Case studies about Case studies about multiple use of multiple use of water from water from Colombia Colombia Cinara Institute – Universidad del Cinara Institute – Universidad del Valle Valle June 12 June 12 th th 2006 2006
Mar 28, 2015
Case studies about Case studies about multiple use of water multiple use of water
from Colombiafrom Colombia
Case studies about Case studies about multiple use of water multiple use of water
from Colombiafrom Colombia
Cinara Institute – Universidad del ValleCinara Institute – Universidad del Valle
June 12June 12thth 2006 2006
MUS Project
ApproachApproach• Various community-level case studies
– Undergraduate students– Post graduate students– CINARA researchers
• Focussing on a range of topics, including technology, livelihoods, water use and financial aspects
• Analysis at household and water supply system level
MUS Project
Case studies locationCase studies location
La Palma – Tres Puertas water supply system (Restrepo)
Cajamarca and San Isidro water supply systems (Roldanillo)
Los Sainos microcatchment (El Dovio)
Water supply systems in settlemets located at El Chocho microcatchment: La Castilla, Montebello, Golondrinas, Campoalegre (Cali)
Suramérica
Colombia
Valle del Cauca
Settlement Population (inh)
Rainfall (mm/year)
Los Sainos 290
Cajamarca and San Isidro 700 1200
La Palma – Tres Puertas 1827 1070
La Castilla 1543 1300
Montebello 8821 1200
Golondrinas 2349 1238
Campoalegre 2685 1200
HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD LEVEL ANALYSISANALYSIS
HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD LEVEL ANALYSISANALYSIS
MUS Project
Households with agricultural activities
No 27%
Si 73%
Livelihoods (I)Livelihoods (I)
La Palma – Tres Puertas
Golondrinas
Montebello
Cajamarca
La Palma – Tres Puertas(Colombian goverment, 2005)
Households w ith productive activities
49%
82%95% 98%
15%5% 2%
48%
85%
52%
18%
51%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Montebello Golondrinas La Castilla La Palma -Tres Puertas
Los Sainos Cajamarca
Ho
use
ho
lds
(%)
Yes No
MUS Project
Livelihoods (II)Livelihoods (II)Cultivated area in homesteads
19%
5%
28% 29%
16%
3%
15%
24%
48%
12%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
< 100 101 - 1000 1001 - 5000 5001 - 10000 10001 - 50000 > 50000
Cultivated area (m2 )
Ho
use
ho
lds
(%)
La P alma - Tres P uertas
Cajamarca
Animals in homesteads
25%
59%
23%
13%
24%
9%
24% 25%24%
52%
3%9%
51%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Pigs Chickens Cow s Horses Others
Ho
use
ho
lds
(%)
La Palma - Tres Puertas
CajamarcaLa Castilla
MUS Project
Livelihoods (III)Livelihoods (III)Pigs
74%
18%
3% 5%
25%
13%
63%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
1 - 5 6 - 15 16 - 30 31 - 100
Ho
use
ho
lds
(%)
La Palma - Tres Puertas
CajamarcaDistribution of the number of animals per household
Cows
54%
31%
6% 9%
67%
33%
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%
1 - 5 6 - 15 16 - 30 31 - 100
Ho
use
ho
lds
(%)
La Palma - Tres Puertas Cajamarca
Chickens
37%
46%
12%
1% 3%6%
35% 35%
24%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
1 - 5 6 - 15 16 - 30 31 - 100 > 100
Ho
use
ho
lds
(%)
La Palma - Tres Puertas Cajamarca
Horses
95%
5%
100%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1 - 5 6 - 15
Ho
use
ho
lds
(%)
La Palma - Tres Puertas
Cajamarca
MUS Project
Livelihoods (IV)Livelihoods (IV)
Gender distribution in breeding animals (La Palma - Tres Puertas)
50%
19%
75% 75%
47%
78%
17% 20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Pigs Chickens Cow s Horses
Ho
use
ho
lds
(%)
MenWomen
Gender distribution in cultivation (La Palma - Tres Puertas)
55%
75%
48%42% 39%
11%
28%
14% 15%
4%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Coffe Pineapple Beans Corn Vegetables
Ho
use
ho
lds
(%)
Men Women
MUS Project
Livelihoods (V)Livelihoods (V)
Percentage of the income which depends of the acces to water
38% 38%
61%
6%3%
30%
12%12%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Ns / Nr 0 - 40 40 - 80 80 - 100
Range (%)
Ho
useh
old
s (
%)
Cajamarca
La Palma - Tres Puertas
Average monthly income
0
12%
7% 9%6%
15%
3% 3% 1% 03%
15%12%
15%
21%
0
10%
25%
40%
3%0%5%
10%
15%20%25%30%
35%40%45%
Ns/Nr 0 - 80 80 - 160 160 - 240 240 - 320 320 - 400 400 - 600 600 - 800 > 800
Income (US$)
Ho
useh
old
s (
%) Cajamarca
La Palma - Tres Puertas
MUS Project
What does the law say?What does the law say?• There are different categories of users
(Res. 1096 / 2000, RAS):– Domestic– Commercial– Industrial– Institutional– Public
• But, where does small-scale productive use fit in?
MUS Project
Sources of WaterSources of Water
“Multiple uses
NOT
Multiple sources”
Water for domestic uses
1% 5%
91%
9%
99%94%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Watersupplysystem
Rainw ater Springs Bottledw ater
Ho
use
ho
lds
(%) La Castilla
GolondrinasLa Palma - Tres Puertas
Water for washing, cleaning and sanitation
95%
5%2% 1%
98%98%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Watersupplysystem
Rainw ater Springs Gray w ater
Ho
use
ho
lds
(%) La Castilla
GolondrinasLa Palma - Tres Puertas
Water for keeping animales
97%
2% 1%
100%96%
4%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Water supplysystem
Rainw ater Springs
Ho
use
ho
lds
(%) La Castilla
GolondrinasLa Palma - Tres Puertas
Water for crop production
75%
2% 4%
77%
23%34%
59%
4% 3%
19%
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
Watersupplysystem
Rainfed Springs Gray water
House
hold
s (%
)
La Castilla
Golondrinas
La Palma - Tres Puertas
MUS Project
• The sources for water supply systems are groundwater and surface water. Just in exceptional cases rainwater or seawater could be used. (Res. 1096 de 2000, RAS)
• Rainwater could be used when there are no other sources. It is necessary to ensure sufficient quantity of water according the complexity level of the system (Res. 1096 de 2000, RAS)
What does the law say?What does the law say?
MUS Project
Water consumptionWater consumptionTotal water consumption
67%
20%
6% 7%
72%
13%7% 8%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
150 - 250 251 - 350 351 - 450 > 450
Consumption (lpcd)
La CastillaLa Palma - Tres Puertas
The average water
consumption for all uses over all
cases
“213 lpcd”
MUS Project
Water consumption (II)Water consumption (II)
Use Mín Prom. Máx.
Toilet 9 13 20
Washing dishes 4 11 17
Cooking and drinking 2 4 13
Taking shower 7 12 15
Washing hands and teeth 0 2 6
Washing clothes 12 27 54
Cleaning house 2 4 11
Total 36 73 135
Water for domestic use (Los Sainos) (lpcd)
“Just around 6 lpcd need to ensure drinking water quality”
MUS Project
What does the law say?What does the law say?
• The quantity of water necessary to satisfy all basic needs of one person is (Res. 1096/2000, RAS):
• 100 – 150 lpcd (< 2500 inh.)• 120 – 175 lpcd (2500 – 12500 inh.)
• In places with population higher than 12500 inhabitants water can be used for any use and there is no maximum water allocation
MUS Project
Those are causes to cancel the water service (Dec. 302 de 2000 ):
• Use of the service for an activity which is not considered in the contract with the service provider
• Make connections between pipes of the water supply system with other sources of water
What does the law say?What does the law say?
SYSTEM LEVEL SYSTEM LEVEL ANALYSISANALYSIS
SYSTEM LEVEL SYSTEM LEVEL ANALYSISANALYSIS
MUS Project
Water Supply SystemsWater Supply Systems
La Castilla
Cajamarca Montebello
La Palma – Tres Puertas
MUS Project
Quantity and ContinuityQuantity and Continuity
Water supply system Users Quantity (lpcd)Continuity
(%)
Villa del Rosario 46 601 100
Las Palmas 116 676 100
Cajamarca 136 4756 * 100
La Palma - Tres Puertas 404 329 10
Golondrinas 490 317 17
Campoalegre 537 169 25
Montebello 1650 109 4
* Water supply system + Irrigation system
MUS Project
QualityQualityWater
supplysystem pH
Colour (UPC)
Turbidity
(UNT)
Alkalinity
(mg/l)
Faecal Coliforms
(UFC/100ml)
La Castilla 6,8 1,1 17 0
Golondrinas 7.65 20.75 11.78 92.58 0
Montebello 7.31 5.87 3.47 79.43 520
Campoalegre 7.91 13.28 4.95 113.64 10.8
Las Palmas 7.34 41.42 20.28 85.37 159.67
El Pinar 7.19 2.9 2.61 96.1 27
Villa del Rosario 7.52 5.15 3.31 89.8 0
Lomitas 7.82 3.33 3.55 88.4 12.67
Cajamarca 7.6 10 4.4 21 1120
Los Sainos 7.5 4.8 68
Act. 475/ 98 6.5 - 9 < 15 < 5 0 – 100 0
Just 20% of the systems evaluated supply drinking water to people, although 60% of them have treatment plants or desinfection
MUS Project
What does the law say?What does the law say?• In places where multiple uses exist, the quality
criteria for the water source are the most restrictive between the different standards for all the uses considered. (Act. 1594/1984)
• Water for human consumption has to attain quality criteria set by Act. 475 / 1998 (Res. 1096 de 2000, RAS)
• Settlements less than 12500 inhabitants have to make two times a week test of: pH, color, odor, suspended solids, turbidity, nitrate, chloride, sulfate, total iron, hardness and free residual chlorine, when it is used for disinfection. (Act. 475/1998)
MUS Project
TariffsTariffsWater supply
systemTariffs
(US$/month/hh)Default rate
(%)
Villa del Rosario 1.1 High
La Palma - Tres Puertas 1.2 High
Golondrinas 2.8 25
Montebello 3.1 30
Campoalegre 3.6 50
Las Palmas 1.8 - 9.3 5
Cajamarca 1.9 - 22.9 7
Systems which have higher and differential tariffs have smaller default rates
MUS Project
TariffsTariffs
Tariff ($US/month/subs.)
Households (%)
Tariff ($US/month/subs.)
Susbcriber (%)
1.8 14% 6.0 2%
2.0 37% 6.4 4%
2.6 1% 8.6 1%
2.8 7% 8.8 2%
3.0 10% 9.0 1%
3.2 8% 9.2 1%
4.4 2% 9.6 2%
4.6 1% 10.8 1%
4.8 2% 11.0 2%
5.2 1% 18.0 1%
5.6 1% 22.0 1%
Bills are delivered every three months, they recognize as default rate when people have not paid two bills, they considered this period reasonable for people who have their income from agricultural activities. The default rate in this system is 7%. Everybody consider as “fair” the water service tariff.
Block tariff system in CajamarcaBlock tariff system in Cajamarca
There are 22 different tariff levels, depending on:
• Homestead area
• Wealthy
• Livestock activities at
homestead
• Having lakes at homestead
MUS Project
What does the law say?What does the law say?
• Tariffs has to include a consumption charge, fixed charge, connection charge, reconnection charge and reinstallation charge. It is allowed to apply interests for default rate. (Law 142 / 1994)
MUS Project
Conclusions and Conclusions and questionsquestions
• In Colombia existing legislation to design, manage and operate rural water supply systems, does not recognize the multiple water needs of rural people
MUS Project
Conclusions and Conclusions and questions (II)questions (II)
The typical needs of water in a poor rural Colombian family could be:
– Water for domestic uses– Water to irrigate during the dry season a cultivated
area until 10000 m2
– Water to keep 10 chicken, 2 pigs, 2 cows, 1 dog and 1 cat
• The amount required for all those uses would be around 250 lpcd – but less if water were used more efficiently
• Should we use this as the new parameter, or have a flexible range in design?
MUS Project
Conclusions and Conclusions and questions (III)questions (III)
• It is important to use multiple (alternative) sources for multiple uses in designing water systems
• However, many water professionals lack skills and understanding about this
MUS Project
Conclusions and Conclusions and questions (IV)questions (IV)
• The water quality standards for water supply systems in rural areas need to be more flexible, based on the different uses at the household level
• Community level treatment often has poor performance
• Could household treatment be an alternative?
MUS Project
Conclusions (V)Conclusions (V)
• Official tariff regulations are difficult to apply in rural areas
• There are successful systems, where community have set their tariff models by themselves, with excellent results in terms of financial sustainability
• How to use local criteria in tariff regulations?
MUS Project