Case Studies on Achieving Significant Development in Rural ... · PDF fileDPRsDPRsprepared preparedpreparedbased basedbasedon oonnonIRC,...

Case Studies on Achieving Significant Case Studies on Achieving Significant Case Studies on Achieving Significant Case Studies on Achieving Significant

Development in Rural Road ProjectDevelopment in Rural Road ProjectDevelopment in Rural Road ProjectDevelopment in Rural Road Project

Presented By:Presented By:Presented By:Presented By:Mahesh Hiremath,Mahesh Hiremath,Mahesh Hiremath,Mahesh Hiremath,

Chief Operating Officer,Chief Operating Officer,Chief Operating Officer,Chief Operating Officer,

K.R.R.D.A, BangaloreK.R.R.D.A, BangaloreK.R.R.D.A, BangaloreK.R.R.D.A, Bangalore

Dated : 26-08-2014

1. PROFILE:

�Roads play major role in Rural development

� Important sectors like Agriculture, Electrification, Water

supply & sanitation, Health and Road are still under

process of development in India, especially in rural areas.

�These roads are either Track or Earthen having road width

of about 11 links (8 feet) & at the most 22 links (16 feet)

only.

•Connectivity for Poverty reduction strategy

. Good passenger transport facility, good

accessibility to all sphere of life i.e better

education, Health, better marketing facilities for

agriculture development, goods transportation

•Integration with higher category of roads.

ROLE & IMPORTANCE OF RURAL ROADS DEVELOPMENTROLE & IMPORTANCE OF RURAL ROADS DEVELOPMENTROLE & IMPORTANCE OF RURAL ROADS DEVELOPMENTROLE & IMPORTANCE OF RURAL ROADS DEVELOPMENT

3. PLANNING & RURAL ROAD STATISTICAL DETAILS

i.i.i.i. BlockBlockBlockBlock wisewisewisewise (DRRP)(DRRP)(DRRP)(DRRP) ruralruralruralrural roadroadroadroad plansplansplansplans preparedpreparedpreparedprepared....

ii.ii.ii.ii. RoadsRoadsRoadsRoads developeddevelopeddevelopeddeveloped &&&& improvedimprovedimprovedimproved forforforfor connectivity,connectivity,connectivity,connectivity, upupupup

gradationgradationgradationgradation ofofofof ruralruralruralrural roadsroadsroadsroads donedonedonedone inininin NABARD,NABARD,NABARD,NABARD, PMGSY,PMGSY,PMGSY,PMGSY,

NGNRYNGNRYNGNRYNGNRY &&&& inininin otherotherotherother StateStateStateState fundingfundingfundingfunding schemesschemesschemesschemes....

iii.iii.iii.iii. RuralRuralRuralRural RoadRoadRoadRoad connectivityconnectivityconnectivityconnectivity isisisis proposedproposedproposedproposed totototo bebebebe carriedcarriedcarriedcarried bybybyby

improvingimprovingimprovingimproving thethethethe linklinklinklink Roads,Roads,Roads,Roads, MRLMRLMRLMRL &&&& upgradationupgradationupgradationupgradation ofofofof

RoadsRoadsRoadsRoads (CUCPL)(CUCPL)(CUCPL)(CUCPL)....

iv.iv.iv.iv. PeriodicalPeriodicalPeriodicalPeriodical inventoryinventoryinventoryinventory &&&& updationupdationupdationupdation ofofofof thethethethe existingexistingexistingexisting ruralruralruralrural

roadroadroadroad netnetnetnet workworkworkwork districtdistrictdistrictdistrict &&&& blockblockblockblock wisewisewisewise

RURAL ROAD DETAILS & PERIODICAL IMPROVEMENTS OF RURAL RURAL ROAD DETAILS & PERIODICAL IMPROVEMENTS OF RURAL RURAL ROAD DETAILS & PERIODICAL IMPROVEMENTS OF RURAL RURAL ROAD DETAILS & PERIODICAL IMPROVEMENTS OF RURAL

ROADS IN BELLARY DIST.ROADS IN BELLARY DIST.ROADS IN BELLARY DIST.ROADS IN BELLARY DIST.

YearYearYearYear

Village RoadsVillage RoadsVillage RoadsVillage Roads Village Village Village Village

Roads Roads Roads Roads

upgraded upgraded upgraded upgraded

to MDR / to MDR / to MDR / to MDR /

SHSHSHSH

New rural New rural New rural New rural

roads roads roads roads

developed / developed / developed / developed /

improved improved improved improved

connectedconnectedconnectedconnected

Present rural roads Present rural roads Present rural roads Present rural roads

densitydensitydensitydensity

B.TB.TB.TB.T WBMWBMWBMWBM GravelGravelGravelGravel TotalTotalTotalTotal

Kms per / Kms per / Kms per / Kms per /

1000 1000 1000 1000

populationpopulationpopulationpopulation

Kms / 10 Kms / 10 Kms / 10 Kms / 10

SqmsSqmsSqmsSqms

20062006200620061202120212021202

(39394)(39394)(39394)(39394)

898 898 898 898

(24730)(24730)(24730)(24730)

2297229722972297

(83089)(83089)(83089)(83089)

4397439743974397

(147212)(147212)(147212)(147212)

1198.001198.001198.001198.00

1.791.791.791.79

(2.41)(2.41)(2.41)(2.41)

5.225.225.225.22

(7.68)(7.68)(7.68)(7.68)

2009200920092009807 807 807 807

(38094)(38094)(38094)(38094)

599599599599

(28030)(28030)(28030)(28030)

2662266226622662

(83888)(83888)(83888)(83888)

4088408840884088

(147212)(147212)(147212)(147212)771.42771.42771.42771.42

2.152.152.152.15

(2.41)(2.41)(2.41)(2.41)

6.276.276.276.27

(7.68)(7.68)(7.68)(7.68)

20122012201220121999199919991999

(58184)(58184)(58184)(58184)

502502502502

(21495)(21495)(21495)(21495)

2766276627662766

(75866)(75866)(75866)(75866)

5267526752675267

(155545)(155545)(155545)(155545)1179.811179.811179.811179.81

2.142.142.142.14

(2.55)(2.55)(2.55)(2.55)

6.256.256.256.25

(8.11)(8.11)(8.11)(8.11)

5. Details of Rural Road Developed Under Various Schemes in 5. Details of Rural Road Developed Under Various Schemes in 5. Details of Rural Road Developed Under Various Schemes in 5. Details of Rural Road Developed Under Various Schemes in

Bellary District, KarnatakaBellary District, KarnatakaBellary District, KarnatakaBellary District, Karnataka

Schemes Length

improved in

Kms (2003-

2014)

Improved Roads

Upgraded as

higher Category

Roads (MDR)

Remarks

PMGSY-I 613.87

1198.00

(State: 28000

approx)

Completed

PMGSY-II 70.12 Under Progress

NABARD 745.76

Completed

Namma Grama

Namma Raste Yojane

(NGNRY)

367.02

Funding by State

Govt.

92.00

Total 1888.77 1198.00

Process of Development of Rural RoadsProcess of Development of Rural RoadsProcess of Development of Rural RoadsProcess of Development of Rural Roads1.1.1.1. RuralRuralRuralRural roadsroadsroadsroads developeddevelopeddevelopeddeveloped underunderunderunder variousvariousvariousvarious schemesschemesschemesschemes

2.2.2.2. DPRsDPRsDPRsDPRs preparedpreparedpreparedprepared basedbasedbasedbased onononon IRC,IRC,IRC,IRC, MORD,MORD,MORD,MORD, SPSPSPSP---- 20202020,,,, 72727272 &&&&77777777

3.3.3.3. TheTheTheThe conventionalconventionalconventionalconventional waywaywayway ofofofof improvementimprovementimprovementimprovement ofofofof RuralRuralRuralRural roadsroadsroadsroadsisisisis ofofofof ConstructionConstructionConstructionConstruction ofofofof embankment,embankment,embankment,embankment, StructuralStructuralStructuralStructural basebasebasebaseiiii....eeee GGGG....SSSS....B,B,B,B, WBMWBMWBMWBM GGGG----IIIIIIII &&&& GGGG----IIIIIIIIIIII andandandand providingprovidingprovidingproviding PMCPMCPMCPMC asasasas aaaasurfacesurfacesurfacesurface coursecoursecoursecourse....

4.4.4.4. InInInIn thethethethe processprocessprocessprocess ofofofof developingdevelopingdevelopingdeveloping ruralruralruralrural roadsroadsroadsroads muchmuchmuchmuchemphasisemphasisemphasisemphasis isisisis givengivengivengiven totototo useuseuseuse ofofofof locallocallocallocal materialmaterialmaterialmaterial (Marginal(Marginal(Marginal(MarginalMaterials)Materials)Materials)Materials)....

5.5.5.5. DifferentDifferentDifferentDifferent InnovativeInnovativeInnovativeInnovative technologytechnologytechnologytechnology methodsmethodsmethodsmethods areareareare alsoalsoalsoalsoadoptedadoptedadoptedadopted givinggivinggivinggiving importanceimportanceimportanceimportance totototo R&DR&DR&DR&D inininin constnconstnconstnconstn.... ofofofofruralruralruralrural roadsroadsroadsroads....

Construction Technology using Marginal Materials & Innovative Construction Technology using Marginal Materials & Innovative Construction Technology using Marginal Materials & Innovative Construction Technology using Marginal Materials & Innovative

Methods adopted in Methods adopted in Methods adopted in Methods adopted in constnconstnconstnconstn of rural roads in Bellary Dist, Karnataka of rural roads in Bellary Dist, Karnataka of rural roads in Bellary Dist, Karnataka of rural roads in Bellary Dist, Karnataka

CaseCaseCaseCase----1111:::: UsingUsingUsingUsing SlagSlagSlagSlag sandsandsandsand asasasas GGGG....SSSS....BBBB layerlayerlayerlayer inininin lieulieulieulieu ofofofof conventionalconventionalconventionalconventional

GGGG....SSSS....BBBB layerlayerlayerlayer....

CaseCaseCaseCase----2222:::: UsingUsingUsingUsing BlastBlastBlastBlast FurnaceFurnaceFurnaceFurnace coarsecoarsecoarsecoarse slagslagslagslag materialmaterialmaterialmaterial forforforfor BaseBaseBaseBase

coursecoursecoursecourse inininin lieulieulieulieu ofofofof WBMWBMWBMWBM GGGG----IIIIIIII layerlayerlayerlayer....

CaseCaseCaseCase----3333:::: ConstructionConstructionConstructionConstruction ofofofof BaseBaseBaseBase coursecoursecoursecourse usingusingusingusing soilsoilsoilsoil aggregateaggregateaggregateaggregate

TypeTypeTypeType –––– AAAA ((((80808080mmmmmmmm downdowndowndown size)size)size)size) inininin lieulieulieulieu ofofofof WBMWBMWBMWBM GGGG----IIIIIIII layerlayerlayerlayer....

CaseCaseCaseCase----4444::::ConstructionConstructionConstructionConstruction ofofofof BaseBaseBaseBase coursecoursecoursecourse usingusingusingusing SoilSoilSoilSoil aggregate,aggregate,aggregate,aggregate,

stonestonestonestone chipchipchipchip graftinggraftinggraftinggrafting &&&& providingprovidingprovidingproviding PMCPMCPMCPMC asasasas aaaa surfacesurfacesurfacesurface coursecoursecoursecourse

inininin lieulieulieulieu ofofofof WBMWBMWBMWBM GGGG----IIIIIIII &&&& GGGG----IIIIIIIIIIII layerlayerlayerlayer....

CaseCaseCaseCase----5555:::: UseUseUseUse ofofofof RBIRBIRBIRBI –––– 81818181 (a(a(a(a innovativeinnovativeinnovativeinnovative method)method)method)method) forforforfor

BaseBaseBaseBase coursecoursecoursecourse usingusingusingusing inininin subgrade/GSBsubgrade/GSBsubgrade/GSBsubgrade/GSB inininin lieulieulieulieu ofofofof conventionalconventionalconventionalconventional

WBMWBMWBMWBM GGGG----IIIIIIII &&&& GGGG----IIIIIIIIIIII layerlayerlayerlayer....

Various stages of photographs of Various stages of photographs of Various stages of photographs of Various stages of photographs of

construction using Marginal Material, construction using Marginal Material, construction using Marginal Material, construction using Marginal Material,

Adopting Innovative Technology & using Adopting Innovative Technology & using Adopting Innovative Technology & using Adopting Innovative Technology & using

machinery are:machinery are:machinery are:machinery are:

CaseCaseCaseCase----1111 Using Slag sand as G.S.B layer in lieu of Using Slag sand as G.S.B layer in lieu of Using Slag sand as G.S.B layer in lieu of Using Slag sand as G.S.B layer in lieu of

conventional G.S.B layerconventional G.S.B layerconventional G.S.B layerconventional G.S.B layer

Laying of Slag sand (Blast Furnace

Slag material) using as G.S.B

Slag sand formation as G.S.B Layer using

Motor Grader

Slag sand formation as G.S.B Layer using Motor Grader

CaseCaseCaseCase----1111 Using of Slag sand as a G.S.B layer in lieu of Using of Slag sand as a G.S.B layer in lieu of Using of Slag sand as a G.S.B layer in lieu of Using of Slag sand as a G.S.B layer in lieu of

conventional G.S.B layerconventional G.S.B layerconventional G.S.B layerconventional G.S.B layer

Watering & Consolidation of Slag Sand G.S.B Layer using

Soil Compactor

CaseCaseCaseCase----1 Use of Slag sand as G.S.B layer in lieu of 1 Use of Slag sand as G.S.B layer in lieu of 1 Use of Slag sand as G.S.B layer in lieu of 1 Use of Slag sand as G.S.B layer in lieu of

conventional G.S.B layerconventional G.S.B layerconventional G.S.B layerconventional G.S.B layer

Slag Sand G.S.B Layer after compaction

CaseCaseCaseCase----1 Use of Slag sand as G.S.B layer in lieu of 1 Use of Slag sand as G.S.B layer in lieu of 1 Use of Slag sand as G.S.B layer in lieu of 1 Use of Slag sand as G.S.B layer in lieu of

conventional G.S.B layerconventional G.S.B layerconventional G.S.B layerconventional G.S.B layer

Mixing of Blast Furnace Slag material using as WBM Mixing of Blast Furnace Slag material using as WBM Mixing of Blast Furnace Slag material using as WBM Mixing of Blast Furnace Slag material using as WBM

GGGG----II layer (Using as Marginal Material)II layer (Using as Marginal Material)II layer (Using as Marginal Material)II layer (Using as Marginal Material)

Case-2 Using Blast Furnace coarse slag material for Base

course in lieu of WBM G-II layer.

Loading of Mixed Blast Furnace Slag material as WBM GLoading of Mixed Blast Furnace Slag material as WBM GLoading of Mixed Blast Furnace Slag material as WBM GLoading of Mixed Blast Furnace Slag material as WBM G----II layer (Using as II layer (Using as II layer (Using as II layer (Using as

Marginal Material)Marginal Material)Marginal Material)Marginal Material)

Case-2 Using Blast Furnace coarse slag material for Base

course in lieu of WBM G-II layer.

Heap of Mixed Blast Furnace Slag material using as WBM GHeap of Mixed Blast Furnace Slag material using as WBM GHeap of Mixed Blast Furnace Slag material using as WBM GHeap of Mixed Blast Furnace Slag material using as WBM G----II layer (Using II layer (Using II layer (Using II layer (Using

as Marginal Material) as Marginal Material) as Marginal Material) as Marginal Material)

Case-2 Using Blast Furnace coarse slag material for Base

course in lieu of WBM G-II layer.

Case-2 Use of Blast Furnace coarse slag material for Base

course in lieu of WBM G-II layer.

Blast Furnace Slag material Gradation Blast Furnace Slag material Gradation Blast Furnace Slag material Gradation Blast Furnace Slag material Gradation

Slag material as a Base Course Layer (in lieu of WBM G-II) after

compaction

Case-2 Using Blast Furnace coarse slag material for Base course

in lieu of WBM G-II layer.

Case - 3 Construction of Base course using soil

aggregate in Type – A (80mm down size) in lieu of WBM

G-II layer.

Mixing of Soil Aggregate Material at Quarry

Premixing of Soil Aggregate in Quarry

Case - 3 Construction of Base course using soil

aggregate in Type – A (80mm down size) in lieu of WBM

G-II layer.

Laying of Soil Aggregate using Grader

Case - 3 Construction of Base course using soil

aggregate in Type – A (80mm down size) in lieu of WBM

G-II layer.

Laying of Soil Aggregate using Grader

Case - 3 Construction of Base course using soil

aggregate in Type – A (80mm down size) in lieu of WBM

G-II layer.

Watering & Consolidation of Soil Aggregate Layer using Soil

Compactor

Case - 3 Construction of Base course using soil

aggregate in Type – A (80mm down size) in lieu of WBM

G-II layer.

Sectioning & Formation of Soil Aggregate Layer to the

Required Camber

Case - 3 Construction of Base course using soil

aggregate in Type – A (80mm down size) in lieu of WBM

G-II layer.

Consolidation of Soil Aggregate Layer using soil CompactorConsolidation of Soil Aggregate Layer using soil CompactorConsolidation of Soil Aggregate Layer using soil CompactorConsolidation of Soil Aggregate Layer using soil Compactor

Case - 3 Construction of Base course using soil

aggregate in Type – A (80mm down size) in lieu of WBM

G-II layer.

Consolidation of Soil Aggregate Layer using soil CompactorConsolidation of Soil Aggregate Layer using soil CompactorConsolidation of Soil Aggregate Layer using soil CompactorConsolidation of Soil Aggregate Layer using soil Compactor

Case - 3 Construction of Base course using soil

aggregate in Type – A (80mm down size) in lieu of WBM

G-II layer.

Case - 4 Construction of entry Base course using Soil

aggregate, stone chips Grafting & providing PMC as a

surface course without WBM G-II & G-III layer.

Laying of 2nd layer Soil aggregate along chips grafting

Case - 4 Construction of entry Base course using Soil

aggregate, stone chips Grafting & providing PMC as a

surface course without WBM G-II & G-III layer.

Compacted layer of Stone Chip Grafting

Case - 4 Construction of entry Base course using Soil

aggregate, stone chips Grafting & providing PMC as a

surface course without WBM G-II & G-III layer.

PMC over the Stone Chip Grafting & soil Aggregate layer without

WBM G-II & G-III layer

Case - 4 Construction of entry Base course using Soil

aggregate, stone chips Grafting & providing PMC as a

surface course without WBM G-II & G-III layer.

PMC over the Stone Chip Grafting & soil Aggregate layer without

WBM G-II & G-III layer

Case-5 Using of RBI – 81 material (as a innovative method)

for Base course in lieu of conventional WBM G-II & G-III

layer.

Placing of RBI 81 material bags for mixing with G.S.B materialPlacing of RBI 81 material bags for mixing with G.S.B materialPlacing of RBI 81 material bags for mixing with G.S.B materialPlacing of RBI 81 material bags for mixing with G.S.B material

Case-5 Using of RBI – 81 material (as a innovative method)

for Base course in lieu of conventional WBM G-II & G-III

layer.

Spreading of RBI 81 material over the G.S.BSpreading of RBI 81 material over the G.S.BSpreading of RBI 81 material over the G.S.BSpreading of RBI 81 material over the G.S.B

Case-5 Using of RBI – 81 material (as a innovative method)

for Base course in lieu of conventional WBM G-II & G-III

layer.

Mixing of RBI 81 material in G.S.BMixing of RBI 81 material in G.S.BMixing of RBI 81 material in G.S.BMixing of RBI 81 material in G.S.B

Case-5 Using of RBI – 81 material (as a innovative method)

for Base course in lieu of conventional WBM G-II & G-III

layer.

Mixing of RBI 81 with G.S.B material using Tractor TillerMixing of RBI 81 with G.S.B material using Tractor TillerMixing of RBI 81 with G.S.B material using Tractor TillerMixing of RBI 81 with G.S.B material using Tractor Tiller

Mixing of RBI 81 with G.S.B material using RotavatorMixing of RBI 81 with G.S.B material using RotavatorMixing of RBI 81 with G.S.B material using RotavatorMixing of RBI 81 with G.S.B material using Rotavator

Case-5 Using of RBI – 81 material (as a innovative method)

for Base course in lieu of conventional WBM G-II & G-III

layer.

Case-5 Using of RBI – 81 material (as a innovative method)

for Base course in lieu of conventional WBM G-II & G-III

layer.

Watering to RBI 81 material mixed with G.S.B materialWatering to RBI 81 material mixed with G.S.B materialWatering to RBI 81 material mixed with G.S.B materialWatering to RBI 81 material mixed with G.S.B material

Compaction of G.S.B layer mixed with RBI 81 Compaction of G.S.B layer mixed with RBI 81 Compaction of G.S.B layer mixed with RBI 81 Compaction of G.S.B layer mixed with RBI 81

Case-5 Using of RBI – 81 material (as a innovative method)

for Base course in lieu of conventional WBM G-II & G-III

layer.

Case-5 Using of RBI – 81 material (as a innovative method)

for Base course in lieu of conventional WBM G-II & G-III

layer.

Chip Grafting over Compacted G.S.B layer mixed with RBI 81 Chip Grafting over Compacted G.S.B layer mixed with RBI 81 Chip Grafting over Compacted G.S.B layer mixed with RBI 81 Chip Grafting over Compacted G.S.B layer mixed with RBI 81

Various Stages of Various Stages of Various Stages of Various Stages of

Photographs using Machinery Photographs using Machinery Photographs using Machinery Photographs using Machinery

in Rural Road Development in Rural Road Development in Rural Road Development in Rural Road Development

WorksWorksWorksWorks

Excavation of side Drains using Hitachi - 70

Scarifying existing Granular Sub Base

Profile Correction using Grader

Profile Correction using Grader

Profile Correction using Grader

Mixing of G.S.B Material at Quarry

Laying of G-III Material done Mannually

Formation & Consolidation of G-III

Formation & Consolidation of G-III

Formation & Consolidation of WBM G-III layer

Formation & Dry Consolidation of WBM G-III layer

Watering to WBM G-III layer

Consolidation of WBM G-III layer

Cleaning of WBM G-III layer using Air Compressor

Cleaning of WBM G-III layer before application of

Primer coat

Manual Cleaning of WBM G-III layer before

application of Primer coat

Application of Primer Coat using Sprayer

Laying of PMC layer using Paver

Laying of PMC layer using Paver

TRANSPORTATION OF MIX

TransportationTransportationTransportationTransportation ofofofof ColdColdColdCold MixMixMixMix bybybyby miniminiminimini tippertippertippertipper

TRANSPORTATION OF MIX

SpreadingSpreadingSpreadingSpreading ofofofof ColdColdColdCold MixMixMixMix

Compaction of PMC layer using Vibratory Roller

Compaction of PMC layer using Vibratory Roller

Inspection & Verification of Camber of PMC layer

ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusion� GraderGraderGraderGrader capacitycapacitycapacitycapacity &&&& sizesizesizesize ofofofof BladeBladeBladeBlade widthwidthwidthwidth maymaymaymay bebebebe

reducedreducedreducedreduced fromfromfromfrom 4444....00000000mmmm totototo 2222....50505050 mmmm forforforfor constructionconstructionconstructionconstruction ofofofofRuralRuralRuralRural RoadsRoadsRoadsRoads....

� SmallSmallSmallSmall sizesizesizesize Excavator/JCBExcavator/JCBExcavator/JCBExcavator/JCB maymaymaymay bebebebe developeddevelopeddevelopeddeveloped totototo thethethethesizesizesizesize ofofofof DrainsDrainsDrainsDrains....

� SoilSoilSoilSoil CompactorCompactorCompactorCompactor SteelSteelSteelSteel DrumDrumDrumDrum sizesizesizesize maymaymaymay bebebebe reducedreducedreducedreducedfromfromfromfrom 2222....50505050mmmm totototo 1111....80808080 mmmm forforforfor constructionconstructionconstructionconstruction ofofofof RuralRuralRuralRuralRoadsRoadsRoadsRoads....

� SmallerSmallerSmallerSmaller capacitycapacitycapacitycapacity batchingbatchingbatchingbatching plantplantplantplant (Mobile)(Mobile)(Mobile)(Mobile) forforforfor GGGG....SSSS....BBBB &&&&SoilSoilSoilSoil aggregateaggregateaggregateaggregate MixingMixingMixingMixing maymaymaymay bebebebe developeddevelopeddevelopeddeveloped forforforforconstructionconstructionconstructionconstruction ofofofof RuralRuralRuralRural RoadsRoadsRoadsRoads....

� SmallerSmallerSmallerSmaller capacitycapacitycapacitycapacity batchingbatchingbatchingbatching plantplantplantplant forforforfor prepreprepre----mixingmixingmixingmixing ofofofofWBMWBMWBMWBM GGGG----IIIIIIII &&&& GGGG----IIIIIIIIIIII materialmaterialmaterialmaterial totototo bebebebe developed,developed,developed,developed, totototo avoidavoidavoidavoidlayinglayinglayinglaying ofofofof WBMWBMWBMWBM GGGG----IIIIIIII &&&& GGGG----IIIIIIIIIIII layerslayerslayerslayers manuallymanuallymanuallymanually....

Conclusion….Conclusion….Conclusion….Conclusion….� SuitableSuitableSuitableSuitable MachineryMachineryMachineryMachinery totototo bebebebe developeddevelopeddevelopeddeveloped forforforfor scarifyingscarifyingscarifyingscarifying

BBBB....TTTT &&&& WBMWBMWBMWBM surfacesurfacesurfacesurface....

� SuitableSuitableSuitableSuitable vacuumvacuumvacuumvacuum cleanercleanercleanercleaner totototo bebebebe developeddevelopeddevelopeddeveloped forforforforcleaningcleaningcleaningcleaning ofofofof WBMWBMWBMWBM GGGG----IIIIIIIIIIII layerlayerlayerlayer....

� ToToToTo avoidavoidavoidavoid stickingstickingstickingsticking &&&& pealingpealingpealingpealing offoffoffoff TackTackTackTack coatcoatcoatcoat duedueduedue totototomovementmovementmovementmovement ofofofof tippers,tippers,tippers,tippers, suitablesuitablesuitablesuitable technologytechnologytechnologytechnology totototo bebebebedevelopeddevelopeddevelopeddeveloped....

� SmallSmallSmallSmall capacitycapacitycapacitycapacity ofofofof PugmillPugmillPugmillPugmill totototo bebebebe developeddevelopeddevelopeddeveloped forforforfor WMMWMMWMMWMM....

� SuitableSuitableSuitableSuitable machinerymachinerymachinerymachinery totototo bebebebe developeddevelopeddevelopeddeveloped forforforfor fillingfillingfillingfilling ofofofof PotPotPotPotholesholesholesholes includingincludingincludingincluding Cutting,Cutting,Cutting,Cutting, trimmingtrimmingtrimmingtrimming &&&& cleaningcleaningcleaningcleaning....