ACKNOWLEDGEMEN I would like to express my sincere appreciate on a gratitude to my tutor for her guidance and encouragement throughout my third semester. I am graceful to the local preceptors Sister HTAA and all the staffs in the unit for their cooperation, support, sharing of knowledge and patients during my attachment to their units.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
I would like to express my sincere appreciate on a gratitude to my tutor for her guidance and encouragement throughout my third semester.
I am graceful to the local preceptors Sister HTAA and all the staffs in the unit for their cooperation, support, sharing of knowledge and patients during
my attachment to their units.
I am also not forgetting all the specialists for their professional teaching.
SECTION 1: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY OF KIDNEY
Structure
• Paired
• Retroperitoneal
• Partially protected by the 11th and 12th ribs
• Right slightly lower due to liver
• Surrounded by renal capsule
• Adipose capsule
Renal fascia
Anatomy
• Hilum (hilus)
• Renal artery and vein
• Cortex
• Medulla
• Renal pyramids and renal papillae
• Major and minor calyces
• Renal Pelvis
Ureters
Function
Kidneys make up 1 % of body mass, but receive about 25% of cardiac output. Kidney has two major functions:
1. Filtration of blood2. Removes metabolic wastes from the body, esp. those containing nitrogen
• Filtering Wastes From Blood Plasma
• The kidneys filter blood plasma out of the bloodstream and remove its undesirable substances to produce urine.
• The kidneys filter about 180 quarts of blood plasma out of the bloodstream each day.
• About 99% of this blood plasma (minus most of the wastes) is reabsorbed by the kidneys to reduce urine production to about 1 to 2 quarts each day.
• Without functioning kidneys, wastes accumulate in the blood causing a serious condition called "uremic poisoning" or "uremia."
• Kidneys are also responsible for regulating the acidity of the blood by excreting alkaline salts when necessary.