Case Report Case Report A 44-year-old African-American woman A 44-year-old African-American woman presented with complaints of worsening presented with complaints of worsening dyspnea and chest discomfort for several dyspnea and chest discomfort for several months months Review of systems revealed long-standing Review of systems revealed long-standing dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea, and dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. Physical exam was significant for JVD, Physical exam was significant for JVD, decreased breath sounds in the lung decreased breath sounds in the lung bases, tachycardia, and lower extremity bases, tachycardia, and lower extremity edema to the knees. Notably, the exam edema to the knees. Notably, the exam was lacking rales and an S3 gallop. was lacking rales and an S3 gallop.
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Case Report A 44-year-old African-American woman presented with complaints of worsening dyspnea and chest discomfort for several months A 44-year-old African-American.
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Case ReportCase Report
A 44-year-old African-American woman A 44-year-old African-American woman presented with complaints of worsening presented with complaints of worsening dyspnea and chest discomfort for several dyspnea and chest discomfort for several monthsmonths
Review of systems revealed long-standing Review of systems revealed long-standing dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea, and dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.
Physical exam was significant for JVD, Physical exam was significant for JVD, decreased breath sounds in the lung bases, decreased breath sounds in the lung bases, tachycardia, and lower extremity edema to tachycardia, and lower extremity edema to the knees. Notably, the exam was lacking the knees. Notably, the exam was lacking rales and an S3 gallop. rales and an S3 gallop.
Differential Diagnosis?Differential Diagnosis?
Chest radiograph revealed an enlarged cardiac Chest radiograph revealed an enlarged cardiac sillouette and bilateral pleural effusions (sillouette and bilateral pleural effusions (Figure 1).).
Bedside echocardiography revealed a Bedside echocardiography revealed a pericardial effusion (pericardial effusion (Figure 2).
DataData Laboratory findings included a macrocytic Laboratory findings included a macrocytic
anemia (MCV 114.6 fL, HCT 22.2%) with a anemia (MCV 114.6 fL, HCT 22.2%) with a high corrected reticulocyte count (14.5) and high corrected reticulocyte count (14.5) and normal B12 and folate levels. normal B12 and folate levels.
Auto-immune hemolytic anemia was Auto-immune hemolytic anemia was confirmed by a decreased haptoglobin (<14 confirmed by a decreased haptoglobin (<14 mg/dL), an elevated LDH (1411 U/L), and the mg/dL), an elevated LDH (1411 U/L), and the detection of a warm IgG auto-antibody. detection of a warm IgG auto-antibody.
ANA testing revealed a 160 titer and an anti-ANA testing revealed a 160 titer and an anti-DNA DS level of 101 IU. Right heart DNA DS level of 101 IU. Right heart catheterization revealed tamponade catheterization revealed tamponade physiology.physiology.
DiscussionDiscussion
This case represents a rare presentation in a patient This case represents a rare presentation in a patient with SLE. with SLE. The patient's symptoms were secondary to both tamponade The patient's symptoms were secondary to both tamponade
and hemolytic anemia, perhaps two of the most morbid of the and hemolytic anemia, perhaps two of the most morbid of the diagnostic criteria. diagnostic criteria.
The eventual diagnosis may have been delayed were it The eventual diagnosis may have been delayed were it not for careful attention to the physical exam and not for careful attention to the physical exam and prompt diagnostic testing to validate those findings. prompt diagnostic testing to validate those findings.
Standard treatment for congestive heart failure based Standard treatment for congestive heart failure based solely on reported symptoms would have greatly solely on reported symptoms would have greatly increased her morbidity, and could have been fatal. increased her morbidity, and could have been fatal.
This case emphasizes the importance that our history This case emphasizes the importance that our history AND physical examinations guide our diagnostic and AND physical examinations guide our diagnostic and therapeutic measures.therapeutic measures.
Associate Program Director, Associate Program Director, RheumatologyRheumatology
Director of Arthritis and Lupus ClinicsDirector of Arthritis and Lupus Clinics
SLE: SubsetsSLE: Subsets
Discoid LEDiscoid LE Drug Induced SLEDrug Induced SLE Neonatal SLE Neonatal SLE Antiphospholipid SyndromeAntiphospholipid Syndrome SLESLE
Benign, incompleteBenign, incomplete Subacute cutaneous, ANA negative, Ro + Subacute cutaneous, ANA negative, Ro +
lupuslupus DNA positive, complement fixing, DNA positive, complement fixing,
hypocomplementichypocomplementic
Drug Induced SLEDrug Induced SLE HydralazineHydralazine
ProcainamideProcainamide
Minocycline (ANCA+)Minocycline (ANCA+)
ChlorpromazineChlorpromazine
IsoniazidIsoniazid
PenicillaminePenicillamine
MethyldopaMethyldopa
Interferon-alphaInterferon-alpha
SLE: DemographicsSLE: Demographics Affects .5 million (.2%) vs 1.5 million (.6%) of Affects .5 million (.2%) vs 1.5 million (.6%) of
US population (epidemiologic vs LFA random US population (epidemiologic vs LFA random digit dialing telephone survey)digit dialing telephone survey)
Female:Male ratio of 10:1Female:Male ratio of 10:1 Closer to 2:1 during childhood and after Closer to 2:1 during childhood and after
menopause, suggesting hormonal influencemenopause, suggesting hormonal influence Disease in males is often more severe Disease in males is often more severe
70% of SLE: females between ages 15-4570% of SLE: females between ages 15-45
African American to Caucasian ratio 3:1African American to Caucasian ratio 3:1
Highest prevalence in Afro-Caribbean females Highest prevalence in Afro-Caribbean females 1:2501:250
genes - Fc receptor polymorphisms -gene genes - Fc receptor polymorphisms -gene linked to chromosome 1linked to chromosome 1
Environmental factors - Concordance for Environmental factors - Concordance for monozygotic twins is 30% (70% of genetically monozygotic twins is 30% (70% of genetically identical twins will not share the disease)identical twins will not share the disease)
Child of SLE mother risk of SLE 1:15 (7%)Child of SLE mother risk of SLE 1:15 (7%)
ANA positive in 5-20% of population. 10 times ANA positive in 5-20% of population. 10 times more likely to have false positive ANA than more likely to have false positive ANA than diseasedisease
Null alleles that cause a deficiency of one of the
early complement components — C1q, C2, or C4
— are a strong risk factor for lupus.
Family studies have identified genes that are more likely to occur in patients with lupus than in their healthy relatives.
Many of these genes encode componentsof the immune system.
SLE: ETIOLOGYSLE: ETIOLOGY
AUTOANTIBODY PRODUCTIONAUTOANTIBODY PRODUCTION
GENERATION OF CIRCULATING GENERATION OF CIRCULATING IMMUNE COMPLEXESIMMUNE COMPLEXES
Immune complex disease (microangiitis and Immune complex disease (microangiitis and vasculitis)vasculitis)
Neutrophil and endothelial cell adhesive Neutrophil and endothelial cell adhesive interaction with leukoaggregationinteraction with leukoaggregation
Thrombophilia: Antibody mediated Thrombophilia: Antibody mediated thrombosis in secondary APLS with micro thrombosis in secondary APLS with micro and macrovascular non-inflammatory and macrovascular non-inflammatory occlusionocclusion
SEROLOGYSEROLOGY ANA (Titer and pattern: diffuse, ANA (Titer and pattern: diffuse,
1. Malar rash1. Malar rash: Fixed erythema, flat or : Fixed erythema, flat or raised, over the malar eminences, tending to raised, over the malar eminences, tending to spare the nasolabial foldsspare the nasolabial folds
Discoid Rash
2. Discoid rash2. Discoid rash: : Erythematous Erythematous raised patches with raised patches with adherent keratotic adherent keratotic scaling and scaling and follicular plugging; follicular plugging; atrophic scarring atrophic scarring may occur in older may occur in older lesionslesions
IgG Deposition at Dermo-epidermal Junction in Discoid Lupus
Photosensitivity “allergic to the sun”“allergic to the sun”
3. Photosensitivity3. Photosensitivity: Skin rash as a result of : Skin rash as a result of unusual reaction to sunlight, by patient history or unusual reaction to sunlight, by patient history or physician observation physician observation
Oral Ulcers
4. Oral ulcers4. Oral ulcers: Oral or : Oral or nasopharyngeal ulceration, usually nasopharyngeal ulceration, usually painlesspainless
Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus
Left, Papulosquamous lesions are characterized by erythematous scaling papules and plaques that resemble psoriasis. The distribution in light-exposed areas suggests photosensitivity.
Right, The annular polycyclic lesions have an erythematous, slightly scaling border with central clearing.
Cutaneous Vasculitis with Infarcts
Alopecia
ArthritisArthritis
5. 5. ArthritisArthritis: : Non-erosiveNon-erosive arthritis arthritis involving 2 or more peripheral joints, involving 2 or more peripheral joints, characterized by characterized by tenderness, swelling, tenderness, swelling, or effusionor effusion
80%80% Single or multiple jointsSingle or multiple joints Reducible deformitiesReducible deformities Pain may be out of proportion with Pain may be out of proportion with
appearanceappearance
Jaccoud’s arthritis
SerositisSerositis 6. Serositis6. Serositis a) Pleuritis--convincing history of pleuritic pain a) Pleuritis--convincing history of pleuritic pain
or rubbing heard by a physician or evidence of or rubbing heard by a physician or evidence of pleural effusion pleural effusion OR OR
b) Pericarditis--documented by ECG or rub or b) Pericarditis--documented by ECG or rub or
evidence of pericardial effusionevidence of pericardial effusion
Peritonitis - diffuse abdominal pain, Peritonitis - diffuse abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, ascites is rarenausea and vomiting, ascites is rare
Pleuritis Pericarditis
Chest X-ray
Abdominal X-ray
Lupus Serositis
Peritonitis
Chest X-ray
RenalRenal
7. 7. Renal disorderRenal disorder
a) Persistent proteinuria greater a) Persistent proteinuria greater than 0.5 grams per day than 0.5 grams per day
OROR
b) Cellular casts--may be red cell, b) Cellular casts--may be red cell, hemoglobin, granular, tubular, or hemoglobin, granular, tubular, or mixed mixed
b) Normal by light but deposits on EM or b) Normal by light but deposits on EM or IFIF
II Mesangial nephritisII Mesangial nephritis III Focal glomerulonephritisIII Focal glomerulonephritis IV Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritisIV Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis V Membranous nephritisV Membranous nephritis VI Membranoproliferative VI Membranoproliferative
glomerulonephritis glomerulonephritis VII Advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritisVII Advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis
8. 8. Neurologic disorderNeurologic disordera) Seizures--in the absence of offending a) Seizures--in the absence of offending
drugs or known metabolic derangements; drugs or known metabolic derangements; e.g., uremia, ketoacidosis, or electrolyte e.g., uremia, ketoacidosis, or electrolyte imbalance imbalance
OROR
b) Psychosis--in the absence of offending b) Psychosis--in the absence of offending drugs or known metabolic derangements, drugs or known metabolic derangements, e.g., uremia, ketoacidosis, or electrolyte e.g., uremia, ketoacidosis, or electrolyte imbalance imbalance
Right, Photomicrograph demonstrates occlusion of small vessels by both leukoaggregation (A) and a fibrin thrombus (B) as the causes of the infarctions. Vasculitis was not found
9. 9. Hematologic disorderHematologic disorder a) Hemolytic anemia--a) Hemolytic anemia--with reticulocytosis ORwith reticulocytosis OR
b) Leukopenia--b) Leukopenia--less than 4,000/mm on 2 or more occasions less than 4,000/mm on 2 or more occasions OROR
c) Lymphopenia--c) Lymphopenia--less than 1,500/mm on 2 or more occasions less than 1,500/mm on 2 or more occasions OROR
d) Thrombocytopenia-d) Thrombocytopenia--less than 100,000/mm in the -less than 100,000/mm in the
absence of offending drugsabsence of offending drugs
10. Immunologic disorder10. Immunologic disorder a) Anti-DNA ORa) Anti-DNA OR b) Anti-Sm ORb) Anti-Sm OR c) Positive finding of antiphospholipid c) Positive finding of antiphospholipid
antibodies antibodies
11. ANA:11. ANA: in the absence of drugs known to be in the absence of drugs known to be associated with "drug-induced lupus" syndrome associated with "drug-induced lupus" syndrome
Classification CriteriaClassification Criteria
4/11 criteria >90% sensitivity and 4/11 criteria >90% sensitivity and specificity specificity
Criteria designed for classification, Criteria designed for classification, especially for entrance into laboratory especially for entrance into laboratory studies and clinical trials but not for studies and clinical trials but not for diagnosisdiagnosis
For mild and early disease may not be as For mild and early disease may not be as sensitivesensitive
Examples: Examples: patient with malar rash and +ANApatient with malar rash and +ANA
patient with GN, +ANA and elevated dsDNA Abspatient with GN, +ANA and elevated dsDNA Abs
MortalityMortality
90% survive 5 years, 80% 10 years90% survive 5 years, 80% 10 years Worse if renal diseaseWorse if renal disease AA more aggressive and treatment AA more aggressive and treatment
resistant diseaseresistant disease Bimodal distribution of etiologyBimodal distribution of etiology
EarlyEarly: disease activity and : disease activity and infectioninfection
LateLate: disease activity, ESRD, : disease activity, ESRD, arterioscleroticarteriosclerotic and thromboembolic and thromboembolic
CAD in SLECAD in SLE Risk is 10-times increased in SLE patients, 50-times Risk is 10-times increased in SLE patients, 50-times
increased in SLE pts 35-44 yrs oldincreased in SLE pts 35-44 yrs old Factors contributing to increase:Factors contributing to increase:
*All modifiable risk factors are important targets of intervention by both PMD and Rheum MD
The anti-phospholipid Ab syndrome (APS) is The anti-phospholipid Ab syndrome (APS) is vascular thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity vascular thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity developing in persistently anti-phospholipid developing in persistently anti-phospholipid antibody (aPL)-positive individuals. antibody (aPL)-positive individuals.
The most commonly used aPL tests are the lupus The most commonly used aPL tests are the lupus anticoagulant test, the anti-cardiolipin antibody anticoagulant test, the anti-cardiolipin antibody ELISA, and/or the anti- b2-glycoprotein I ELISA.ELISA, and/or the anti- b2-glycoprotein I ELISA.
APS is present if more than 1 clinical and 1 lab criteria APS is present if more than 1 clinical and 1 lab criteria metmet
APLSAPLS
Clinical• Thrombosis: one or more confirmed episodes:
venous, arterial or small vessel (exclude other causes, male 55+ female 65+)
• Confirmed by imaging or Doppler or histopathology and without evidence of inflammation in vessel wall on histopathologic confirmation
Sapporo Criteria, Sydney revisionSapporo Criteria, Sydney revision Miyakis, J Thromb Haemost. 2006 4:295-306Miyakis, J Thromb Haemost. 2006 4:295-306
Laboratory• Medium/high IgG or IgM aCL, 2GP1
dependent on 2+ occasions 12 wk apart
• LAC 2+ occasions 12 wk apart–prolonged PL-dependent screening test–failure to correct with mixing–shortening with excess PL –exclusion of other coagulopathies
Avoid possible disease triggers: sulfa Rx, Avoid possible disease triggers: sulfa Rx, sun, high estrogensun, high estrogen
Prevent atherosclerosisPrevent atherosclerosis Prevent OPPrevent OP Prevent clots in patients with APL Ab (not Prevent clots in patients with APL Ab (not
already on AC): ASA, avoid unnecessary already on AC): ASA, avoid unnecessary surgeries and vascular catheterizations, surgeries and vascular catheterizations, avoid exogenous estrogenavoid exogenous estrogen
Methotrexate: Methotrexate: inhib DHFR and DNA synthesis suppressing inhib DHFR and DNA synthesis suppressing lymphocyte proliferation, also down regulates inflammatory lymphocyte proliferation, also down regulates inflammatory pathways by increasing extracellular Adenosine (potent neut pathways by increasing extracellular Adenosine (potent neut inhibitor) <USES: articular>inhibitor) <USES: articular>
mg/kg/day)mg/kg/day) TCA/SSRI/Behavioral or cognitive therapyTCA/SSRI/Behavioral or cognitive therapy Referral to Lupus Foundation, Support Referral to Lupus Foundation, Support
GroupsGroups
CUTANEOUSCUTANEOUS Sun avoidance/sunblockSun avoidance/sunblock Steroids (topical and intralesional)Steroids (topical and intralesional) Hydroxychloroquine (plaquenil)Hydroxychloroquine (plaquenil) Chloroquine (aralen)Chloroquine (aralen) Quinacrine (atabrine)Quinacrine (atabrine) DapsoneDapsone Retinoids (isotretinoin)Retinoids (isotretinoin) ClofazamineClofazamine AzathioprineAzathioprine
immunosuppressive tx combining moderate to HD GC and a cytotoxic drug, given for short period of time (3-12 mo, induction phase)
To achieve a response and To maintain this response in the long term
by prescribing a safer immunosuppressive Rx for a longer period (5-10yrs, maintenance phase)
Definition of Response, Nephritis
Fair clinical response: 50% reduction of proteinuria and stabilization of renal function VS:
Complete remission – absence of proteinuria and completely nl UA
Only 5-20% SLE pts experience complete remission in 6mo
Current Management of Lupus Current Management of Lupus GlomerulonephritisGlomerulonephritis
Steroids oral daily or QODSteroids oral daily or QOD PrednisonePrednisonePulse solumedrolPulse solumedrol Pulse cytoxanPulse cytoxanCyclophosphamideCyclophosphamide Combination Combination AzathioprineAzathioprine pulse solumedrol pulse solumedrol CyclosporineCyclosporine plus cytoxan plus cytoxanMethotrexateMethotrexate MMFMMFPlasmapheresis Plasmapheresis synchronized synchronized
Sequential:pulseSequential:pulseIntravenous gammaglobulinIntravenous gammaglobulin cytoxan to cytoxan toMycophenolate mofetilMycophenolate mofetil MMF or MMF or
imuranimuran2 chlorodeoxyadenosine2 chlorodeoxyadenosineFludarabineFludarabineRecombinant human DNAseRecombinant human DNAse
ACE inhibitors/ARBACE inhibitors/ARBLow protein dietLow protein diet
inhibitor of B7(CD80,86)-CD28, anti-inhibitor of B7(CD80,86)-CD28, anti-CD40ligand)CD40ligand)
PITFALLSPITFALLS
ANA positive Fibromyalgia Steroids for musculoskeletal symptoms Excessive duration of steroids Inadequate monitoring of disease
activity Poor compliance Diagnostic or therapeutic delays: renal
biopsy, initiation of cytotoxic therapy
Role of the Primary Care Role of the Primary Care PhysicianPhysician
Assessments to Order
Initial: CBC, SMA-20, ANA, dsDNA, C3/C4, ESR, CRP, UA, Rheumatoid Factor, Vit D 25-OH
If possible overlap or other: centromere, Scl-70, CPK, aldolase
If Signficant Arthritis: XRAYS
If prior diagnosis of SLE, patient seeking continuation of care: Subserologies: Ro, La, Sm, RNP, LAC, Cardiolipin Ab
Reasons for Referral to Reasons for Referral to RheumatologyRheumatology
To confirm a diagnosis To assess disease activity and severity To provide general disease
management To manage uncontrolled disease To manage organ involvement or life-
threatening disease To manage/prevent treatment toxicities Other circumstances: APLS, pregnancy,
surgery
Follow Up VisitsFollow Up Visits Frequency depends on activity, Frequency depends on activity,
severity, and extent of SLE, response severity, and extent of SLE, response to treatment, type of treatment, need to treatment, type of treatment, need for toxicity monitoringfor toxicity monitoring
At routine visits, CBC, SMA, UA should At routine visits, CBC, SMA, UA should be checked, even in patients with be checked, even in patients with previously normal valuespreviously normal values
Patients with known renal disease Patients with known renal disease should also have either 24 hour urine should also have either 24 hour urine or spot protein/creatinine checked or spot protein/creatinine checked every 6-8 weeksevery 6-8 weeks
Follow UpFollow Up
Active disease can be diagnosed by Active disease can be diagnosed by Assessment of clinical features such as Assessment of clinical features such as
Severe or Life Threatening ComplicationsSevere or Life Threatening Complications
Monitoring for Specific Monitoring for Specific MedicationsMedications
Patients on chronic steroid therapy Patients on chronic steroid therapy must also be on Calcium/Vitamin Dmust also be on Calcium/Vitamin D
Anticipate the need for possible Anticipate the need for possible bisphosphonate therapy, check bisphosphonate therapy, check DEXADEXA
Role of the Primary Care Role of the Primary Care PhysicianPhysician
Patients may have more frequent access Patients may have more frequent access to their primary care physician as to their primary care physician as compared to Rheum or Renal Services compared to Rheum or Renal Services
Understand the importance of disease Understand the importance of disease severity: lupus and it’s treatments are severity: lupus and it’s treatments are highly toxic and clinical status can highly toxic and clinical status can decline rapidlydecline rapidly
Do not hesitate to call the Do not hesitate to call the Rheumatology Consult Service when Rheumatology Consult Service when initiating work-up or to discuss initiating work-up or to discuss continued carecontinued care
Case ReportCase Report
19 yo HF no PMH p/w 3 weeks of 19 yo HF no PMH p/w 3 weeks of intermittent fevers (Tmax 103.4), intermittent fevers (Tmax 103.4), weakness, retrosternal discomfort, weakness, retrosternal discomfort, proximal muscle weakness.proximal muscle weakness.
Denies weight loss, chills, HA, CP, Denies weight loss, chills, HA, CP, SOB, GI/GU sx.SOB, GI/GU sx.
DDX?DDX?
Case PresentationCase Presentation
Initial PE: HR 92, RR 22, O2 sat 99% Initial PE: HR 92, RR 22, O2 sat 99% on RAon RA
CPK: 3750, LDH 1221, ECHO: small CPK: 3750, LDH 1221, ECHO: small effusioneffusion
Case ReportCase Report
Subsequent Data: ANA 1:1280, Subsequent Data: ANA 1:1280, +dsDNA, C3 28, C4 6 +Sm/RNP+dsDNA, C3 28, C4 6 +Sm/RNP
Patient with clinical picture and lab Patient with clinical picture and lab data consistent with acute data consistent with acute presentation of SLE, with acute presentation of SLE, with acute cytopenia, myositis, serositis, and cytopenia, myositis, serositis, and nephritisnephritis