Case Report Primary pleomorphic adenoma of the lung with ...ijcem.com/files/ijcem0059803.pdf · Abstract: Pleomorphic adenoma is a common tumor occurring in the salivary glands of

Int J Clin Exp Med 2018;11(1):378-383www.ijcem.com /ISSN:1940-5901/IJCEM0059803

Case ReportPrimary pleomorphic adenoma of the lung with positive staining of TTF-1: a case report and review of literature

Yuan Wang1,2, Lei Lei1, Gui-Yang Jiang1, Lian-He Yang1, Hong-Tao Xu1

1Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; 2Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China

Received April 28, 2017; Accepted November 26, 2017; Epub January 15, 2018; Published January 30, 2018

Abstract: Pleomorphic adenoma is a common tumor occurring in the salivary glands of head and neck. But, it is extremely rare in the trachea or lung. Here, we reported a case of primary pleomorphic adenoma of the lung. A 63-year-old man came to our hospital with a tumor in the middle of the trachea nearly obstructing the airway. The histological examination revealed a mixture of epithelial and myxoid-chondroid mesenchymal elements. The tumor tissue was positive for broad-spectrum cytokeratin (CK), CK7, p63, p53, and CK5/6 staining, and focal positive for S-100, EMA, and Vimentin staining. Based on the clinical information, histological features, and the immunohisto-chemical staining profile, the tumor was diagnosed as a primary pleomorphic adenoma of the lung. Specially, the epithelial cells of this tumor were positive for thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) staining, which indicated its dif-ferentiation toward type II alveolar epithelial cells.

Keywords: Pleomorphic adenoma, TTF-1, salivary gland type tumor, trachea, lung

Introduction

Pleomorphic adenoma is a common tumor occurring in the salivary glands of head and neck. But, it is extremely rare in the trachea or lung. To our knowledge, less than 20 cases of pleomorphic adenoma arising from the lung have been reported in English literature (Table 1) [1-12]. The histological morphology of prima-ry pulmonary pleomorphic adenoma is similar to its counterpart arising from the salivary glands of head and neck. It displays a bipha- sic cellular composition including epithelial tu- bules or nests and myoepithelial component embedded in or merging with a myxoid or chon-dromyxoid stroma [12]. However, the primary pleomorphic adenoma of the lung is very rare, so that its incidence and etiology are unclear. Its feature of immunostaining was also not well known. Here, we reported a special case of primary pleomorphic adenoma of the lung with positive staining of thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1).

Clinical history

A 63-year-old Chinese man went to the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University

in March 2013 with complaints of trachea ne- oplasm for seven years and dyspnea for one year. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a ci- rcular soft tissue density mass that attached to the front wall of trachea. The tumor mass protruded into the lumen of the trachea, and nearly obstructed the lumen (Figure 1). The bilateral hilar was not enlarged. No enlarged lymph node was found in the mediastinum. The tumor mass was solid, and the tumor size was about 2.1×1.9×1.8 cm. The CT value was ab- out 40 HU. The tumor was resected using fib- eroptic bronchoscopy and a diathermy snare without significant bleeding. The patient recov-ered well, and has no signs of recurrence up to now. The patient had no history of salivary gland neoplasm or prior head and neck sur- gery. The study was approved by the China Medical University Institutional Review Board for human studies. Written informed consent was got from the patient for use of his clinical records in our study.

Materials and methods

The resected tumor tissue was fixed with 10% neutral-buffered formalin and embedded in

Primary pleomorphic adenoma of the lung with positive staining of TTF-1

379 Int J Clin Exp Med 2018;11(1):378-383

Table 1. The case reports of pleomorphic adenoma of the lungCase Sex Age Location Size Clinical presentation Management Reference1 Male 36 Left lower lobe NA Incidental Lobectomy Wang JS, et al. 1994

2 Female 63 left lower lobe 3.3 cm Vomiting, abdominal pain Fine needle aspiration Kanchustambham, et al. 2017

3 Female 47 Left mainstem bronchus 2.5 cm Cough, chest pain Pneumonectomy Moran, et al. 1994

4 Female 67 Right middle lobe NA Incidental Lobectomy Noda M, et al. 2002

5 Female 18 Right middle lobe NA Incidental Lobectomy Tanigaki T, et al. 2002

6 Female 56 Right middle lobe 2 cm Incidental Lobectomy Ang KL, et al. 2003

7 Female 22 Right lower lobe 2 cm Incidental Lobectomy Carretta, et al. 2004

8 Female 25 Left lung periphery 2.5 cm Incidental Wedge resection/VATS Jin HY, et al. 2007

9 Male 65 Right mainbronchus 1.3 cm Cough Rigid bronchoscopy Fitchett, et al. 2008

10 Male 8 Distal trachea and right main bronchus NA Respiratory distress Right carinal resection, pneumonectomy Baghai-Wadji M, et al. 2006

11 Male 38 Right lobe 10 cm Post-traumatic after bull injury to the chest Surgical excision Pozgain, et al. 2016NA = not available.

Primary pleomorphic adenoma of the lung with positive staining of TTF-1

380 Int J Clin Exp Med 2018;11(1):378-383

paraffin blocks. Tissue blocks were cut into 4-μm sections. The histological evaluation was performed on hematoxylin and eosin stained sections. The tumor tissue sections were im- munostained with primary antibodies against broad-spectrum cytokeratin (CK), CK7, CK5/6, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), p63, p53, TTF-1, S-100, vimentin, SMA and Ki67. All of these antibodies were purchased from Maixin, Fuzhou, China. After incubation with primary antibody, the detection of antibodies was ac- complished using the streptavidin-peroxidase method.

Results

Gross features

Gross pathologic examination revealed that the tumor was round, about 2.0 cm in diame- ter. The cut surface of the tumor was rubbery, soft, and gray-white with no apparent hemor-rhagic or necrotic foci.

Microscopic features

The tumor displayed different growth patterns, including glandular or tubular structure, solid cell nests, and myxoid or chondroid areas (Fi- gure 2). The proportion of each component is different. The neoplastic epithelial cells includ-ed myoepithelial cells, glandular epithelial cells,

and squamous cells. In the component of gl- andular or tubular structure, the tumor cells arranged as two layers. The inner layer was lined by cuboidal or low columnar epithelial cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm. The outer layer was surrounded polygonal, spindle or stellate myoepithelial cells with clear or light staining cytoplasm. Myxoid or chondromyxoid areas were mixed with epithelial cell nests. Some spindle shape myoepithelioid cells em- bedded in or merged with the myxoid or ch- ondromyxoid components. A small part of cells showed squamous cell differentiation and ke- ratinization. All of the tumor cells were mild, and without cellular atypia or mitotic figures.

Immunohistochemistry

Immunostaining showed that broad-spectrum CK was strongly positive in almost all the neo-plastic epithelial cells. TTF-1 was strongly posi-tive in the nuclei of glandular epithelial cells, and also positive in part of the abluminal cells. CK7 and EMA were positive in the glandular epithelial cells. P63 was positive in all of the myoepithelial cells, S-100 and Vimentin were positive in part of the myoepithelial cells. The percentage of cells that stained positively for Ki67 was about 5% (Figure 3).

Discussion

Based on clinical information, histological fea-tures, and the immunohistochemical staining profile described above, the tumor was diag-nosed as a primary pleomorphic adenoma of the lung. Pleomorphic adenoma is a common tumor in the salivary glands of the head and neck, especially the parotid gland. Pleomorphic adenoma arising in regions other than the head and neck are very rare. Few reports have docu-mented its presence in other regions, such as lung and lower eyelid [11, 13]. To date, less than 20 cases of pleomorphic adenoma of the lung have been reported in the literature (Ta- ble 1) [1-12]. Previous reports and ours have summarized the features of pleomorphic ade-noma of the lung. This tumor often occurs in middle and old age patients (≥40 years old). The occurrence of this tumor does not differ by gender. Macroscopically, these tumors are ty- pically well-circumscribed, and ranging from 1.5 to 16 cm in size. The cut surface can ap- pear grayish white, soft, rubbery, and myxoid. Most tumors are associated with a major or

Figure 1. The image of computed tomography exami-nation. Computed tomography revealed that a cir-cular soft tissue density mass attached to the front wall of trachea and protruded into the lumen of the trachea (arrow).

Primary pleomorphic adenoma of the lung with positive staining of TTF-1

381 Int J Clin Exp Med 2018;11(1):378-383

uncommon in pulmonary pleomorphic adeno-ma. Pulmonary blastomas and carcinosarco-

Figure 2. The histological features of the primary pleomorphic adenoma of the lung. A. The myoepithelial cells and glandular epithelial cells were arranged in cords, flakes or tubular structure. Hyaline basement membrane-like ma-terial was observed in the stroma. (H&E ×200). B. Squamous cell metaplasia was observed in some region (arrow). (H&E ×200). C. Chondromyxoid areas were mixed with epithelial cell nests. (H&E ×100).

Figure 3. The immonohistochemical staining of the primary pleomorphic adenoma of the lung. (A) The immunohistochemical staining of CK was posi-tive in almost all the neoplastic epithelial cells (×200). (B) P63 was positive in all of the myoepithelial cells, but negative in glandular epithelial cells (×200). (C) TTF-1 was strongly positive in the nuclei of glandular epithelial cells, and also positive in part of the abluminal cells (red arrow) (×200). (D) Showed the expression of TTF-1 in the same field with (B). TTF-1 was strongly positive in the nuclei of glandular epithelial cells (red arrow), but negative in abluminal myoepithelial cells (black arrow) (×200).

secondary bronchus, though peripheral lesions have been reported. The histological pattern of

this tumor is similar to its co- unterpart in salivary glands of the head and neck. Similar to the tumors in salivary glands, tongues of tumor tissue out-side their fibrous capsules we- re also observed in pulmonary pleomorphic adenoma. So, th- eir incomplete excision may be a potential source of recurrent disease [6].

Primary pleomorphic adenoma may be confused with other primary or metastatic tumors of lung. First, metastatic pleo-morphic adenoma from sali-vary gland of the head and neck should be excluded by detailed clinical examination and evaluation. The immunos-taining of pleomorphic adeno-ma displays the positivity of broad-spectrum CK, CK7, EMA, P63, S100 and vimentin, which is helpful for the diagnosis of a “mixed tumor” composed by epithelial and myoepithelial ce- lls. Other differential diagno-ses include hamartoma, pul-monary blastomas and carci-nosarcoma. Hamartomas typi- cally have well-developed ch- ondroid elements, which was

Primary pleomorphic adenoma of the lung with positive staining of TTF-1

382 Int J Clin Exp Med 2018;11(1):378-383

mas are malignant tumors with apparent aty- pia and invasiveness, and they have sarcoma-tous elements [14].

The present case showed typical structure of pleomorphic adenoma. The diagnosis was not difficult. But, the specific character of this ca- se was that the tumor epithelial cells were po- sitive for TTF-1 staining. TTF-1 was used as a marker for pulmonary or thyroid epithelial ce- lls. The salivary gland-type tumors of the lung, including pleomorphic adenoma, were origi- nated from the bronchial glands, and were th- ought negative for TTF-1. So, TTF-1 was con- sidered as a useful marker in the differential diagnosis of salivary gland-type tumors and tumors originated from pulmonary epithelial cells, such as pulmonary adenomas, adenoca- rcinomas, and adenosquamous carcinomas. But, our case indicated that TTF-1 also can positive in pleomorphic adenoma. Matsumoto et al. reported a similar case in a 74-year-old man, previously [15]. TTF-1 positive staining was also reported in mucoepidermoid carci- noma and epithelial-myoepithelial tumors [16-18]. So, using TTF-1 as a marker of differential diagnosis should be careful. When a pulmo- nary tumor shows positive for TTF-1, the sali-vary gland-type tumor cannot be excluded fr- om the differential diagnostic panel. On the other hand, the positive staining of TTF-1 indi-cates the epithelial cells of a salivary gland-type tumor exhibits differentiation toward type II alveolar epithelial cells, which supports its pulmonary origin.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 813- 72497 to H.-T. Xu) and Program for Liaoning Excellent Talents in University (Grant No. LR- 2015067 to H.-T. Xu).

Disclosure of conflict of interest

None.

Address correspondence to: Dr. Hong-Tao Xu, Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hos- pital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China. Tel: 86-24-83282248; Fax: 86-24-83282248; E-mail: [email protected]

References

[1] Wang JS, Tseng CH. Pleomorphic adenoma of the lung-report of a case and review of the lit-erature. Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi 1994; 10: 522-527.

[2] Kanchustambham V, Saladi S, Patolia S, Mah-moud Assaf S and Stoeckel D. A rare case of a benign primary pleomorphic adenoma of the lung. Cureus 2017; 9: e1069.

[3] Moran CA, Suster S, Askin FB and Koss MN. Benign and malignant salivary gland-type mixed tumors of the lung. Clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of eight cas-es. Cancer 1994; 73: 2481-2490.

[4] Noda M, Tabata T and Yamane Y. [Pleomorphic adenoma of the lung; report of a case]. Kyobu Geka 2002; 55: 1073-1076.

[5] Tanigaki T, Shoyama Y, Iwasaki M, Abe Y, Naka-mura M and Inoue H. Pleomorphic adenoma in the lung. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2002; 57: 30-32.

[6] Ang KL, Dhannapuneni VR, Morgan WE and Soomro IN. Primary pulmonary pleomorphic adenoma. An immunohistochemical study and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003; 127: 621-622.

[7] Jin HY and Park TS. Pulmonary pleomorphic adenoma: report of a rare case. Korean J In-tern Med 2007; 22: 122-124.

[8] Carretta A, Libretti L, Taccagni G and Zannini P. Salivary gland-type mixed tumor (pleomorphic adenoma) of the lung. Interact Cardiovasc Tho-rac Surg 2004; 3: 663-665.

[9] Fitchett J, Luckraz H, Gibbs A and O’Keefe P. A rare case of primary pleomorphic adenoma in main bronchus. Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 86: 1025-1026.

[10] Baghai-Wadji M, Sianati M, Nikpour H and Koochekpour S. Pleomorphic adenoma of the trachea in an 8-year-old boy: a case report. J Pediatr Surg 2006; 41: e23-26.

[11] Pozgain Z, Dulic G, Kristek J, Rajc J, Bogovic S, Rimac M and Kis I. Giant primary pleomorphic adenoma of the lung presenting as a post-trau-matic pulmonary hematoma: a case report. J Cardiothorac Surg 2016; 11: 18.

[12] Falk N, Weissferdt A, Kalhor N and Moran CA. Primary pulmonary salivary gland-type tumors: a review and update. Adv Anat Pathol 2016; 23: 13-23.

[13] Obi EE, Drummond SR, Kemp EG and Roberts F. Pleomorphic adenomas of the lower eyelid: a case series. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 29: e14-17.

[14] Travis WD, Brambilla E, Burke AP, Marx A, Nich-olson AG. WHO classification of tumours of the lung, pleura, thymus, and heart. 4th edition. IARC Press 2015.

Primary pleomorphic adenoma of the lung with positive staining of TTF-1

383 Int J Clin Exp Med 2018;11(1):378-383

[15] Matsumoto M, Sonobe H, Furihata M, Nonami Y, Ohmori Y and Ohtsuki Y. A case of salivary gland-type mixed tumor of the lung differenti-ating toward type II alveolar epithelial cells in glandular components with a literature review. Virchows Arch 2002; 441: 618-621.

[16] Chang T, Husain AN, Colby T, Taxy JB, Welch WR, Cheung OY, Early A, Travis W and Krausz T. Pneumocytic adenomyoepithelioma: a distinc-tive lung tumor with epithelial, myoepithelial, and pneumocytic differentiation. Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31: 562-568.

[17] Munoz G, Felipo F, Marquina I and Del Agua C. Epithelial-myoepithelial tumour of the lung: a case report referring to its molecular histogen-esis. Diagn Pathol 2011; 6: 71.

[18] Xu HT, Lin XY, Li QC and Wang EH. The alveolar epithelial differentiation of glandular inner lin-ing cells in a mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lung: a case report. Diagn Pathol 2012; 7: 137.