Casey Pasternak Period: 4. Columbian Exchange: transfer of people, animals, plants, and diseases between New & Old Worlds. Livestock/ agriculture.

AP WORLDCHAPTER 17 NOTES

Casey Pasternak

Period: 4

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE Columbian Exchange: transfer of people,

animals, plants, and diseases between New & Old Worlds.

Livestock/ agriculture to New World Crops to Old World

SPREAD OF DISEASE New World people lacked immunity to

diseases SMALLPOX Killed 50% or more….. 75% of Mayan

population disappears Yellow Fever kills Europeans Helped Europeans build empire and kept

Natives from fighting back

LIFE IN THE NEW WORLD Livestock population

grew rapidly: not many predators, a lot of space!

The horse---increased hunter efficiency, military capacity, easier to hunt, and changed cultures.

Created like their homelands Classes Aztec and Inca elites fought to keep their

own traditions Amerindian culture stayed under cover of

Christianity; influenced future Latin American culture

Brought slaves with African cultureCouncil of the Indies: supervised government and commercial activity in Spanish colonies.

limited by geography and power Eventually rule went to locals

RELIGIOUS CONVERSION Catholic Church: main transmission to

Christianity Wanted elites first Secretly kept old ways Resulted in torture, execution, and

forced conversion Ended up redirecting to cities Church controlled everything; very rich!

BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS

Priest Advocate for natives New Laws of 1542:

outlawed enslavement of natives & limited forced labor

ECONOMIES Peru and Mexico– silver mines Brazil– sugar plantations Encomienda- forced labor 1/7 of adult males work six months

every year in mines, farms, or textile factories.

Women and children also joined African slave imports increased Illegal trading

SOCIETY Slave resistance African and

European cultures blended

Black population grew rapidly

Mixed descent groups

Called “castas”

ENGLISH & FRENCH COLONIES

Came almost a century after Spain and Portugal

British had more European immigrants than other colonies

Virginia Company from London: funded colonizing Virginia.

Took awhile to get successful colony

Indentured slaves: 80% of all English immigrants

Could get trip in return for years of labor

Slave population skyrocket: 950 to 120,000

House of Burgesses: governor, council, and representative meetings.

Democratic

THE SOUTH Big on fur trade Weakened by conflicts and epidemics Amerindians attacked in 1700’s African slaves and culture strong in

South Carolina S. Carolina most hierarchial

NEW ENGLAND REGION

Welcome Pilgrims! Wanted to break

from Church of England

The Puritans– wanted to “purify”

No cash crops. Used fur, timber, and fish for trade

MID-ATLANTIC Trading relationships with Iroquois

Confederacy– alliance with natives Successful economy: thank you New York

City Pennsylvania- founded by William Penn Exported a lot of grain

FRENCH New France

colony in Quebec Enemies with

Iroquois Confederacy

Competition among natives—firearms

Increased warfare all through New World

*treated Natives as allies and trading powers—unlike other societies!

Expanded West & South

FRENCH & INDIAN WAR France vs. England

Over population growth &

increasing prosperity

“Seven Years War” France surrender.

Gave Canada to English and

Louisiana to Spain

EXPANSION Long period of

economic & demographic expansion

Powers responded by strengthening control in colonies

Wars in Americas and along trade routes

Intercolonial trade increases

Mining!

CONFLICTS Increased taxes Rebellions and riots Tupac Amaru II- leader of rebellion in

1780 Happened in Brazil with Portugese also Wealth from gold and diamonds paid for

2 million African slaves imported

REORGANIZATION! King Charles II wanted tighter control on

colonies Ended by James II– but not without some

colonial rebellion! Social divisions more evident Increased military, taxes= not happy

colonists!