Bapatla 8 and Bhaskar are

not changed in the growth and develop and fruit setting.

These varieties have very good response to the application

of fertilizer and supplement of micro-nutrients.

Therefore, enhancement of quality cashew production

is possible only through the resistant cashew species of

cashew variety which could be the definite fighter against

climatic factors it receive during the growth. The researcher

and farmers are only the enhancer of yield but not the real

player of the cashew growth and development.

Growing intercrops, like Ginger, Turmeric, Elephant foot

yam, Papaya, Bush pepper, Banana are found to be eco-


nomical in cashew orchard. Among the different crops,

the 2 rows of Bush pepper between 8m X 8m spacing

cashew orchard found to be economical and advantages

of cultural practices in cashew orchard. The yield of 500

to 600 gm of pepper will be the yield of 1.5 meter canopy

of Bush pepper in cashew field. Therefore growing Pepper

after 5 years in cashew orchard, the real extra benefit for

the cashew grower.

Cashew Variety

Yield per Tree ( kg)

Size of the Seed

( cm2)

Weight of the Seed

( gm )

Weight of the Kernel

( gm )

Ullal -1 17.75 7.80 7.31 2.24

Ullal -2 16.30 6.96 7.15 2.20

Ullal -3 13.10 10.50 10.93 2.59

Ullal -4 16.62 7.50 8.72 2.14

UN-50 13.47 13.50 10.45 2.63

NDR-2-1 22.20 9.90 10.10 2.17

Priyanka 17.88 10.73 13.02 2.54

Vengurla-7 13.70 11.60 7.91 2.30

Bapatla – 8 14.28 8.73 9.46 2.21

Bhaskar 15.68 7.13 8.91 2.18

The above table shows cashew varieties having seed size,

seed weight and Kernel weight.

Cashew varieties which are suitable for various states of

India

TAMIL NADU Vridhachalam-1, Vridhachalam-2,

Vridhachalam-3,VRI-4,VRI(CW)H1

KERALA Akshaya(H-7-6),Amrutha

(H-15),Anagha(H-8-1),Anakkayam-

1(BLA-139-1),Dhana

(H-1608),Dharasree(H-3-17),K-22-

1,Kanaka(H-1598),

Madakkathara-1(BLA-39-4),

Madakkathara-2, Priyanka,

Sulabha, Damodara

ANDHRA PRADESH BPP-1,BPP-2,BPP-3,BPP-4,

BPP-5,BPP-6,BPP-8(H2/16)

MAHARASTHRA Vengurla-1,Vengurla-2,

Vengurla-3,Vengurla-4,Vengurla-5,

Vengurla-6, Vengurla-7

GOA Goa-1,Vengurla-4, Vengurla-7,

Goa(11/6)

ORISSA Bhubaneshwar-1,BPP-8,Dhana

WEST BENGAL Jhargram-1, BPP-8,Dhana

NORTH EASTERN

HILLS

Ullal-3,Ullal-4,Vengurla-1,

Vengurla-4


Special Edition of Cashew WeekIndia Cashew Market Highlights

Cashew kernel spot price for various whole grades across the markets increased by 10 to 16 percent in INR since Jan’15, except for kollam where the price increase for W320 was only 5 percent.

Prices for brokens and splits across Indian markets increased on an average by 20 percent in INR since Jan’15.

The price differentials between ‘wholes’ and ‘brokens’ narrowed substantially (refer Table-1).

Price of W320 grade FOB Tuticorin port increased only 3.71 percent in USD since Jan’15 and for W450 it was increased by more than 5 percent. While W240 witnessed a decline of 1.30 percent since Jan’15.

Cashew sales in the spot market picked up in the run up to Diwali festival since the beginning of November, due to cost differential when compared with other dry fruits such as Pista and Almonds.

Table-1: Cashew Kernel Spot Price (INR / kg) for Various Grades

Grades 2015 (Jan to Nov) Change in (%)

Aug vs JanPlace Jan-03-2015 Min Max Avg Nov-07-2015

W320 Delhi 538 537 612 574 595 10.50

W320 Mangalore 520 520 604 551 604 16.00

W320 Jeypore-Odisha 530 530 600 564 600 13.20

W320 Kollam 511 511 556 537 538 5.20

K Mangalore 459 459 578 519 520 13.28

K Jeypore-Odisha 460 460 570 510 565 22.80

LWP Mangalore 432 423 556 492 534 23.60

LWP Kollam 432 432 534 492 534 23.60

S Kollam 463 463 551 513 547 18.10

S Mangalore 467 467 591 529 547 17.10

S Jeypore-Odisha 480 480 600 549

JH Mangalore 485 485 604 544 564 16.20

JH Jeypore-Odisha 480 480 620 555 565 17.70

Tuticorin (USD/lb fob)-Export Prices

W240

Tuticorin

3.75-3.95 3.65 3.95 3.82 3.70-3.85 -1.30

W320 3.40-3.55 3.30 3.75 3.54 3.55-3.70 3.71

W450 3.25-3.40 3.15 3.55 3.40 3.50-3.55 5.07

SW320 3.35-3.45 3.25 3.55 3.43 3.45-3.50 2.06

SW360 3.20-3.30 3.15 3.40 3.26 3.20-3.25 -0.92Indian cashew kernel exports in the first 10 months of 2015 totalled 95,550 tons as against 90,774 tons exported

during the same period in 2014. In 2015 cashew kernel exports from India is likely to be in the region of 110,000 and 115,000 tons.Exports figures are not encouraging and unviable due to cut in export incentives from 5 percent to 2 percent

since Apr-2015; however, it was restored to 3 percent since October 29th.Jan-Oct’15 RCN imports touched 889,000 tons against 840,000 tons imported during Jan-Oct’14. Overall imports for 2015 is estimated in the region of 950,000 and 970,000 tons a new record, surpassing 2014


imported quantity of 932,500 tons.In India RCN crop for 2014-15 revised lower to 725,000 tons as against 736,000 tons produced during 2013-14.

Indonesia Cashew MarketIndonesia RCN was quoted in excess of $1800 per ton at the beginning of the season. Subsequently, RCN traded lower and quoted in the region of $1600-$1650 per ton CNF based on quality, outturn

in excess of 50 lb and other terms and conditions.RCN from Sulawesi region quoted around $1550 per ton CNF for 48 lb outturn.It’s a double whammy for exporters with RCN prices down by about $200 per ton since September and

Indonesian rupiah strengthening from the high of 14855 against the dollar to trade at 13650 as on Nov-13th.Vietnam is buying good quantity of RCN from Indonesia as China is purchasing more kernels from Vietnam for

their New Year.In Indonesia, this year RCN crop is likely to be lower due to adverse weather conditions; however, the exact

shortage still needs to be ascertained.

Tanzania Cashew MarketThe Cashew nut Board of Tanzania has officially commenced issuing of RCN licenses on 21st September 2015.

First sales auction took place on 2nd October 2015 at Mtwara station.This season RCN production is likely to be less due to uneven distribution of rains.RCN prices since October auctioned in the region of Tshs 2400 and Tshs 2640 per kg and about 45,000 tons of

RCN auctioned.Auction halted for about two weeks to accommodate presidential elections.Tanzania 53lb traded at $1650 CNF Vietnam and 52lb traded $1620 CNF India during first week of November.

With increased buying interest, prices might go up.

Mozambique Cashew MarketNew season has commenced in Mozambique during second week of November.In the opening week, RCN farm gate price was quoted very high in the region of 30 and 38 meticals, based on

quality and terms.In order to protect and support local processors, the government of Mozambique

is not allowing exports of RCN until local processors get more than 60% of their needs.Mozambique may process about 35,000 tons of RCN during the ongoing season.Mozambique RCN production for 2015/16 is estimated around 100,000 tons as against 80,000 tons produced

during 2014/15.

Vietnam Cashew Market RCN imports into Vietnam during Jan-Oct’15, totalled 780,207 tons, valued at USD one billion. During Jan-

Dec’14, Vietnam imported 769,000 tons of RCN. RCN imports for the whole of 2015 are estimated in the region of 830,000 and 850,000 tons, a new record. In

value terms, RCN imports for the first time crossed above USD one billion. Cashew kernel exports from Vietnam are likely to surpass 300,000 tons for the second successive year; In value

terms export revenues would be more than USD two billion.Cashew kernel FOB prices for various grades were quoted either stagnant or slightly negative.LP so far in 2015 traded in the region of USD 2.55 - 3.10 per lb, a gain of 25%, signaling greater fluctuation/

demand in brokens, compared to wholes. Vietnam DONG was devalued by 3% so far in 2015, by State Bank of Vietnam, 1% higher than what was pledged


at the beginning of 2015, mainly due to Chinese Yuan devaluation.Vietnam’s kernel exports to China in the first ten months of 2015 declined considerably to 39,219 tons as

against 42,204 tons. In 2013 and 2014 Vietnam kernel exports to China averaged in excess of 51,500 tons.Vietnam cashew kernel exports to euro zone (which includes United Kingdom) in the first ten months of 2015

has increased substantially to 59,655 tons as against 46,195 during the same period in 2014, despite Euro weakening and slow down across the euro zone.

Similarly Vietnam kernel exports to USA has also witnessed substantial increase to 97,045 tons as against 81,214 tons exported during the same period in 2014.

Table- 2: Forex Rates (In USD)

Currency 01/02/15 11/07/2015 Change (%)

Indian Rupee (INR) 63.29 65.79 3.90

Euro (EUR) 1.20 1.08 -10.83

Japanese Yen (JPY) 120.50 123.38 2.39

Brazilian Real (BRL) 2.69 3.78 40.57

Chinese Yuan (CNY) 6.21 6.35 6.67

Singapore Dollar (SGD) 1.33 1.42 6.67

Tanzanian Shilling (TZS) 1735.00 2,182.15 25.77

Thai Baht (THB) 32.97 35.88 8.85

Mozambique New Metical (MZN) 33.00 45.75 38.60

Vietnam Dong (VND) 21387.50 22,580 5.57

Indonesian Rupiah (IDR) 12542.50 13,669.50 8.89

West African Franc (XOF) 548.35 610.33 11.83

Ghanaian New Cedi (GHS) 3.22 3.86 19.84

Currency Outlook

USD vs INR Movement

Indian rupee since January 2015 has been on a gradual declining mode from 61.25 to a dollar.

Since August-2015, the scale of depreciation has gone up especially aftermath of Chinese Yuan devaluation and slowdown in economic growth in Q1 (Apr-Jun) of 2015-16.

Rupee during the last week of August reached 66.76, the lowest in two years.

Since then some sort of recovery was visible till Middle of October, but that too was halted by ruling party reversal in Bihar elections, which may hamper passing of key legislative reforms.


Considering the uncertainty over passage of crucial reforms such as GST (Goods and Sales Tax), Land reforms,

deficient/ untimely monsoon rains, question mark over timing of US rate hike, which is likely to happen in

December-2015, fragile global economic situation, INR may depreciate further going forward.

Technically INR is likely to stay in the broader region of 64 and 69 against the US dollar in the coming months.

Fig 1: USD/INR Weekly chart

USD vs BLR Movement

Brazil’s real declined to new low of 4.2487 against

the dollar during last week of September as central

bank forecasts far deeper recession and on surge

in unemployment.

Brazil’s central bank lowered its 2015 forecast for

a second time and predicts that the economy will

shrink 2.7 percent in 2015, the worst contraction

in 25 years.

With higher inflation, which is inching closer to

double digits, interest rate close to 15 percent,

Brazil will have tough time to put its economy in

order.

Moreover, unemployment rate increased for

the eighth consecutive month to 7.6 percent in

August.

Brazilian real has been on a continuous decline since it made a low of 2.55 a dollar in January-2015.

Real after having reached the record low of 4.2487 during last week September, has appreciated to reach

3.7043 against the dollar on Nov-11th.

Real recently appreciated after the central bank said it would intervene in the currency market, offsetting a

decision by lawmakers to delay voting on a measure to help reduce the fiscal deficit.

Technically real may hold the support at around 3.55 - 3.50 and only below on weekly closing will signal room

for further appreciation, which is unlikely considering current state of the economy.

Fig 2: USD/BLR Weekly chart

USD vs VND Movement

The SBV (State Bank of Vietnam) during August devalued the dong by 1% against the U.S. dollar and widened

its trading band to 3% from 2% in response to a weakening Chinese Yuan.

The SBV devalued dong three times in 2015 and ruled out further devaluation till the end of 2015.

Vietnam’s economy grew 6.8% in the third quarter, up from 6.1% and 6.5% in the first and second quarters,

respectively.

The economy expanded 6.5% in the first nine months, according to the government’s General Statistics Office.

Since January 2015 Vietnam dong traded in the region of 21,114 and 22,600.

Overall Vietnam Dong may trade in a broad range of 21,800 and 22,600 levels going forward.


Fig 3: USD/VND Weekly chart

Fig 4: Comparative Movement of Currencies in 2015 vis-à-vis USD in Cashew Processing Regions (Weeks starts from January’ 2015 and value indexed to 100)


Prices of Nuts in India and International Markets

Indian Prices of Nuts

Table-3: Indian prices of cashew kernels

Cashew Grades 01/03/2015 Min Max Avg 11/07/2015 Change (%)

Tuticorin (USD/lb fob)-export pricesW240 3.75-3.95 3.65 3.95 3.82 3.70-3.85 -1.29W320 3.40-3.55 3.30 3.75 3.54 3.55-3.70 3.71W450 3.25-3.40 3.15 3.55 3.40 3.50-3.55 5.07

SW320 3.35-3.45 3.25 3.55 3.43 3.45-3.50 2.05SW360 3.20-3.30 3.15 3.40 3.26 3.20-3.25 -0.92

Mangalore Karnataka (INR/ Kg)W180 741 719 811 725.86 794 7.15S180 758 680 750 677.25 705 -6.51W210 635 573 704 638.8 705 11.02S210 573 538 661 586.39 661 15.35W240 604 595 661 558.82 661 9.43S240 547 538 617 522.46 617 12.79W320 520 520 604 504.91 604 16.15

W1 503 503 591 491.81 591 17.49SW 485 481 564 478.77 564 16.28

SSW 467 467 529 456.11 529 13.27JH 485 485 604 440.7 564 16.28S 467 467 591 398.135 547 17.7

LWP 432 432 551 362.42 534 23.61SWP 419 406 529 413.80 520 24.10

K 459 459 578 411.59 542 18.08JB 463 463 573 545.3 551 19.06

Kollam (INR/Kg)W180 683 653 685 675.48 683 0W210 617 608 639 616.69 617 0W240 556 556 595 558.78 560 0.72W320 511 511 556 542.62 538 5.28W450 459 459 529 521.16 520 13.28SW240 463 459 529 519.98 529 14.24

S (Splits) 463 469 551 544.97 547 18.14SS 406 406 511 494.41 485 19.14

Butts 432 432 529 509.11 525 21.57SB 375 375 520 495.0 476 26.9SP 366 435 494 485.33 476 30.05

LWP 432 511 534 522.34 534 23.60WSP 366 476 494 487.39 485 32.51

Delhi (INR/Kg)W320 No. 538 580 595 590.833 595 10.59W210 No. 663 725 745 733.16 737.5 11.23W240 No. 638 638 648 644.83 647.5 1.49W180 No. 773 812.5 838 824.16 812.5 5.102 pieces 463 565 608 588.33 607.5 31.00


Cashew Grades 01/03/2015 Min Max Avg 11/07/2015 Change (%)

4 pieces 455 551 593 577.06 592.5 30.208 pieces 380 495 510 505 510 34.21

Sangrur (INR/Kg)W320 733 733 755 770.33 765 4.65W210 770 770 808 801.63 797.5 3.57W240 755 755 797.5 788.2 787.5 4.30W180 813 813 875 867 865 6.39

2 pieces 585 585 655 651.6 655 11.964 pieces 580 580 612.5 610 612.5 5.608 pieces 495 463 532.5 530.866 532.5 7.57

Vetapalam (INR/Kg)W210 675 560 750 602.85 640 -5.18W240 580 560 650 585.85 610 5.17W320 505 505 575 550 570 12.87

SW 475 475 550 522.85JH 510 510 600 498.57 530 3.92

K/LWP 465 465 560 410 510 9.67W1 435 435 575 434.28 480 10.34

JB/Butts 475 475 515 494.28 380 -20.00W400 450 450 515 387.14 480 6.60

Panruti – Tamil Nadu (INR/Kg)W240 536 536 564 509.70 547 2.05W320 485 474 529 476.77 511 5.36W450 450 450 511 472.66 507 12.6

JH 435 435 511 468.54 503 0.16JK 419 419 590 472.66 507 21.02

LWP 406 388 494 460.31 494 21.67SWP 378 378 450 397.33 430 13.70

Jalandhar-Punjab (INR/Kg)W320 715 703 748 737.03 730 2.09W210 765 765 803 791.7 780 1.96W240 733 702.5 740 716.53 703 -4.09W180 803 797.5 818 797.53 798 -0.62

Table-4: Mumbai Cashew Kernel (INR/ 10 kg)

Grades 06/27/2015 Min Max Avg 11/07/2015 Change(%)W320 6100 5900 6400 6011.11 6400 4.91W240 6600 6300 6800 6600 6800 3.03W210 7400-7500 7100 7800 7247.05 7800 4.69W180 9000 8700 9200 8811.11 9000 0S 6150 5900 6300 5963.88 6000 -2.43JH 6300 6050 6300 6113.88 6150 -2.38K 6000 5750 5900 5925 5800-5900 -2.50S180 8250 7750 8250 8250 7650-8150 -4.24S210 7000 6400 7000 7000 6500-7000 -3.57S240 6100 5700 6100 6100 5800-6000 -3.27S320 5900 5700 5900 5866.66 5800-5900 -0.84


Table- 5: Other Tree Nuts Prices at Delhi Market (INR/kg)

Other Tree Nuts Prices at Delhi Market (INR/kg)

Grades 01/03/15 11/07/2015 Change (%)

Almond Girdhi in shell 157.5/160 175 10.41

Almond California in shell 522.5/525 555 6.01

Almond Kernel California 748/750 780/800 5.47

Almond Kernel Gurbandi 625/725 780/880 22.96

Pistachio Irani 1150/1300 1100/1250 -4.08

Pistachio Hairati 1300/1350 1380/1430 5.81

Pistachio Peshawari 1500/1550 1450/1525 -2.45

Walnut New 260/450 200/430 -11.26

Walnut Kernel 800/1200 725/1100 -8.75

Fig Common 300/325 225/275 -20

Fig Medium 400/450 400/450 0

Kishmish (Rs per kg )

Indian Yellow 115/150 117.5/125 -8.67

Indian Green 257.5/370 137.5/300 -30.27

Kandhari 325/500 500/625 36.24

Ranga 250/262.5 237.5/242.5 -6.43

Dry Dates (Rs per quintal)

Red 4500-12500 4000-12000 6.01

Rangkat 5000-12000 6000-13200 5.47

Prices of Nuts at International Market

Table-6: Vietnam (USD per lb fob)

Grades 01/03/2015 11/07/2015 Change (%)

Vietnam (USD per lb fob)

W240 3.75-3.80 3.55-3.60 -5.29

W320 3.30-3.40 3.35-3.40 0.75

W450 3.10-3.30 3.15-3.20 -0.62

WS 2.70-2.80 3.10 12.73

LP 2.55-2.65 3.00-3.05 25

Table-7: Rotterdam (USD per lb fob)

Grades 01/03/2015 11/07/2015 Change (%)W240 3.80-3.95 3.60 -5.76

W320 3.50-3.60 3.80-3.85 7.75

W450 3.30-3.40 3.45 2.98


Vietnam Cashew nuts Export and Import Countrywise during Jan to Oct-2015 Vietnam continues to dominate the global export markets for cashew kernels. In the first ten months of 2015 Vietnam exported 274,930 tons of cashew kernels as against 258,210 tons

exported during the same period in 2014. In value terms for the second successive year it is most likely to surpass in excess of USD two billion.For the whole of 2015 Vietnam cashew kernel exports are likely to hit a new record of 320,000 to 325,000

tons. Table-8: Destination-wise Export of Cashew nuts from Vietnam

Table -9: Source-wise Import of Raw Cashew Nuts into Vietnam


Vietnam RCN imports in the first ten months of 2015 have surpassed the total RCN imported during the whole of 2014.

For the whole of 2015, Vietnam RCN imports are estimated to be in the region of 850,000 to 880,000 tons, new record.

For the first time RCN imports by Vietnam in terms of value has also crossed well above USD one billion.

Bulk of RCN imports happened from Ivory Coast and Cambodia. In others category, nearly one-third (app. 110,000) accounted by Nigeria.

Overall two-third of Vietnam RCN imports accounted by the above three countries.

Fig-5: Top five destination wise Cashew Kernel Exports from Vietnam (Jan to Oct-2015)

* Includes Canada, Germany, Italy, Thailand, UAE etc.,

Indian Cashew nuts Export and Import data - October-2015

Table-10: India - Product wise imports of Cashews - October-2015


Table-11: India-Source-wise imports of Cashews - October-2015

Table-12: India- Port-wise RCN imports - October-2015


Table-13: India’s RCN imports country-wise Jan-Oct-2015

India’s RCN imports in the first 10 months of 2015 totalled 889,349 tons as against 840,715 tons imported during the same period in 2014. Overall imports for 2015 is estimated in the region of 950,000 and 970,000 tons a new record, surpassing 2014 imports of 932,500 tons.

Ivory Coast, Benin and Tanzania accounts for two-third of Indian RCN imports.

Table-14: Product wise export of cashew kernels from India-October-2015

Table-15: Indian Cashew Kernel Export-Portwise-October-2015


Fig-6: Top 10 Destination wise Export of Cashew Kernels from India-October-2015

Indian cashew kernel exports in the first 10 months of 2015 totalled 95,550 tons as against 90,774 tons exported during the same period in 2014. Exports not picked up as expected on the back of cut in export incentives from 5% to 2%. Only from Oct-29th, exports incentives revised marginally higher to 3%.

Overall, kernal exports are likely to be in the region of 110,000 and 115,000 tons for 2015.

Cashew Kernels imports into the US during Jan to Sep-2015

(HTS-08013200: Cashew nuts, fresh or dried, shelled)

Table-16: Source wise import of Cashew Kernels into US –Jan to Sep-2015 vs Jan to Sep-2014

Fig-7: Country-wise imports of Cashew nuts in to US during Jan to September-2015


All the ideas, innovations and creativity of nanoPix had

finally found its manifestation in the most accepted ca-

shew grading machine nanoSorterHamsa.

Years of perseverance, huge R&D efforts and countless

nights had finally found its expression. It is always a

moment of pride to see customers benefitting because of

our machine. Hamsa has a unique feature of 5+2 Grades

output in a Single Pass. Hamsa is based on the patented

imageIn Technology. Unlike the conventional 3-D anal-

ysis globally, imageIn Technology does not reconstruct

a 3-D model to analyze the object. Instead it analyses

the region of interest in the 3-D space over a distributed

computation. This technology is inspired by the nature's

compound eye principle found in most insects.

The salient features of Hamsa are

• 75kg Through-put per Hour

• 5+2 Grades, 95% Accuracy

• 2% or less Breakage

• Defect and Husk removal

• Controllable Grades 180/210, 240, 320, 400, SW

• Plug and Play System

• 24 hours Duty Cycle

• 7 HP Total Power, 3-Phase

• Splits are removed separately

Hamsa is the most suited cashew grading machine for

customers who process 40 bags a day of RCN. It grades

cashews as per the export standard. The best part being

that the counts and color are configurable, making it a

one stop machine to use for Indian and Export needs by

the cashew processors.

We have sold over 120 machines spanning nine states

in India. Users of Hamsa are happy because it gives very

even output along with the count accuracy and this is

only because it emulates the human way of processing

the nut which is picking up of individual cashew, analyzing

nanoSorterHamsa: A Launch to Remember

it from multiple angles and ejecting it in the bin that the

cashew belongs to.

The unique features of Hamsa are configurable grades,

multiple grades in a single pass, careful handling and

hence very low breakage and of course it has a duty cycle

of 24 Hrs. It’s a human like grading machine that grades

as per the programming given. We see Hamsa as a prod-

uct that will enable the processors to produce more with

the existing work force.

To know how this upgradable cashew grading machine

Hamsa can help you boost the productivity of your ca-

shew grading, please visit www.nanopix-iss.com or www.

nanosorter.com or contact our sales team.

Board: +91 72040 36524 / Sales: +91 70222 99990 |

E-mail: [email protected]

nanoPix Integrated Software Solutions (P) Ltd. III Floor

Plot No 1 & 2, Akshay Plaza, Chetan College Road, Behind

Bharat Petrol Pump, HUBLI – 580031.


Companies in India are often

blamed for lack of original re-

search. Innovation especially in

agriculture is quite rare. Compa-

nies rely on imported technolo-

gies and often hesitate to invest in

proper R&D efforts, which have a huge gestation period.

But nanoPix have taken it upon itself to change all that.

The efforts have paid off. Industry now looks forward to

new innovations from us. Companies are willing to invest

their time and effort to work along with us to scale up

higher in the value chain of cashew processing industry.

nanoPix-ISS(P) Ltd. was started in 2004. Our flagship prod-

uct is nanosorter range of machines. All nanosorters are

based on the patented imageIn Technology. Unlike the

conventional 3-D analysis, imageIn Technology does not

reconstruct a 3-D model. Instead it analyses the region of

interest in the 3-D space over a distributed computation.

This technology is inspired by the nature's compound eye

principle found in most insects.

All this innovation has a basis in our vision “we will

increase 5% value of 1% Indian Agro Produce by Grading

in 2018”. This drives us to pursue unconventional route

and invest in smart and dedicated people. No wonder, we

have one of the largest service teams spread across India

to service any customer without any delay. We also have

a dedicated Department of Innovation that oversees R&D

efforts across multiple industries.

In practical terms, innovation for us means pushing the

boundaries to meet customer requirements. Every em-

ployee is encouraged to come up with new ideas to solve

problems and add value to customers and products. Inno-

vation has helped us create value for customers; higher

returns to farmers through high accuracy and efficient

grading.

Nanosorter grades cashew nuts and other food products

using image processing. The company has filed for 28

patents so far in the last 5 years, of which 3 are already

published. It operates from Hubli, Karnataka and has its

own manufacturing facility and Innovation & Develop-

ment Center in the city.

Nanosorter grades cashew nuts into different grades

based on color, size and shape at once. Unlike other ma-

chines in the market, where the grading has to be done

multiple times to arrive at different grades, nanosorter

does all the grading at once without putting cashews into

the grading machine repeatedly for each type of grading.

Apart from the recently launched nanosorter Garuda, the

other machines are nanosorter Hamsa, Hamsa+ & Teja.

Our customers have lapped up this innovation to boost

their productivity and reach new markets. Currently,

spread across 10 States in India, there is a growing de-

mand from our customers for new & innovative products

to come out of nanoPix Lab.

Image processing has now found its application in several

other industries including grading of Almonds, Raisins,

Arecanuts, Peanuts and so on.

To know how you can benefit from this revolution of in-

novation, visit www.nanopix-iss.com or www.nanosorter.

com

nanoPix Integrated Software Solutions (P) Ltd. III Floor

Plot No 1 & 2, Akshay Plaza, Chetan College Road, Behind

Bharat Petrol Pump, HUBLI – 580031.

Board: +91 72040 36524 / Sales: +91 70222 99990 |

E-mail: [email protected]

Indian Challenges: Indigenous Solutions





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